What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?
answer
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)...ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol. Stress and ACTH are the main stimuli for cortisol.
question
What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?
answer
control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)....neurohormones from the ventral hypothalamic neurons, known as releasing (RH) and inhibiting (IH) hormones, control the release of anterior pituitary hormones such as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and TSH.
question
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?
answer
Gh growth hormone...GH stimulates IGFs from the liver. IGFs are required for the growth effect of GH on bone and skin.
question
Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex?
answer
oxyctin....suckling of the infant (or stretching of the uterus) increases release of oxytocin, which causes the milk let-down effect (or increased uterine contractions).
question
Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized?
answer
hypothalmus...ADH is synthesized mainly in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. It is stored in the posterior pituitary in axon terminals
question
What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?
answer
negative feedback...negative feedback controls the levels of circulating thyroid hormone. If levels are high, negative feedback will decrease thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to some degree), thus decreasing the thyroid hormones.
question
What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane
answer
water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine...peptides and catecholamines are water-soluble hormones that cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane.
question
Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone?
answer
phosphodiesterase...phosphodiesterase is an intracellular enzyme that degrades cAMP
question
Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor?
answer
tyrosine kinase receptors
question
Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins?
answer
activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP
question
Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?
answer
IP3....inositol trisphosphate releases calcium from intracellular storage sites.
question
Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels
answer
Ī² receptors.... these receptors are coupled to adenylate cyclase by Gs receptors that increase cAMP.
question
__________ hormones enter target cells and bind to intracellular receptors, whereas __________ hormones bind to cell membrane receptors and never enter the target cells.
answer
Steroid; nonsteroid
question
All of the following represent hormone pairs with antagonistic activities, EXCEPT __________.
answer
estrogen and progesterone
question
Steroid hormones exert their effect using __________.
answer
a hormone-receptor complex...Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and cross the cell membrane.
question
Cortisol production occurs in the __________ and is stimulated by __________.
answer
adrenal cortex; ACTH
question
The structure that controls hormone release by both the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary is the ________.
answer
hypothalmus...The hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones to the anterior pituitary and produces the hormones released by the posterior pituitary.
question
From which part of the pituitary are the hypothalamic hormones (antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin) released?
answer
posterior pituitary....These hormones are produced in the hypothalamus, but they are released from the posterior pituitary, which does not produce its own hormones.
question
How do releasing hormones travel from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland?
answer
They are released near blood vessels (a capillary bed) in the hypothalamus, travel a short distance, and diffuse out around the cells of the anterior pituitary.The releasing hormones from the hypothalamus travel through the blood vessels (capillaries) from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
question
The most accurate statement about FSH is ________.
answer
FSH is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates both sperm production and egg development
question
The most accurate statement about LH is ________.
answer
LH is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates both testosterone production and ovulation
question
Which of the following statements about the functions of hormones is MOST correct?
answer
Hormones influence protein synthesis.
Hormones can affect the activities of the plasma membrane.
Hormones affect energy utilization.
Hormones may be involved in secretory activity.
question
If the level of calcium in the blood falls below the homeostatic level, which of the following would be true?
answer
Parathormone levels in the body would increase.
question
True or false. The adrenal gland secretes hormones that slow down the heart rate and lower blood glucose levels.
answer
false....The adrenal gland secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress; they speed up the heart and increase blood glucose levels.
question
You just ate about half your birthday cake. Which of the following is happening in your body?
answer
Glucose increases, insulin increases, glucagon decreases... As glucose increases (due to the sugary cake), insulin increases so that the glucose can be taken up by the cells. Glucagon is produced in response to low glucose levels. Because the cake would increase the glucose levels, glucagon would not be needed.
question
How are hormones related to the interaction of the nervous system and muscular system?
answer
The nervous system can control muscle movement by controlling the release of hormones....The nervous system can control muscle movement by controlling the release of hormones.
question
When considering receptors for hormone molecules, we can say that, in general, ________.
