Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to
the law of effect.
spontaneous recovery.
the violence-viewing effect
instinctive drift.
answer
the violence-viewing effect
Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to the violence-viewing effect.
question
Most of the TV shows that 9-year-old Fred watches involve violence. This is most likely to lead Fred to
-react with a sense of distress at the sight of two children fighting on the school playground.
-perceive the injuries of victims of violence as less severe.
-be more inhibited about personally starting a fight on the school playground.
-overestimate the pain and injury experienced by victims of violent crime.
answer
perceive the injuries of victims of violence as less severe.
Most of the TV shows that 9-year-old Fred watches involve violence. This is most likely to lead Fred to perceive the injuries of victims of violence as less severe.
question
Mr. Schneider frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hands before meals, but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to
-practice and preach the virtues of cleanliness.
-practice cleanliness but not preach its virtues.
-neither practice nor preach the virtues of cleanliness.
-preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness.
answer
preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness.
Mr. Schneider frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hands before meals, but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness.
question
We are most likely to imitate the behavior of models if we observe that their actions are
conditioned responses
extrinsically motivated.
followed by reinforcement.
violent or antisocial.
answer
followed by reinforcement.
We are most likely to imitate the behavior of models if we observe that their actions are followed by reinforcement.
question
We find it harder to frown when viewing a smile than when viewing a frown. This can most clearly be attributed to
partial reinforcement.
spontaneous recovery.
mirror neurons.
cognitive maps.
answer
mirror neurons.
We find it harder to frown when viewing a smile than when viewing a frown. This can most clearly be attributed to mirror neurons.
question
Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed-ratio
fixed-interval
variable-interval
variable-ratio
answer
fixed-ratio
Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement.
question
Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________.
positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer
immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforcer
reinforcement; punishment
answer
positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as positive reinforcer is to negative reinforcer.
question
If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates
spontaneous recovery.
associative learning.
observational learning.
operant conditioning.
answer
associative learning.
If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates associative learning.
question
In classical conditioning, the ________ signals the impending occurrence of the ________.
US; CS
UR; CR
CS; US
CR; UR
answer
CS; US
In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus signals the impending occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus.
question
Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of
latent learning.
generalization.
delayed reinforcement.
shaping.
answer
generalization.
Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of generalization.
question
The cognitive perspective would be likely to emphasize that classical conditioning depends on
-an organism's active behavioral responses to environmental stimulation.
-the amount of time between the presentation of the CS and the US.
-how frequently an organism is exposed to an association of a CS and a US.
-an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS.
answer
an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS.
The cognitive perspective would be likely to emphasize that classical conditioning depends on an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS.
question
Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. This illustrates
latent learning.
the law of effect.
respondent behavior.
spontaneous recovery.
answer
the law of effect.
Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. This illustrates the law of effect.
question
An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of
successive approximations.
delayed reinforcement.
classical conditioning.
secondary reinforcement.
answer
successive approximations.
An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of successive approximations.
question
A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)
conditioned response
unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
answer
conditioned response
A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n) conditioned response.
question
Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called
shaping
acquisition
generalization
spontaneous recovery
answer
acquisition
Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called acquisition.
question
After getting a slight burn from the spark of a flickering campfire, Julie became afraid of getting close to lighted gas stoves. This best illustrates the adaptive value of
latent learning
spontaneous recovery
generalization
shaping
answer
generalization
After getting a slight burn from the spark of a flickering campfire, Julie became afraid of getting close to lighted gas stoves. This best illustrates the adaptive value of generalization.
question
B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called
shaping
observational learning
the law of effect
latent learning
answer
the law of effect
B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called the law of effect.
question
Positive reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding.
decrease; increase
increase; decrease
increase; increase
have no effect on; decrease
answer
increase; increase
Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding.
question
Positive punishment is the introduction of a(n) ________ stimulus following a behavior and negative punishment is the withdrawal of a(n) ________ stimulus following a behavior.
pleasant; pleasant
aversive; aversive
pleasant; aversive
aversive; pleasant
answer
aversive; pleasant
Positive punishment is the introduction of an aversive stimulus following a behavior and negative punishment is the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus following a behavior.
question
Which of the following are most clearly activated both by picking up a spoon and by simply watching another person pick up a spoon?
extrinsic motives
intrinsic motives
cognitive maps
mirror neurons
answer
mirror neurons
Which of the following are most clearly activated both by picking up a spoon and by simply watching another person pick up a spoon? mirror neurons
question
Who highlighted the importance of observational learning?
Watson
Bandura
Skinner
Pavlov
answer
Bandura
Who highlighted the importance of observational learning? Bandura
question
Alex learned to babysit and care for young children effectively by observing the many ways his mother carefully nurtured his own younger siblings. This best illustrates the value of observational learning for promoting
conditioned responses.
prosocial behavior.
extrinsic motivation.
spontaneous recovery.
answer
prosocial behavior.
Alex learned to babysit and care for young children effectively by observing the many ways his mother carefully nurtured his own younger siblings. This best illustrates the value of observational learning for promoting prosocial behavior.
question
Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing TV violence in which an attractive person commits
justified violence that causes no visible pain or harm.
unjustified violence that causes no visible pain or harm.
justified violence that causes a lot of visible pain or harm.
unjustified violence that causes a lot of visible pain or harm.
answer
justified violence that causes no visible pain or harm.
Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing TV violence in which an attractive person commits justified violence that causes no visible pain or harm.
question
Correlational studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence ________ increased rates of violent behavior.
inhibits
causes
is unrelated to
predicts
answer
predicts
Correlational studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence predicts increased rates of violent behavior.
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