AP Psych Unit 6 MC

Little Albert was conditioned by John B. Watson to fear furry white rats. After conditioning, Albert also showed fear to rabbits, dogs, and fur coats. This best illustrates A) acquisition. B) discrimination. C) extinction. D) generalization. E) shaping.

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was A) Albert Bandura. B) B. F. Skinner. C) Ivan Pavlov. D) John Garcia. E) John B. Watson.

Bandura's experiments indicate that ________ is important in the process of learning. A) modeling B) secondary reinforcement C) respondent behavior D) generalization E) shaping

After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav experiences fear of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates A) generalization. B) spontaneous recovery. C) shaping. D) latent learning. E) extinction.

A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after A) a specified number of responses have been made. B) the desired behavior is performed during a predetermined time interval. C) an unpredictable time period has elapsed. D) a specified time period has elapsed. E) an unpredictable number of responses have been made.

Who introduced the term behaviorism? A) B. F. Skinner B) Albert Bandura C) Ivan Pavlov D) John B. Watson E) John Garcia

A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n) A) unconditioned response. B) conditioned response. C) unconditioned stimulus. D) nonconditioned response. E) conditioned stimulus.

Little Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was paired with a loud noise. In this case, the loud noise was the A) conditioned stimulus. B) delayed reinforcer. C) primary reinforcer. D) conditioned reinforcer. E) unconditioned stimulus.

Money is to food as ________ is to ________. A) operant conditioning; classical conditioning B) partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement C) secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer D) delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer E) discrimination; generalization

A variable-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n) A) number of responses is performed in a specific time period. B) specified number of responses has been made. C) unpredictable time period has elapsed. D) specified time period has elapsed. E) unpredictable number of responses has been made.

A pigeon is consistently reinforced with food for pecking a key after seeing an image of a human face, but not reinforced for pecking after seeing other images. By signaling that a pecking response will be reinforced, the image of a human face is a(n) A) partial reinforcement. B) discriminative stimulus.

On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule. A) variable-interval B) fixed-ratio C) conditioned-response D) fixed-interval E) variable-ratio

Mirror neurons provide a biological basis for A) extrinsic motivation. B) the law of effect. C) spontaneous recovery. D) insight learning. E) observational learning

What type of learning sometimes occurs after an extended period of thinking about a problem but little or no direct, systematic interaction with the environment? A) observational learning B) latent learning C) classical conditioning D) operant learning E) insight learning

Dan and Joel, both 4-year-olds, have been watching reruns of "Superman" on television. Joel's mother recently found the boys standing on the garage roof, ready to try flying. What best accounts for the boys' behavior? A) immediate reinforcement B) shaping C) delayed reinforcement D) classical conditioning E) observational learning

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, a CR was A) the taste of food. B) the sound of a tone. C) sight of the food in the bowl. D) salivation to the taste of food. E) salivation to the sound of a tone.

Asking for dates is most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule. A) fixed-interval B) continuous-ratio C) variable-ratio D) fixed-ratio E) variable-interval

Your heart may race when confronted by a lion but not when approached by a kitten. This best illustrates the adaptive value of A) negative reinforcement. B) shaping. C) spontaneous recovery. D) discrimination. E) extrinsic motivation.

Luana edits manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $25 for every three pages she edits. Luana is reinforced on a ________ schedule. A) variable-interval B) variable-ratio C) partial-interval D) fixed-interval E) fixed-ratio

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying A) operant conditioning. B) intrinsic motivation. C) respondent behavior. D) latent learning. E) spontaneous recovery.

In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences? A) latent learning B) operant conditioning C) observational learning D) insight E) classical conditioning

Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________. A) NS; NR B) CS; US C) CS; UR D) UR; CR E) US; UR

Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to A) discriminating. B) modeling. C) extinguishing. D) generalizing. E) punishing.

Shaping is a(n) ________ procedure. A) cognitive mapping B) latent learning C) observational learning D) operant conditioning E) classical conditioning

The most crucial ingredient in all learning is A) experience. B) intrinsic motivation. C) modeling. D) maturation. E) shaping.

A rat in a Skinner box is reinforced with a food pellet only if the rat moves close to the lever. Next, reinforcement is withheld until the rat stands on its hind legs, then until the rat touches the lever, and finally, until the rat presses the lever. This example best illustrates A) generalization. B) shaping. C) latent learning. D) modeling. E) spontaneous recovery.

If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the UR is the A) salivation to the food in the mouth. B) food in the mouth. C) dog's hunger. D) salivation to the ringing bell. E) ringing bell.

As you enter the kitchen after school you can smell chocolate chip cookies baking. This scent causes you to salivate. Your salivation is best explained by A) operant conditioning. B) classical conditioning. C) observational learning. D) latent learning. E) habituation.

The way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates A) partial reinforcement. B) generalization. C) continuous reinforcement. D) spontaneous recovery. E) shaping.

Humans, unlike many other animals, can be conditioned with reinforcers not delivered until a long time after the desired behavior. What are these reinforcers called? A) partial B) delayed C) interval D) secondary E) continuous

The last time you came home after your curfew, your parents grounded you for the next two weekends. Ever since then you have been careful to come home on time. The change in your behavior is best explained by A) latent learning. B) operant conditioning. C) observational learning. D) classical conditioning. E) habituation.

In classical conditioning, the ________ signals the impending occurrence of the ________. A) US; CR B) CS; US C) CR; UR D) US; CS E) UR; CR

Coffee shops that reward customers with one free cup of coffee after every ten coffee purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule. A) intermittent-continuous B) fixed-ratio C) fixed-interval D) variable-interval E) variable-ratio

Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates A) latent learning. B) shaping. C) delayed reinforcement. D) discrimination. E) spontaneous recovery.