answer
eceptors for lipid-soluble hormones are inside the cell, whereas receptors for lipid-insoluble hormones are on or in the cell membrane...Lipid-soluble hormones can pass through the phospholipids of the cell membrane. But nonlipid hormones are insoluble in the membrane and must bind to a receptor that is on the outside of the cell membrane.
question
When a hormone binds to a receptor, the resulting molecule is called a(n) ________.
answer
hormone-receptor complex...Note the logic of this combination of terms.
question
Which type of hormone is most likely to react with and activate a portion of a DNA molecule?
answer
steriod... Steroids are lipids and thus can cross the membranes to enter the cell.
question
If a gene is activated by a hormone, what is the most likely chain of events?
answer
A strand of mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus. It leaves the nucleus for the cytoplasm. The message is translated into a new protein....Hormone-activated protein synthesis is the same as any protein synthesis.
question
Which of the following statements would be the best way to describe or define the concept of the second messenger?
answer
When the binding of the hormone to a membrane receptor (the "first messenger") activates another molecule within the cell (often cyclic AMP), that activated molecule is the second messenger.
question
Which of these glands secretes releasing hormones?
answer
hypothalmus...The hypothalamus secretes both releasing and inhibiting hormones.
question
Which of these hormones are responsible for the "fight or flight" response to danger?
answer
epinephrine and norepinephrine...These hormones, secreted by the adrenal medulla, are responsible for the "fight or flight" response.
question
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) triggers the release of _____ in response to stress.
answer
glucocorticoids...In response to stress, ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids.
question
_____ are the main male hormones.
answer
androgens...Androgens, such as testosterone, are the main male hormones
question
What hormone promotes water retention by the kidneys?
answer
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)...A diuretic promotes water loss; thus it makes sense that ADH (secreted by the anterior pituitary) promotes water conservation.
question
Which hormone opposes the action of parathyroid hormone?
Which hormone stimulates hormone production by the ovaries and testes?
answer
luteinizing hormone (LH)
question
Which hormone stimulates milk production?
answer
Prolactin, secreted by the anterior pituitary, stimulates milk production by the mammary glands.
question
Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?
answer
cortisol is one of the lipid-soluble steroid hormones. Thyroid hormones are also lipid soluble.
question
What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones?
answer
activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell.... lipid-soluble hormones diffuse into the nucleus or they diffuse into the cytoplasm and then move into the nucleus, where they affect transcription and translation.
question
After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?
answer
acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene...then mRNA is synthesized.
question
Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty?
answer
thyroid hormones are lipid soluble and their receptors are bound to the response elements of the DNA.
question
What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor?
answer
chaperone proteins (chaperonins)...each receptor has two binding sites. The chaperone protein blocks the DNA binding site until a hormone binds at the hormone binding site.
question
Which of these statements comparing the nervous system and the endocrine system is true?
answer
The nervous system enables more rapid communication and signaling than does the endocrine system.
question
Endocrine glands __________.
answer
are ductless organs...Endocrine glands secrete their products directly into the interstitial fluid, lymph, and blood.
question
The target cells of an endocrine gland __________.
answer
have specific receptors for the hormone...Only cells with the appropriate receptors can respond to a particular hormone.
question
Receptors for nonsteroid hormones are located in _____.
answer
association with a cell's plasma membrane..Since nonsteroid hormones do not cross a cell's plasma membrane, their receptors are located in association with the plasma membrane.
question
Which of these is a nonsteroid hormone?
answer
epinephrine and oxytocin
question
How do nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones?
answer
nonsteroid hormones act via signal transduction pathways; steroid hormones do not act via signal transduction pathways...Since they do not enter the cell, nonsteroid hormones act via signal transduction pathways.
question
Which of these extracellular signal molecules could diffuse through a plasma membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor?
answer
estrogen...Steroid hormones such as estrogen can diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors.
question
The primary reason steroid hormones usually act slowly is that _____.
