Comparative Politics Chapter 3

Which of the following best characterizes the nature of the conflict of recent years in Afghanistan? a. National b. patriotic c. Ethnic d. national and fundamentalist e. national and ethnic

Why might the term patriotic fail to characterize the Palestinian people? a. Palestinians have a very low sense of national identity, a core component of patriotism. b. Patriotism refers to pride in one's state, and Palestinians lack a formal state. c. Palestinians have low levels of ethnic cohesion, a core component of patriotism. d. Patriotism refers to the pursuit of sovereignty, which most Palestinians believe to be an impossibility for their people. e. Most Palestinians have rejected formal citizenship in their state in the name of political protest.

Ethnic identity can be defined as: a. a set of institutions that bind people together through a common culture. b. a set of biological elements that separate people by race. c. a set of linguistic differences between otherwise similar people. d. a set of economic differences interconnected with cultural values. e. geographic differences between people.

Following from the work of Bruce Lawrence, fundamentalism can be defined as: a. an ideology that seeks to unite religion with the state. b. a high degree of religious orthodoxy. c. a desire to return a society to its premodern roots. d. the use of violence toward religious ends. e. any deeply held value that combines political and religious views.

Which of the following concepts is held in common by both communist ideology and liberal and social democratic ideology but is lacking in fascist ideology? a. a belief in the value of competition among individuals b. a belief in the potential of individuals c. a desire for high state autonomy d. a rejection of the notion of the state

Ascription occurs when: a. one ethnicity develops negative stereotypes about a rival ethnicity. b. a particular quality or characteristic is assigned at birth. c. national identity becomes powerful enough to weaken ethnic identities. d. ethnic identity becomes intertwined with the pursuit of sovereignty. e. ethnic conflict enhances ethnic divisions.

Which of the following statements about fundamentalism is accurate? a. Fundamentalism is a single form of ideology. b. Most fundamentalists emphasize collective equality. c. Fundamentalists reject reactionary attitudes for radical ones. d. Fundamentalists seek to solve the problems of the modern world. e. Most fundamentalists embrace violent means to change the status quo.

Which of the following statements about ethnicity is accurate? a. Ascription typically reduces ethnic solidarity through culture clash. b. Language often spans across ethnicities and reduces ethnic cohesion. c. Ethnic solidarity can lessen willingness to share resources with groups that are ethnically different. d. Ethnic designations typically dissolve social solidarity. e. People typically choose their ethnicities through a cultural adoption process.

An institution that binds people together through common political aspirations is: a. a national identity. b. a country. c. a common history. d. a state. e. an ethnic identity.

Which of the following concepts is inherently political? a. Society d. Custom b. Ethnicity e. Language c. Nation

In Ronald Inglehart's conception of political culture, what form of society stands in opposition to a traditional society? a. religious or fundamental d. nation-state b. Nationalistic e. Modernistic c. secular-rational

Which of the following is one of the two most important components of national identity? a. Equality d. Devolution b. Legitimacy e. ethnicity c. self-government

National identity is: a. often derived from ethnic identity. b. never derived from ethnic identity. c. always derived from religious identity. d. never derived from religious identity. e. becoming a less influential institution in politics.

Citizenship is best defined as: a. formal participation in democratic processes, such as voting. b. an individual's or a group's relation to the state. c. economic obligations that a person has to the state, such as taxation. d. dual ethnic and nationalistic loyalty to a sovereign state. e. formal recognition of an ethnic group by the state.

Political culture can be defined as: a. the views of a society toward the role of culture and its place in politics. b. temporary political values held during times of sudden change. c. a society's norms for political activity. d. how politicians conduct their campaigns. e. the level of political modernization in a country.

Which of the following statements about citizenship, national identity, and patriotism is accurate? a. High degrees of national identity necessarily spark high degrees of patriotism. b. Citizenship is likely to be more flexible than ethnic identity. c. Patriotism typically gives rise to more inclusive citizenship. d. Citizenship is much less variable than national or ethnic identity. e. Citizenship is rigid in scope and power, unlike ethnic or national identity.

Which of the following concepts has the most potential to be inclusive or flexible? a. national identity b. political affiliation c. ethnic identity d. Fundamentalism e. Citizenship

The specific concepts of ethnic identity and national identity have their origins in: a. Europe toward the end of the eighteenth century. b. North America before and during the War for Independence. c. Europe during the Cold War. d. the Middle East under colonial dominance. e. North America during the early eighteenth century.

In which of the following ways do both conservatives and liberals differ from radicals? a. They do not advocate the removal of existing institutions. b. They do not see the need for change in the current system. c. They question whether or not societal problems can ever be solved. d. They advocate restoring values from previous or even indeterminate regimes of the past. e. They favor evolutionary change instead of rapid change.

A state that encompasses one dominant nation that it claims to embody and represent is known as: a. an ethnic polity. b. a patriotic state. c. a citizen state. d. a devolved state. e. a nation-state.

Which of the following concepts or phenomena was first and most directly connected to state development? a. written language b. growing ethnic identity c. growing national identity d. increased calls for sovereignty e. extensions of citizenship to multiple ethnic groups

Which of the following was among the results of the growing linkage between ethnic and national identities in state development? a. a growing unwillingness of the people to make personal sacrifices for the state b. a growing capacity of the state to generate tax revenue c. a weakening of state leadership authority d. a general disinterest in pursuing sovereignty e. a washing away of public differences between ethnic identities

In which of the following ways does national conflict differ from ethnic conflict? a. Ethnic conflict is typically more violent than national conflict. b. National conflict has an independent state as a core goal; ethnic conflict does not. c. National conflict involves political or economic goals; ethnic conflict does not. d. Ethnic conflict can result from national conflict, but national conflict does not result from ethnic conflict. e. In ethnic conflict, sovereignty has already been achieved; in national conflict sovereignty has not been achieved.

Power sharing as a way to solve ethnic and national conflict: a. typically reverses processes of devolution. b. must be accompanied by international intervention in order to work. c. sometimes causes concern about "freezing" group divisions. d. has usually led to authoritarianism. e. almost always results in a federalist structure.

Political attitudes refers to views regarding: a. the necessary pace and scope of change in the balance between freedom and equality. b. the intersection and relationship between ethnic and national identities. c. the tendency of different societies to participate in politics. d. the proper role of elected officials. e. the means by which ethnic or nationalistic conflicts should be settled.

Radicals are those in the political spectrum who favor: a. evolutionary change of the status quo. b. the status quo. c. restoring structures that once existed. d. dramatic change of the existing order. e. the elimination of private property and an end to class divisions.

Conservatives are those in the political spectrum who favor: a. evolutionary change of the status quo. b. little or no change to existing institutions. c. restoring structures that once existed. d. revolutionary change of the status quo. e. lower taxes.

Reactionaries are those in the political spectrum who favor: a. evolutionary change of the status quo. b. the status quo. c. restoring structures and values that they believe once existed. d. revolutionary change of the status quo. e. a racist political system.

A person following a liberal ideology would likely approve of: a. a low degree of state autonomy. b. reduced competition among individuals. c. reduced rights of public association. d. increased levels of state capacity. e. economic equality among citizens.

Which of the following statements about fundamentalism is accurate? a. Piety and violence are strongly associated with fundamentalism. b. As a form of ideology, fundamentalism predates all other ideologies. c. Fundamentalism's turn away from reactionary attitudes and toward radical attitudes often leads to association with violence. d. Fundamentalists reject concepts of collective equality and individual freedom. e. Fundamentalists have a wide spectrum of views on the balance between freedom and equality.