Psychology Ch. 7 - Learning

3 October 2022
4.7 (114 reviews)
24 test answers

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers (20)
question
Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to the law of effect. spontaneous recovery. the violence-viewing effect instinctive drift.
answer
the violence-viewing effect Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to the violence-viewing effect.
question
Most of the TV shows that 9-year-old Fred watches involve violence. This is most likely to lead Fred to -react with a sense of distress at the sight of two children fighting on the school playground. -perceive the injuries of victims of violence as less severe. -be more inhibited about personally starting a fight on the school playground. -overestimate the pain and injury experienced by victims of violent crime.
answer
perceive the injuries of victims of violence as less severe. Most of the TV shows that 9-year-old Fred watches involve violence. This is most likely to lead Fred to perceive the injuries of victims of violence as less severe.
question
Mr. Schneider frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hands before meals, but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to -practice and preach the virtues of cleanliness. -practice cleanliness but not preach its virtues. -neither practice nor preach the virtues of cleanliness. -preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness.
answer
preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness. Mr. Schneider frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hands before meals, but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness.
question
We are most likely to imitate the behavior of models if we observe that their actions are conditioned responses extrinsically motivated. followed by reinforcement. violent or antisocial.
answer
followed by reinforcement. We are most likely to imitate the behavior of models if we observe that their actions are followed by reinforcement.
question
We find it harder to frown when viewing a smile than when viewing a frown. This can most clearly be attributed to partial reinforcement. spontaneous recovery. mirror neurons. cognitive maps.
answer
mirror neurons. We find it harder to frown when viewing a smile than when viewing a frown. This can most clearly be attributed to mirror neurons.
question
Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement. fixed-ratio fixed-interval variable-interval variable-ratio
answer
fixed-ratio Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement.
question
Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforcer reinforcement; punishment
answer
positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as positive reinforcer is to negative reinforcer.
question
If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates spontaneous recovery. associative learning. observational learning. operant conditioning.
answer
associative learning. If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates associative learning.
question
In classical conditioning, the ________ signals the impending occurrence of the ________. US; CS UR; CR CS; US CR; UR
answer
CS; US In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus signals the impending occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus.
question
Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of latent learning. generalization. delayed reinforcement. shaping.
answer
generalization. Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of generalization.
question
The cognitive perspective would be likely to emphasize that classical conditioning depends on -an organism's active behavioral responses to environmental stimulation. -the amount of time between the presentation of the CS and the US. -how frequently an organism is exposed to an association of a CS and a US. -an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS.
answer
an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS. The cognitive perspective would be likely to emphasize that classical conditioning depends on an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS.
question
Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. This illustrates latent learning. the law of effect. respondent behavior. spontaneous recovery.
answer
the law of effect. Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. This illustrates the law of effect.
question
An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of successive approximations. delayed reinforcement. classical conditioning. secondary reinforcement.
answer
successive approximations. An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of successive approximations.
question
A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n) conditioned response unconditioned stimulus conditioned stimulus unconditioned response
answer
conditioned response A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n) conditioned response.
question
Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called shaping acquisition generalization spontaneous recovery
answer
acquisition Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called acquisition.
question
After getting a slight burn from the spark of a flickering campfire, Julie became afraid of getting close to lighted gas stoves. This best illustrates the adaptive value of latent learning spontaneous recovery generalization shaping
answer
generalization After getting a slight burn from the spark of a flickering campfire, Julie became afraid of getting close to lighted gas stoves. This best illustrates the adaptive value of generalization.
question
B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called shaping observational learning the law of effect latent learning
answer
the law of effect B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called the law of effect.
question
Positive reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding. decrease; increase increase; decrease increase; increase have no effect on; decrease
answer
increase; increase Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding.
question
Positive punishment is the introduction of a(n) ________ stimulus following a behavior and negative punishment is the withdrawal of a(n) ________ stimulus following a behavior. pleasant; pleasant aversive; aversive pleasant; aversive aversive; pleasant
answer
aversive; pleasant Positive punishment is the introduction of an aversive stimulus following a behavior and negative punishment is the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus following a behavior.
question
Which of the following are most clearly activated both by picking up a spoon and by simply watching another person pick up a spoon? extrinsic motives intrinsic motives cognitive maps mirror neurons
answer
mirror neurons Which of the following are most clearly activated both by picking up a spoon and by simply watching another person pick up a spoon? mirror neurons
question
Who highlighted the importance of observational learning? Watson Bandura Skinner Pavlov
answer
Bandura Who highlighted the importance of observational learning? Bandura
question
Alex learned to babysit and care for young children effectively by observing the many ways his mother carefully nurtured his own younger siblings. This best illustrates the value of observational learning for promoting conditioned responses. prosocial behavior. extrinsic motivation. spontaneous recovery.
answer
prosocial behavior. Alex learned to babysit and care for young children effectively by observing the many ways his mother carefully nurtured his own younger siblings. This best illustrates the value of observational learning for promoting prosocial behavior.
question
Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing TV violence in which an attractive person commits justified violence that causes no visible pain or harm. unjustified violence that causes no visible pain or harm. justified violence that causes a lot of visible pain or harm. unjustified violence that causes a lot of visible pain or harm.
answer
justified violence that causes no visible pain or harm. Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing TV violence in which an attractive person commits justified violence that causes no visible pain or harm.
question
Correlational studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence ________ increased rates of violent behavior. inhibits causes is unrelated to predicts
answer
predicts Correlational studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence predicts increased rates of violent behavior.