answer
they turn genes on or off and it takes time for gene products to build up or become depleted...This is the primary reason that steroid hormones usually act slowly.
question
Steroid hormone-receptor complexes act in _____.
answer
the nucleus....Steroid hormone-receptor complexes bind to DNA, where they affect transcription.
question
Which of the following statements comparing steroid and nonsteroid hormones is true?
answer
Nonsteroid hormones usually are faster acting than steroid hormones.
question
Nonsteroid hormones __________.
answer
bind to receptors on the cell surface...Because they cannot cross the cell membrane, nonsteroid hormones exert their effect by first binding to receptors on the cell surface.
question
Nonsteroid hormones are usually faster-acting than steroid hormones because __________.
answer
they activate proteins that already exist within the cell...Because nonsteroid hormones cannot cross the cell membrane, they bind to receptors on the cell membrane and trigger events within the cell with proteins that have already been produced.
question
Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?
answer
epinephrine is part of the immediate or rapid response to stress. Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla as a result of the increase in the sympathetic nervous system. In fact, the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla act like modified postganglionic neurons.
question
In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?
answer
decreased insulin secretion....insulin decreases plasma glucose and during stress we need an increase in plasma glucose as well as other body fuels. Therefore, insulin secretion would be decreased, in turn increasing plasma glucose.
question
Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?
answer
heart palpitations... due to the increase in epinephrine, heart rate would be increased and you would feel like your heart was pounding or racing.
question
Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face."
answer
Cushing's disease...Yes, a patient with Cushing's would have hypertension, increased blood glucose, and an unusual fat distribution on the face, known as a "moon face." These symptoms are due to increased levels of cortisol and can also be seen in patients after long periods of steroid treatment.
question
What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?
answer
ADH increases water reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct of the nephron and its secondary function is to act as a vasoconstrictor.
question
Secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland is closely regulated by the __________.
answer
hypothalamus
question
Which two hormones most directly regulate lactation?
answer
oxytocin and prolactin
question
Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland control the activity of all of the following glands, EXCEPT the __________.
answer
adrenal medulla
question
Which of the following would be least likely to be affected by a tumor of the pituitary gland?
answer
secretion of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla
question
The nervous system and the endocrine system interact through the __________.
answer
pituitary gland and the hypothalamus....The hypothalamus in the nervous system interacts with the pituitary gland of the endocrine system
question
Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of the hypothalamus?
answer
ADH stimulates the hypothalamus to produce oxytocin....ADH is released from the posterior pituitary; it does not stimulate the gland.
question
Hormones produced in the anterior pituitary will be released in response to __________ produced by the __________.
answer
releasing hormones; hypothalamus....Releasing hormones is correct, and they are produced by the hypothalamus.
question
Which of the following statements about glucagon is true?
answer
Glucagon causes glycogen to break down to form glucose.
question
Which of the following hormones will be most active after a 24 hour fast?
answer
Glucagon increases blood sugar levels in response to the fast.
question
Which of the following statements about the adrenal cortex or its hormones is true?
answer
The adrenal cortex secretes hormones that may decrease the inflammatory response and suppress immune responses
question
Which of the following would be triggered by a drop in blood Ca2+ levels?
answer
both increase in PTH secretion and decrease in calcitonin secretion
question
The blood calcium regulatory function of which gland is most important in adulthood?
answer
parathyroid gland...The parathyroid gland produced PTH, which is most important during adulthood.
question
Which of the following hormones and chemical messengers is/are produced exclusively in males? prostaglandins
testosterone
melatonin
answer
none of these choices
question
Which of the following hormones is/are involved in normal functioning of the male reproductive system?
answer
FSH
testosterone
LH
question
Testosterone __________.
answer
secretion is stimulated by LH....Luteinizing hormone stimulates testosterone production.
question
The kidneys secrete __________.
answer
renin and erythropoietin
question
Which of these endocrine disorders is associated with the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin?
