AP Psychology Unit 2 Test

The famous Ebbinghaus "forgetting curve" indicates that how well we remember information depends on: a. How long ago we learned the information. b. The nature of our mood during encoding and retrieval. c. Whether the information is part of our explicit memory. d. Whether the information is part of our implicit memory. e. Whether the information was acoustically or visually encoded.

Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called: a. Retrieval cues. b. Déjà vu. c. Iconic traces. d. Context effects. e. Schemas.

Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues? a. Recognition b. Recall c. Relearning d. Rehearsal e. Reconstruction

Cerebellum is to __________ memory as hippocampus is to __________ memory. a. Short-term; long-term b. Long-term; short-term c. Implicit; explicit d. Explicit; implicit e. Iconic; echoic

Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited storage capacity? a. Echoic memory b. Short-term memory c. Long-term memory d. State-dependent memory e. Sensory memory

Explicit memory is to long-term memory as iconic memory is to __________ memory. a. Sensory b. Short-term c. Flashbulb d. Implicit e. State-dependent

Automatic processing occurs without: a. Visual imagery. b. Semantic encoding. c. Conscious awareness. d. Sensory memory. e. All of the above.

The process of getting information out of memory storage is called: a. Priming. b. Encoding. c. Relearning. d. Retrieval. e. Rehearsal.

The three stage processing model suggests that we register information in __________ memory before it is __________ into short-term memory. a. Sensory; retrieved b. long-term; retrieved c. sensory; encoded d. long-term; encoded

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in __________ memory. a. Iconic b. Implicit c. Short-term d. State-dependent e. Long-term

The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term storage involves what is known as: a. Automatic processing. b. Implicit memory. c. Semantic encoding. d. Long-term potentiation. e. Working memory.

Our inability to remember information presented in the seconds just before we fall asleep is most likely due to: a. Motivated forgetting. b. The misinformation effect. c. Retroactive interference. d. Encoding failure. e. Long-term potentiation.

Kathy performs better on a Psychology test if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as: a. The spacing effect. b. The serial position effect. c. Mood-congruent memory. d. Chunking. e. Automatic processing.

In order to remember to buy sugar, ham, oranges, and potatoes the next time he goes grocery shopping, Nabil forms the word "shop" with the first letters of each item. He is using the memory aid known as: a. Chunking. b. The spacing effect. c. The serial position effect. d. The method of loci. e. The next-in-line-effect.

"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of __________ memory. a. Short-term b. Explicit c. Flashbulb d. Implicit e. Sensory

The more depressed Betty feels, the more easily she remembers many of the sad events in her life. This best illustrates: a. The self-reference effect. b. Mood-congruent memory. c. Retroactive interference. d. The spacing effect. e. Source amnesia.

The three memory stages, in order of processing, are a. Sensory, cognitive, and short term. b. Sensory, working, and short term. c. Sensory, working, and long term d. Working, long term, and short term. e. Recall, recognition, and rehearsal.

When you hear a phone number and are able to recall it for a brief period, the phone number is thought to reside within __________ memory. a. Sensory b. Working c. Gustatory d. Procedural e. Long-term

Knowing how to ride a bicycle is considered a(n) __________ memory, while knowing that Abraham Lincoln was the sixteenth president of the United States is a(n) __________ memory. a. Recognition; recall b. Encoding; rehearsal c. Procedural; declarative d. Semantic; episodic e. Explicit; implicit

Highly emotional memories, such as those which many prisoners of war have experienced, may cause posttraumatic stress disorder. Recent research has identified which brain structure as playing a significant role in these emotional memories? a. Reticular formation b. Pituitary c. Hypothalamus d. Amygdala e. Pons

Human memory is good at

Models of Memory

Repetition on day one increases

What do we encode?

Engram

Consolidiation

Infantile amnesia

Autobiographical memory

Amygdala

Retrieving explicit memories?

Encoding specificity principle

State Dep. Learning

TOT phenomenon

False positive

Retrieval failure

Transience

Memory trace

Decay

Disuse

Forgetting curve

Absent Mindedness

Blocking

Misattribution

Suggestibility

Eye Witness Testimony

Factors Affecting Eye Witness

Bias

Expectancy bias

Self-consistency bias

Persistence

Encoding,storage,retrieval are the stages of which model of memory?

Getting info into brain is a simplified definition of

Getting info out of memory best describes what memory process?

Sensory is broken down into which two specific types

In iconic memory, what term is used to describe the process of old visual stimuli being pushed out by new visual stimuli?

Second stage of memory

Who researched short term memory and determined it has a capacity of 7 items plus or minus 2?

Which type of memory is relatively permanent and unlimited in capacity?

