AP Psychology – Unit 6 Practice Test

An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a A) negative reinforcer. B) punishment. C) conditioned stimulus. D) delayed reinforcer. E) secondary reinforcer.

Promising people monetary rewards for doing what they already enjoy doing is most likely to undermine A) latent learning. B) intrinsic motivation. C) spontaneous recovery. D) generalization. E) discrimination.

Revoking the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a A) negative reinforcement. B) positive reinforcement. C) negative punishment. D) positive punishment. E) punishing reinforcer.

Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations have been called A) primary reinforcers. B) successive approximations. C) discriminative stimuli. D) cognitive maps. E) intrinsic motivations.

Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of A) primary reinforcers. B) respondent behavior. C) spontaneous recovery. D) cognitive processes. E) conditioned reinforcers

The best evidence that animals develop cognitive maps comes from studies of A) shaping. B) generalization. C) latent learning. D) secondary reinforcement. E) spontaneous recovery.

Money is to food as ________ is to ________. A) delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer B) secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer C) discrimination; generalization D) partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement E) operant conditioning; classical conditioning

On Monday, Johnny's mother gave him cookies and milk after he had played quietly for 10 minutes. On Tuesday, she required 20 minutes of quiet play before treat time, and on Wednesday, the cookies were given to him only after a full half hour of quiet play. Johnny was taught to play quietly for extended periods through A) latent learning. B) secondary reinforcement. C) partial reinforcement. D) shaping. E) modeling

Like European Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews from the Nazis, civil rights activists of the 1960s had parents who A) consistently used reinforcement in combination with punishment to shape their children's moral behavior. B) modeled a strong moral or humanitarian concern. C) consistently used psychological punishment rather than physical punishment in shaping their children's behavior. D) consistently used permissive rather than authoritarian child-rearing practices. E) consistently explained to their children the harsh consequences of immoral behavior.

Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n) A) conditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned stimulus. C) positive reinforcer. D) negative reinforcer. E) positive punishment.

Bandura's experiments indicate that ________ is important in the process of learning. A) shaping B) generalization C) modeling D) respondent behavior E) secondary reinforcement

If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates A) shaping. B) latent learning. C) delayed reinforcement. D) spontaneous recovery. E) modeling.

It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in learning. A) primary reinforcement B) generalization C) biological predispositions D) negative reinforcement E) spontaneous recovery

Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of A) negative reinforcers. B) generalization. C) spontaneous recovery. D) punishment. E) secondary reinforcers.

Mr. Zandee has stopped smoking because he wants to model healthy behavior patterns for his children. Mr. Zandee is apparently aware of the importance of ________ in his children's development. A) shaping B) observational learning C) generalization D) delayed reinforcement E) spontaneous recovery

Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to A) punishing. B) extinguishing. C) discriminating. D) modeling. E) generalizing.

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was A) Skinner. B) Pavlov. C) Watson. D) Bandura. E) Garcia.

In order to teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors, animal trainers are most likely to use a procedure known as A) classical conditioning. B) delayed reinforcement. C) latent learning. D) generalization. E) shaping.

Golf instruction that reinforces short putts before attempting to reinforce long putts best illustrates the process of A) generalization. B) shaping. C) modeling. D) discrimination. E) delayed reinforcement.

Two years ago, the de Castellane Manufacturing Company included its employees in a profit-sharing plan in which workers receive semi-annual bonuses based on the company's profits. Since this plan was initiated, worker productivity at de Castellane has nearly doubled. This productivity increase is best explained in terms of A) observational learning. B) latent learning. C) operant conditioning. D) classical conditioning. E) spontaneous recovery.

Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n) A) conditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned stimulus. C) positive reinforcer. D) negative reinforcer. E) positive punishment.

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcement and punishment? A) Negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding. B) Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments increase the rate of operant responding. C) Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding. D) Negative reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding. E) Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments have no effect on the rate of operant responding.

Operant response rates remain highest when individuals anticipate that their behavior will actually lead to further reinforcement. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning. A) secondary reinforcers B) cognitive processes C) biological predispositions D) intrinsic motivation E) spontaneous recovery

Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when stimulated on other body parts. This best illustrates A) spontaneous recovery. B) continuous reinforcement. C) latent learning. D) generalization. E) habituation.

Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol? A) negative reinforcement B) classical conditioning C) latent learning D) operant conditioning E) observational learning

The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called A) generalization. B) spontaneous recovery. C) secondary reinforcement. D) latent learning. E) shaping.

Children learn to fear spiders more easily than they learn to fear flowers. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on learning. A) spontaneous recovery B) conditioned reinforcers C) shaping D) cognitive processes E) biological predispositions

Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This illustrates the process of A) shaping. B) latent learning. C) secondary reinforcement. D) discrimination. E) extinction.

Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates A) delayed reinforcement. B) latent learning. C) spontaneous recovery. D) shaping. E) discrimination.

A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n) A) conditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned stimulus. C) unconditioned response. D) conditioned response. E) neutral stimulus.

After repeatedly taking alcohol spiked with a nausea-producing drug, people with alcoholism may fail to develop an aversive reaction to alcohol because they blame their nausea on the drug. This illustrates the importance of ________ in classical conditioning. A) biological predispositions B) generalization C) negative reinforcement D) cognitive processes E) spontaneous recovery

Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote A) shaping. B) survival. C) extrinsic motivation. D) prosocial behavior. E) social interaction.

Which of the following provides evidence that a CR is not completely eliminated during extinction? A) latent learning B) partial reinforcement C) spontaneous recovery D) generalization E) discrimination

After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of A) secondary reinforcement. B) generalization. C) shaping. D) latent learning. E) spontaneous recovery.

The cognitive perspective would be likely to emphasize that classical conditioning depends on A) an organism's active behavioral responses to environmental stimulation. B) the amount of time between the presentation of the CS and the US. C) how frequently an organism is exposed to an association of a CS and a US. D) an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS. E) the expectation of a reward for behavior being fulfilled.

In classical conditioning, the ________ signals the impending occurrence of the ________. A) US; CS B) UR; CR C) CS; US D) CR; UR E) US; CR

Who introduced the term behaviorism? A) Garcia B) Skinner C) Watson D) Bandura E) Pavlov

To assess whether Mrs. Webster had Alzheimer's disease, researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning, the sound was a A) US. B) UR. C) CS. D) CR. E) NS.

John B. Watson considered himself to be a(n) A) physiological psychologist. B) cognitive psychologist. C) behaviorist. D) psychoanalyst. E) operant conditioner.