What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?
answer
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)...ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol. Stress and ACTH are the main stimuli for cortisol.
question
What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?
answer
control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)....neurohormones from the ventral hypothalamic neurons, known as releasing (RH) and inhibiting (IH) hormones, control the release of anterior pituitary hormones such as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and TSH.
question
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?
answer
Gh growth hormone...GH stimulates IGFs from the liver. IGFs are required for the growth effect of GH on bone and skin.
question
Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex?
answer
oxyctin....suckling of the infant (or stretching of the uterus) increases release of oxytocin, which causes the milk let-down effect (or increased uterine contractions).
question
Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized?
answer
hypothalmus...ADH is synthesized mainly in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. It is stored in the posterior pituitary in axon terminals
question
What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?
answer
negative feedback...negative feedback controls the levels of circulating thyroid hormone. If levels are high, negative feedback will decrease thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to some degree), thus decreasing the thyroid hormones.
question
What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane
answer
water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine...peptides and catecholamines are water-soluble hormones that cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane.
question
Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone?
answer
phosphodiesterase...phosphodiesterase is an intracellular enzyme that degrades cAMP
question
Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor?
answer
tyrosine kinase receptors
question
Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins?
answer
activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP
question
Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?
answer
IP3....inositol trisphosphate releases calcium from intracellular storage sites.
question
Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels
answer
Ī² receptors.... these receptors are coupled to adenylate cyclase by Gs receptors that increase cAMP.
question
__________ hormones enter target cells and bind to intracellular receptors, whereas __________ hormones bind to cell membrane receptors and never enter the target cells.
answer
Steroid; nonsteroid
question
All of the following represent hormone pairs with antagonistic activities, EXCEPT __________.
answer
estrogen and progesterone
question
Steroid hormones exert their effect using __________.
answer
a hormone-receptor complex...Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and cross the cell membrane.
question
Cortisol production occurs in the __________ and is stimulated by __________.
answer
adrenal cortex; ACTH
question
The structure that controls hormone release by both the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary is the ________.
answer
hypothalmus...The hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones to the anterior pituitary and produces the hormones released by the posterior pituitary.
question
From which part of the pituitary are the hypothalamic hormones (antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin) released?
answer
posterior pituitary....These hormones are produced in the hypothalamus, but they are released from the posterior pituitary, which does not produce its own hormones.
question
How do releasing hormones travel from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland?
answer
They are released near blood vessels (a capillary bed) in the hypothalamus, travel a short distance, and diffuse out around the cells of the anterior pituitary.The releasing hormones from the hypothalamus travel through the blood vessels (capillaries) from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
question
The most accurate statement about FSH is ________.
answer
FSH is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates both sperm production and egg development
question
The most accurate statement about LH is ________.
answer
LH is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates both testosterone production and ovulation
question
Which of the following statements about the functions of hormones is MOST correct?
answer
Hormones influence protein synthesis.
Hormones can affect the activities of the plasma membrane.
Hormones affect energy utilization.
Hormones may be involved in secretory activity.
question
If the level of calcium in the blood falls below the homeostatic level, which of the following would be true?
answer
Parathormone levels in the body would increase.
question
True or false. The adrenal gland secretes hormones that slow down the heart rate and lower blood glucose levels.
answer
false....The adrenal gland secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress; they speed up the heart and increase blood glucose levels.
question
You just ate about half your birthday cake. Which of the following is happening in your body?
answer
Glucose increases, insulin increases, glucagon decreases... As glucose increases (due to the sugary cake), insulin increases so that the glucose can be taken up by the cells. Glucagon is produced in response to low glucose levels. Because the cake would increase the glucose levels, glucagon would not be needed.
question
How are hormones related to the interaction of the nervous system and muscular system?
answer
The nervous system can control muscle movement by controlling the release of hormones....The nervous system can control muscle movement by controlling the release of hormones.
question
When considering receptors for hormone molecules, we can say that, in general, ________.