If a baseball player gets a hit after tapping the plate with the bat, he is more likely to repeat that behavior the next time he's up to the plate. Which of the following best explains this superstitious behavior? A) Immediate reinforcers are more effective when delayed in changing behavior. B) Reinforced behavior, even if it is accidental, is more likely to be repeated. C) Latent learning becomes apparent only when there is some incentive to demonstrate it. D) Operant behaviors are voluntary. E) Variable-ratio schedules produce high rates of responding.

Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule. A) variable-interval B) fixed-interval C) intermittent-continuous D) fixed-ratio E) variable-ratio

A Skinner box is a(n) A) television projection device designed for use in laboratory studies of observational learning. B) "slot machine" used to study the effects of partial reinforcement on human gambling practices. C) chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward. D) soundproofed cubicle in which organisms are classically conditioned in the absence of distracting noise. E) aversive or punishing event that decreases the occurrence of certain undesirable behaviors.

Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of A) generalization. B) shaping. C) delayed reinforcement. D) latent learning. E) habituation.

An organism learns associations between events it does not control during the process of A) shaping. B) operant conditioning. C) extrinsic motivation. D) classical conditioning. E) negative reinforcement.

When 4-year-old Michael hit his sister, his Mom placed him in a time-out by having him stand in a corner for 4 minutes. A time-out is considered to be A) positive reinforcement. B) continuous reinforcement. C) negative reinforcement. D) positive punishment. E) negative punishment.

Which of the following is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience? A. Acquisition B. Stimulus C. Learning D. Habituation E. Response

in classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus a. naturally triggers a response b. is a naturally occurring response c. is initially irrelevant, and then comes to trigger a response d. objectively studies psychology e. is Pavlovian

Lynn is teaching learning. Every time she claps her hands, charlie turns off the light. When Randy claps in approval of Lynn's presentation, Charlie does not turn the light off. What concept of Charlie demonstrated? a. habituation b. discrimination c. spontaneous recovery d. extinction e. habituation

Classical conditioning is the type of learning in which a person links two or more stimuli and a. forgets about them b.lays them out in sequence c. shuts down d. anticipates events e. receives reward

The work of Ivan Pavlov and Watson fits best into which of psychology's perspectives? a. humanism b. gestalt psychology c. trait theory d. behaviorism e. neuropsychology

What do we call the kind of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer? a. Operant conditioning b. Respondent behavior c. Classical conditioning d. Shaping e. Punishment

Which of the following best describes a discriminative stimulus? a. Something that elicits a response after association with a reinforcer b. An innately reinforcing stimulus c. Something that when removed increases the likelihood of the behavior d. An event that decreases the behavior it follows e. An amplified stimulus feeding back information to responses

What do we call it when the CR decreases as the CS is repeatedly presented alone? a. generalization b. discrimination c. spontaneous recovery d. extinction e. acquisition

The basic idea behind classical conditioning is that the organism a. associates events b. associates behavior and resulting events c. voluntarily operates on the environment d. associates response with a consequence e. quits responding when reward stops

What do we call the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response? a. acquisition b. sponstaneous recovery c. discrimination d. operant conditioning e. classical conditioning

What do we call behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimuli a. respondent behavior d. operatant behavior c. extinguished behavior d. biofeedback conditioning e. skinnerian conditioning

bandura's famous bobo doll experiment is most closely associated with which of the following? a. latent learning b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. cognitive maps e. observational learnin

which of the following processes is the best term for explaining how we learn languages? a. biofeedback b. discrimination c. modeling d. insight e. creativity

which of the following is the most likely consequence of the brain's tendency to vicariously experience something we observe? a. actual physical injury b. the risk of misremembering our own actions c. interference with associative learning d. the elimination if classically conditioned responses to stimuli e. a confusion between reinforcers and rewards in an operant conditioning setting

when is prosocial learning most effective? a. when the model acts in a way consistent with the prosocial lesson b. when the model verbally emphasizes the prosocial lesson but acts as she chooses c. when the model is predisposed to the prosocial conduct d. when the observer has a close relationship with the model e. when the model is well-known

which of the following is the best synonym for social learning? a. observational learning b. modeling c. mirror neuron imitation d. prosocial model e. imitation

a woman had been pondering a problem for days and was about to give up when, suddenly, the solution came to her. her experience can best be described as what? a. cognitive learning b. insight c. operant conditioning d. classical conditioning e. unconscious associative learning

the perception that we control our own fate is also called what? a. self-control b. learned helplessness c. internal locus of control d. external locus of control e. emotion-focused coping

elephants appear to have the capacity to remember large-scale spaces over long periods. which of the following best identifies this capacity? a. latent learning b. insight c. cognitive maps d. intrinsic motivation e. extrinsic motivation

which ability is a good predictor of good adjustment, better grades, and social success? a. self-control b. locus of control c. problem-focused coping d. learned helplessness e. emotion-focused coping

what do we call the desire to perform a behavior in order to receive promises rewards or to avoid threatened punishment? a. latent learning b. extrinsic motivation c. intrinsic motivation d. insight learning e. emotion-focused coping

superstitious behavior can be produced by a. careful manipulation of a classical conditioning experiment b. the accidental timing of rewards c. possession of a large number of traditionally lucky items d. cognitive awareness of superstitious behavior in others e. the change in a reinforcement schedule from ratio to interval

all of the following are example of primary reinforcers except a a. rat's food reward in a skinner box b. cold drink on a hot day c. high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently d. hug from a loved one e. large meal following an extended time without food

thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely is known as what? a. law of effect b. operant conditioning c. shaping d. respondent behavior e. discrimination