what is the main idea of social learning theory?
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
Fear is a conditioned response.
Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
One can learn new behaviors by observing others.
answer
One can learn new behaviors by observing others
question
Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?
blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room
determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting
knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student
rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables
answer
knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student
question
According to Albert Bandura, ________.
Fear is a conditioned response.
Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.
Learning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals.
Organisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.
answer
Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.
question
Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.
cognition
model
response
stimulus
answer
model
question
Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?
classical conditioning
controlled conditioning
physiological conditioning
psychic conditioning
answer
classical conditioning
question
Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.
conditioned response
unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
unconditioned stimulus
answer
conditioned response
question
Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
fixed interval
fixed ratio
variable interval
variable ratio
answer
variable ratio
question
In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?
acquisition
extinction
punishment
recovery
answer
punishment
question
Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.
latent
observational
pavlovian
vicarious
answer
observational
question
To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.
CS + UCS; continuous
CS + UCS; intermittent
UCS alone; continuous
UCS alone; intermittent
answer
CS + UCS; continuous
question
You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed interval
fixed ratio
variable interval
variable ratio
answer
variable interval
question
John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use?
continuous
partial
primary
secondary
answer
partial
question
Which statement about Edward C. Tolman is incorrect?
He disagreed with John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner.
He found that emotions can be a conditioned response.
He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze.
His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.
answer
He found that emotions can be a conditioned response.
question
Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?
checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day
playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores
playing poker
taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.
answer
taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.
question
Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?
blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room
determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing
pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red
rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily
answer
rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily
question
What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
Fear is a conditioned response.
Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
One can learn new behaviors by observing others.
answer
Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
question
When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.
continuous
partial
primary
secondary
answer
continuous
question
If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.
decreases
depends on the CS-UCS relationship
increases
is not affected
answer
increases
question
Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.
taste aversion
taste response
unconditioned aversion
unconditioned response
answer
taste aversion
question
Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.
conditioned response
conditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
unconditioned stimulus
answer
conditioned stimulus
question
Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.
imitation
modeling
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
answer
stimulus generalization
question
Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?
checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time
you hear the new e-mail notification
feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m.
knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart
playing the slot machine
answer
knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart
question
If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.
after dreaming about having a fight with their parents
after dreaming they were on television
after seeing a television character being punished for taking violent action against another character
after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character
answer
after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character
question
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
when a cat and a dog share the same water bowl
when a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener
when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior
when a dog refuses to play dead
answer
when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior
question
Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?
Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.
Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens.
Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground.
Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast.
answer
Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.
question
In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
acquistion
conditioning
extinction
neutral stimulate
answer
acquisition
question
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
conditioning
instincts
learning
reflexes
answer
learning
question
what is the main idea of operant conditioning?
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
Fear is a conditioned response.
Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
One can learn new behaviors by observing others.
answer
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
question
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent.
The word "classical" should be changed to the word "operant."
The word "conditioning" should be changed to the word "behaviorism."
The word "initial" should be changed to the word "interval."
The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."
answer
The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."
question
________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.
answer
john b watson
question
Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?
classical
conditioning
observational
operant
answer
observational
question
Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________.
cognitive mapping
conditioning
latent learning
reinforcement
answer
latent learning
question
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together.
The word "conditioning" should be changed to the word "reinforcement."
The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical."
The word "repeatedly" should be changed to the word "never."
The word "repeatedly" should be changed to the word "rarely."
answer
The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical."
question
In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).
conditioned response
conditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
unconditioned stimulus
answer
unconditioned response
question
Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment.
It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.
John B. Watson did not have the consent of Little Albert's mother.
John B. Watson falsified most of his data.
Little Albert was much older than John B. Watson reported him to be, which invalidated the study.
answer
It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.
question
Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?
latent acquisition
latent punishment
vicarious punishment
vicarious reinforcement
answer
vicarious punishment
question
Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.
acquisition
conditioning
extinction
learning
answer
extinction
question
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.
associational
instinctive
processual
reflexive
answer
associational
question
What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert?
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
Emotions can be a conditioned response.
Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
One can learn new behaviors by observing others.
answer
Emotions can be a conditioned response.
question
In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.
classical
operant
response
stimulus
answer
classical
question
In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.
higher order
initial
primary
secondary
answer
higher order
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