answer
eceptors for lipid-soluble hormones are inside the cell, whereas receptors for lipid-insoluble hormones are on or in the cell membrane...Lipid-soluble hormones can pass through the phospholipids of the cell membrane. But nonlipid hormones are insoluble in the membrane and must bind to a receptor that is on the outside of the cell membrane.
question
When a hormone binds to a receptor, the resulting molecule is called a(n) ________.
answer
hormone-receptor complex...Note the logic of this combination of terms.
question
Which type of hormone is most likely to react with and activate a portion of a DNA molecule?
answer
steriod... Steroids are lipids and thus can cross the membranes to enter the cell.
question
If a gene is activated by a hormone, what is the most likely chain of events?
answer
A strand of mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus. It leaves the nucleus for the cytoplasm. The message is translated into a new protein....Hormone-activated protein synthesis is the same as any protein synthesis.
question
Which of the following statements would be the best way to describe or define the concept of the second messenger?
answer
When the binding of the hormone to a membrane receptor (the "first messenger") activates another molecule within the cell (often cyclic AMP), that activated molecule is the second messenger.
question
Which of these glands secretes releasing hormones?
answer
hypothalmus...The hypothalamus secretes both releasing and inhibiting hormones.
question
Which of these hormones are responsible for the "fight or flight" response to danger?
answer
epinephrine and norepinephrine...These hormones, secreted by the adrenal medulla, are responsible for the "fight or flight" response.
question
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) triggers the release of _____ in response to stress.
answer
glucocorticoids...In response to stress, ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids.
question
_____ are the main male hormones.
answer
androgens...Androgens, such as testosterone, are the main male hormones
question
What hormone promotes water retention by the kidneys?
answer
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)...A diuretic promotes water loss; thus it makes sense that ADH (secreted by the anterior pituitary) promotes water conservation.
question
Which hormone opposes the action of parathyroid hormone?
Which hormone stimulates hormone production by the ovaries and testes?
answer
luteinizing hormone (LH)
question
Which hormone stimulates milk production?
answer
Prolactin, secreted by the anterior pituitary, stimulates milk production by the mammary glands.
question
Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?
answer
cortisol is one of the lipid-soluble steroid hormones. Thyroid hormones are also lipid soluble.
question
What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones?
answer
activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell.... lipid-soluble hormones diffuse into the nucleus or they diffuse into the cytoplasm and then move into the nucleus, where they affect transcription and translation.
question
After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?
answer
acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene...then mRNA is synthesized.
question
Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty?
answer
thyroid hormones are lipid soluble and their receptors are bound to the response elements of the DNA.
question
What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor?
answer
chaperone proteins (chaperonins)...each receptor has two binding sites. The chaperone protein blocks the DNA binding site until a hormone binds at the hormone binding site.
question
Which of these statements comparing the nervous system and the endocrine system is true?
answer
The nervous system enables more rapid communication and signaling than does the endocrine system.
question
Endocrine glands __________.
answer
are ductless organs...Endocrine glands secrete their products directly into the interstitial fluid, lymph, and blood.
question
The target cells of an endocrine gland __________.
answer
have specific receptors for the hormone...Only cells with the appropriate receptors can respond to a particular hormone.
question
Receptors for nonsteroid hormones are located in _____.
answer
association with a cell's plasma membrane..Since nonsteroid hormones do not cross a cell's plasma membrane, their receptors are located in association with the plasma membrane.
question
Which of these is a nonsteroid hormone?
answer
epinephrine and oxytocin
question
How do nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones?
answer
nonsteroid hormones act via signal transduction pathways; steroid hormones do not act via signal transduction pathways...Since they do not enter the cell, nonsteroid hormones act via signal transduction pathways.
question
Which of these extracellular signal molecules could diffuse through a plasma membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor?
answer
estrogen...Steroid hormones such as estrogen can diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors.
question
The primary reason steroid hormones usually act slowly is that _____.