In order to transfer information from short-term memory to long term memory one must use

Procedural memory is known as non declarative memory

Anterograde amnesia results from damage to cerebellum

Semantic and episodic are two types of sensory memory

Cocktail party effect refers to ability to focus on one conversation while in a room filled with noise

Shallow processing of information helps you retain more of that information

Maintenance rehearsal allows for the most information to be retained in long term memory

Wilhelm Wundt used the research method known as: a. Neuroscience. b. Introspection. c. Psychoanalysis. d. Massed practice. e. PRTR. 2. Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of: a. Conscious and unconscious mental activity. b. Observable responses to the environment. c. Behavior and mental processes. d. Thoughts, feelings, and perceptions. e. Maladaptive and adaptive behaviors. 3. The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on: a. Natural selection. b. Brain chemistry. c. Social norms. d. Unconscious conflicts. e. Learned behavior. 4. Which perspective most clearly emphasizes the impact of learning on behavior? a. Evolutionary b. Neuroscience c. Behavioral d. Psychodynamic e. Cognitive 5. Which psychological perspective is most likely to be concerned with identifying the powers and the limits of human reasoning? a. Cognitive b. Behavioral c. Neuroscience d. Social-cultural e. Psychodynamic 6. Dr. Wilson attributes the violence of criminal gang members to the norms and role expectations associated with gang membership. Her belief best illustrates a(n) __________ perspective. a. Psychodynamic b. Behavior genetics c. Social-cultural d. Neuroscience e. Evolutionary 7. Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) __________ psychologist. a. Social b. Clinical c. Developmental d. Industrial/organizational e. Counseling 8. For no apparent reason, Jason has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he frequently stays home from work. It would be most beneficial for Jason to contact a(n) __________ psychologist. a. Industrial/organization b. Clinical c. Personality d. Biological e. Community 9. In a written report of their research, psychologists specify exactly how anxiety is assessed, thus providing their readers with a(n): a. Hypothesis. b. Independent variable. c. Operational definition. d. Standard deviation. e. Dependent variable. 10. Professor Saxton was very skeptical about the findings of a recently reported experiment on the effects of sleep deprivation. Which technique would best enable her to investigate the reliability of these findings? a. Naturalistic observation b. Negative correlation c. Random sampling d. Positive correlation e. Replication 11. In order to understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist has carefully investigated the client's current life situation and his physical, social, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist employed? a. The survey b. The case study c. Experimentation d. Naturalistic observation e. Psychological testing 12. The survey method is commonly used in: a. Correlational research. b. Double-blind studies. c. Case studies. d. Experiments. e. Mental institutions. 13. Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion? a. Psychological testing b. Naturalistic observation c. The case study d. Experimentation e. The survey 14. Surveys indicate people are much less likely to support "government welfare" than "government aid to the needy". These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of: a. Random sampling. b. Wording effects. c. Hindsight bias. d. The false consensus effect. e. Naturalistic observation. 15. In order to learn about the TV viewing habits of all children attending Oakbridge School, Professor Devrie randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a(n): a. Population. b. Representative sample. c. Case study. d. Independent variable. e. Control condition. 16. In order to assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her college, Susan sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the college registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Susan employed the technique of: a. Random assignment. b. Naturalistic observation. c. Replication. d. Correlation. e. Random sampling. 17. Psychologists select a random sample of research participants in order to ensure that: a. Participants are representative of the population they are interested in studying. b. There will be a large number of participants in the research study. c. The study will not be influenced by the researcher's personal values. d. The same number of participants will be assigned to each of the experimental conditions. e. Discriminatory lawsuits are not filed against them. 18. Professor Ober carefully monitors and records the behaviors of children on school playgrounds in order to track the development of the physical skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in a. Survey research. b. Naturalistic observation. c. Experimentation. d. Replication. e. Case study research. 19. In order to represent graphically the correlation between two variables, researchers often construct a: a. Skewed distribution. b. Scatterplot. c. Standard deviation. d. Bar graph. e. Pie chart. 20. A researcher would be most likely to discover a positive correlation between: a. Intelligence and academic success. b. Financial poverty and physical health. c. Self-esteem and depression. d. School grades and school absences. e. Obesity and hours spent exercising. 21. If the points on a scatterplot are clustered in a pattern that extends from the upper left to the lower right, this would suggest that the two variables predicted are: a. Normally distributed. b. Positively correlated. c. Negatively correlated. d. Not correlated. e. Bimodal. 22. If psychologists discovered that intelligent parents have smarter children than unintelligent parents, this would demonstrate that: a. Intelligence is inherited. b. Intelligent parents provide their children greater educational opportunities than do unintelligent parents. c. The intelligence of parents and children is positively correlated. d. There is no correlation between parental intelligence and the intelligence of their children. e. All of the above are true. 23. A negative correlation between degree of wealth and likelihood of suffering from a psychological disorder would indicate that: a. Poverty makes people vulnerable to psychological disorders. b. The poor are more likely to have a psychological disorder than the wealthy. c. Psychological disorders usually prevent people from accumulating wealth. d. Wealthy people don't get psychological disorders. e. None of the above are true. 24. The perception that seemingly infertile couples who adopt a child are subsequently more likely to conceive a child themselves best illustrates: a. The hindsight bias. b. The false consensus effect. c. An illusory correlation. d. The placebo effect. e. No correlation. 