AP Psych Unit 6 Learning

25 July 2022
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operant conditioning
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ever since his mother began to give Julio gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night, Julio discontinued his habit of bed-wetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value of ...
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stimuli
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classical conditioning involves a learned association between two ______
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reinforced behavior
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if a baseball player gets a hit after tapping the plate with the bat, he is more likely to repeat that behavior the next time he's up to the plate. Even if it is accidental, he is more likely to repeat this superstitious behavior due to....
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extinction
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after Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred.
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classical conditioning
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by directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates...
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conditioned response
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a dog's salivation a the sight of a food DISH is a ----
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unconditional stimulus
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for the most rapid acquisition of a conditioned response, the conditioned stimulus should be presented shortly before the---
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experience
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according to the text, learning involves a relatively permanent change in behavior due to----
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positive reinforcer
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because Mandisa always picked up her newborn daughter when she cried, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this case, picking up the infant served as a _______ for crying
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shaping
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five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of______
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generalization
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after learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of---
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discriminative stimulus
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a pigeon is consistently reinforced with food for pecking a key after seeing an image of a human face, but not reinforced for pecking after seeing other images. By signaling that a picking response will be reinforced, the image of a human face in a----
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shaping
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a rat in a Skinner box is reinforced with a food pellet only if the rat moves closer to the lever. Next, reinforcement is withheld until the rat stands on its hind legs, then until the rat touches the lever, and finally, until the rat presses the lever. This example best illustrates----
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conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
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extinction occurs when a ______ is no longer paired with a ______.
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unconditioned stimulus
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little albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was paired with a loud noise. In this case, the loud noise was the ____
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classical conditioning
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pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrates.
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classical conditioning
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last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Nat's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. What process accounts for the fact that Nat currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?
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learning
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a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
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habituation
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an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it.
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associative learning
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learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response an its consequences (as in operant conditioning)
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classical conditioning
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a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
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behaviorism
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the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)
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unconditioned response
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in classical conditioning, the unlearned. naturally occurring reopens to the unconditioned stimulus, such as the salivation when food is in the mouth
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unconditioned stimulus
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in classical conditioning, the learned response that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a response
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conditioned response
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in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus
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conditioned stimulus
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in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.
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acquisition
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in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
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higher-order conditioning
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a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.
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extinction
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the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
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spontaneous recovery
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the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
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generalization
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the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
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discrimination
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in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
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learned helplessness
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the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
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respondent behavior
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behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
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operant conditioning
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a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
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operant behavior
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behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
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law of effect
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Threnodies' principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
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operant chamber
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in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking
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shaping
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an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
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discriminative stimulus
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in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (n contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)
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reinforcer
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in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
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positive reinforcement
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increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food
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positive reinforcement
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any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
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negative reinforcement
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increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock
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negative reinforcement
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any stimuli that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. NOT A PUNISHMENT
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primary reinforcer
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an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (mother)
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conditioned reinforcer
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a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through the association known as a secondary reinforcer
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continuous reinforcement
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reinforcing the desire response every time it occurs
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partial (intermittent) reinforcement
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reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
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fixed-ratio schedule
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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a SPECIFIC fixed number of responses
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variable-ratio schedule
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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
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fixed-interval schedule
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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a SPECIFIED time has elapsed.
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variable-interval schedule
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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
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punishment
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an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
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cognitive map
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a mental representation of the layout of one's environment
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latent learning
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learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
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insight
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a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
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intrinsic motivation
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a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
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extrinsic motivation
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a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
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observational learning
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learning by observing others (social learning)
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modeling
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the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
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mirror neurons
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frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so.
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mirror neurons
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the brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy
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prosocial behavior
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positive, constructive, helpful behavior. Opposite of antisocial behavior
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classical conditioning
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after repeated exposure to 2 stimuli occurring in sequences, we associate those stimuli wit each other
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reinforced
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encouraging behavior (more)
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punishment
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discouraging behavior (less)
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operant conditioning
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"or else" - punishments
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BF Skinner
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invented the operant chamber; operant conditioning
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Pavlov and Watson
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classical conditioning scientists
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positive
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adding something desirable
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negative
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taking away; ending something unpleasant
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discriminative stimuli
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a stimuli that elicits a response after association with reinforcement
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PR
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PR, NR, PP OR NP?: police stop drivers and give them a prize if their seatbelt are buckled; seat belt use increases in town
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NP
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PR, NR, PP OR NP?: a basketball player who commits a flagrant foul is removed from the game; his fouls decrease in later games
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PP
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PR, NR, PP OR NP?: A soccer player rolls her eyes at a teammate who delivered a bad pass; the teammate makes fewer errors after that
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NR
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PR, NR, PP OR NP?: After completing an alcohol education lass the suspension of your driver's license if lifted. More DWI drivers now complete the program.
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punishments
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have opposite effects of reinforcement. consequences make the target behavior less lily to occur in the future
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severity
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not as helpful as making the punishments immediate and certain
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strengthened
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THORNDIKE'S LAW OF EFFECT: situation + positive response =
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weakened
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THORNDIKE'S LAW OF EFFECT: sitation + negative response =
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Bobo
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name of the doll in Albert Bandura's experiment where kids saw adults punching the inflated doll
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antisocial behavior
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actions that are harmful to individuals and society