answer
they turn genes on or off and it takes time for gene products to build up or become depleted...This is the primary reason that steroid hormones usually act slowly.
question
Steroid hormone-receptor complexes act in _____.
answer
the nucleus....Steroid hormone-receptor complexes bind to DNA, where they affect transcription.
question
Which of the following statements comparing steroid and nonsteroid hormones is true?
answer
Nonsteroid hormones usually are faster acting than steroid hormones.
question
Nonsteroid hormones __________.
answer
bind to receptors on the cell surface...Because they cannot cross the cell membrane, nonsteroid hormones exert their effect by first binding to receptors on the cell surface.
question
Nonsteroid hormones are usually faster-acting than steroid hormones because __________.
answer
they activate proteins that already exist within the cell...Because nonsteroid hormones cannot cross the cell membrane, they bind to receptors on the cell membrane and trigger events within the cell with proteins that have already been produced.
question
Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?
answer
epinephrine is part of the immediate or rapid response to stress. Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla as a result of the increase in the sympathetic nervous system. In fact, the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla act like modified postganglionic neurons.
question
In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?
answer
decreased insulin secretion....insulin decreases plasma glucose and during stress we need an increase in plasma glucose as well as other body fuels. Therefore, insulin secretion would be decreased, in turn increasing plasma glucose.
question
Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?
answer
heart palpitations... due to the increase in epinephrine, heart rate would be increased and you would feel like your heart was pounding or racing.
question
Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face."
answer
Cushing's disease...Yes, a patient with Cushing's would have hypertension, increased blood glucose, and an unusual fat distribution on the face, known as a "moon face." These symptoms are due to increased levels of cortisol and can also be seen in patients after long periods of steroid treatment.
question
What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?
answer
ADH increases water reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct of the nephron and its secondary function is to act as a vasoconstrictor.
question
Secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland is closely regulated by the __________.
answer
hypothalamus
question
Which two hormones most directly regulate lactation?
answer
oxytocin and prolactin
question
Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland control the activity of all of the following glands, EXCEPT the __________.
answer
adrenal medulla
question
Which of the following would be least likely to be affected by a tumor of the pituitary gland?
answer
secretion of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla
question
The nervous system and the endocrine system interact through the __________.
answer
pituitary gland and the hypothalamus....The hypothalamus in the nervous system interacts with the pituitary gland of the endocrine system
question
Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of the hypothalamus?
answer
ADH stimulates the hypothalamus to produce oxytocin....ADH is released from the posterior pituitary; it does not stimulate the gland.
question
Hormones produced in the anterior pituitary will be released in response to __________ produced by the __________.
answer
releasing hormones; hypothalamus....Releasing hormones is correct, and they are produced by the hypothalamus.
question
Which of the following statements about glucagon is true?
answer
Glucagon causes glycogen to break down to form glucose.
question
Which of the following hormones will be most active after a 24 hour fast?
answer
Glucagon increases blood sugar levels in response to the fast.
question
Which of the following statements about the adrenal cortex or its hormones is true?
answer
The adrenal cortex secretes hormones that may decrease the inflammatory response and suppress immune responses
question
Which of the following would be triggered by a drop in blood Ca2+ levels?
answer
both increase in PTH secretion and decrease in calcitonin secretion
question
The blood calcium regulatory function of which gland is most important in adulthood?
answer
parathyroid gland...The parathyroid gland produced PTH, which is most important during adulthood.
question
Which of the following hormones and chemical messengers is/are produced exclusively in males? prostaglandins
testosterone
melatonin
answer
none of these choices
question
Which of the following hormones is/are involved in normal functioning of the male reproductive system?
answer
FSH
testosterone
LH
question
Testosterone __________.
answer
secretion is stimulated by LH....Luteinizing hormone stimulates testosterone production.
question
The kidneys secrete __________.
answer
renin and erythropoietin
question
Which of these endocrine disorders is associated with the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin?
answer
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
question
Which of the following are incorrectly paired?
answer
insulin: diabetes insipidus
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