25. Which of the following methods is most helpful for revealing a cause-effect relationship? a. The survey b. The experiment c. Correlational research d. Naturalistic observation e. The case study 26. In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted alcoholic. This nonalcoholic drink was a : a. Dependent variable. b. Replication. c. Placebo. d. Random sample. e. Double blind. 27. Researchers and subjects in a drug-evaluation are both ignorant about which subjects have actually received an experimental drug and which were given a placebo. This investigation involves the use of: a. The false consensus effect. b. The hindsight bias. c. Random sampling. d. The double-blind procedure. e. The single-blind procedure. 28. In an experimental study of the effects of anxiety on self-esteem, anxiety would be the __________ variable. a. Experimental b. Dependent c. Correlational d. Independent e. Operational 29. In order to assess the influence of self-esteem on interpersonal attraction, researchers either insulted or complimented college students about their physical appearance just before they went on a blind date. In this research, the dependent variable consisted of: a. Insults or compliments. b. Physical appearance. c. Interpersonal attraction. d. Feelings of self-esteem. e. College students. 30. Gestalt psychologists are associated with which of the following statements? a. The pineal gland is the seat of the human soul. b. Psychology should reach into the soul of mankind. c. Behavior should be broken down into its individual components. d. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. e. Dreams are symbolic and should be interpreted. 31. A researcher who studies the chemical changes in the brains of patients with depression would be approaching psychology from which perspective? a. Behaviorist b. Psychodynamic c. Cognitive d. Socio-cultural e. Biological 32. A psychology professor feels that her students will do better on her exams if there is music playing while they take their exams. To test her hypothesis she divides her class in half. One half takes the exam in a room with music playing and the other half takes the exam in a similar room but without the music playing. In this case, the independent variable is a. The room the exam is taken in b. The absence or presence of music playing c. The exam d. The students' scores on the exam e. The students' random assignment 33. For the experiment described in question 35, the dependent variable is a. The room the exam is taken in b. The absence or presence of music playing c. The exam d. The students' scores on the exam e. the students' random assignment 34. The correlation coefficient is a _______________. a. Measure of variability. b. Measure of central tendency. c. Parameter. d. Measure of a relationship between two or more variables. e. Measure of skewness. 35. Dr. Santo has a practice in Texas. He can prescribe medications as well as diagnose psychological disorders. Dr. Santo is most likely a _______________. a. Psychologist b. Psychiatrist c. Social worker d. Researcher e. Psychiatric social worker 36. Which correlation coefficient indicates a negative relationship? a. +1.2 b. 0.8 c. -0.8 d. -1.96 e. 0.00 37. Which correlation coefficient demonstrates the strongest relationship? a. +0.5 b. -0.7 c. +1.2 d. -3.2 e. +0.6 38. Since Dr. Howard is a psychoanalyst, she relies mostly on _______________ principles. a. Freudian b. Humanistic c. Behavioristic d. Cognitive e. Social Learning 39. Jill is a psychiatric social worker in a large city. What can she NOT do in her job? a. Administer psychotherapy b. Talk with clients about drug abuse c. Prescribe medications d. Examine a client's living conditions to understand the cause of mental disorders e. Discuss a client's work related stress 40. The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called _______________, which involved reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person's experiences. a. Intervention b. Introspection c. Insight inventory d. Induction e. Reflection 41. Who was an early proponent of functionalism? a. Ivan Pavlov b. William James c. Wilhelm Wundt d. Max Wertheimer e. Mary Cover Jones 42. "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" is a statement associated with the perspective of _______________. a. Behaviorism b. Introspection c. Functionalism d. Psychoanalysis e. Gestalt psychologists 43. What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed? a. Free will b. Brain physiology c. External consequences d. Perception of wholes e. The unconscious mind 44. Which type of psychologist would be most likely to argue that a criminal engages in unlawful behavior because he grew up around older boys who engaged in criminal activities? a. A Gestalt psychologist b. A behaviorist c. Psychodynamic psychologist d. A functionalist e. A humanistic psychologist 45. Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization? a. Psychoanalysis b. Humanism c. Evolutionary psychology d. Cognitive perspective e. Behaviorism 46. "Children who watch violent cartoons will become more aggressive." According to the scientific method, this statement is most likely a _______________. a. Conclusion b. Result c. Hypothesis d. Fact e. Statistical result 47. Which of the following is not a common ethical rule of psychological research? a. Data must remain confidential. b. Participants must be given informed consent. c. Participants may withdraw from the study at any time. d. Deception cannot be used in any studies on human beings. e. The rights and well-being of the participants must come first. 48. According to the American Psychological Association's research guidelines, participants in an experiment must __________. a. Remain blind to their experimental condition b. Be debriefed about the purpose of the study c. Receive monetary payment in exchange for participation d. Complete the entire experiment once they have begun it e. Give a written endorsement of the study before results are published 49. In 1953, H.M. underwent surgery to control his seizures. Doctors removed tissue from his hippocampus. As a result H.M.'s memory was severely impaired. Psychologists studied H/M/'s memory function until his death in 2008. Which research method did the psychologists utilize in this situation? a. Naturalistic observation b. Correlation c. Survey d. Experimentation e. Case study