Chapter 5: Anatomy - Understanding Concepts

Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behavior because ________. a) it is thought that learning changes the nerve fiber patterns in your muscles b) once you learn something, you will never fail to remember it or carry out the correct action c) it is thought that when learning occurs, some part of the brain physically changes d) memory processes, unlike learning processes, are not permanent

Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint, such as an increase in height or the size of the brain, are examples of ________. a) maturation b) learning c) habituation d) growth cycles

Which of the following statements about learning is NOT true? a) Learning is another word for "maturation." b) Learning is relatively permanent. c) Learning involves changes in behavior. d) Learning involves experiences.

Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries? a) The dogs seemed to enjoy the food. b) The assistant salivated along with the dogs when the dogs started to eat. c) The dogs stopped salivating after seeing the assistant so many times. d) The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov's assistant and before they got the food.

Pavlov's model of classical conditioning was based on the idea that the conditioned stimulus, through its association close in time with the unconditioned stimulus, came to activate the same place in the animal's brain that was originally activated by the unconditioned stimulus. This was known as ________. a) stimulus substitution b) the cognitive perspective c) the Skinner model d) higher-order conditioning

The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, advanced by Rescorla and others, adds the concept of ________ to conditioning theory. a) generalization b) habituation c) memory loss d) expectancy

Rescorla's modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that ________. a) the CS substitutes for the UCS b) there is a biological readiness for conditioning to occur between the CS and UCS c) the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS d) reinforcement must occur by providing a pleasant event

Some researchers believe that classical conditioning takes place only because the pairing of the: a) CS and US does not provide useful information about the likelihood of occurrence of the US. b) CS and UR provides useful information about the likelihood of occurrence of the CS. c) CS and US provides useful information about the likelihood of occurrence of the US. d) US and UR provides information about the likelihood of occurrence of the US.

According to Rescorla's theory, the CS must _______ the UCS or conditioning does not occur. a) replace b) come after c) appear simultaneously with d) predict

The learning of phobias is a very good example of which certain type of classical conditioning? a) instinctive drift b) innate learning c) conditioned taste aversion d) conditioned emotional response

Little Albert's acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n) ________ response. a) classical counterconditioned Incorrect. b) conditioned emotional c) positively reinforced d) negatively reinforced

Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be __________. a) based on classical conditioning b) deeply rooted in the innate unconscious of infants c) based on the principle of observational learning d) based on Skinner's analysis of positive reinforcement

Conditioned taste aversions are an example of something called ________. a) biological preparedness b) inherited conditioned dispositions c) long-term spontaneous recovery d) vicarious classical conditioning

Human beings generally have an aversion to bitter and sour foods. Some researchers suggest that this is because foods that are inedible or even poisonous are often bitter or sour. The tendency of human beings to find these potentially harmful foods repulsive is an example of ________. a) classical conditioning b) vicarious conditioning c) conditioned emotional response d) biological preparedness

Conditioned taste aversions are an example of something called __________. a) biological preparedness b) inherited conditioned dispositions c) long-term spontaneous recovery d) single repetition conditioning

________ classical conditioning, operant conditioning requires the organism to voluntarily produce the ________. a) Like; response b) Unlike; response c) Unlike; consequence d) Like; stimulus

Skinner was to rats as Thorndike was to ________. a) cats b) rabbits c) dogs d) pigeons

If a person's action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, the probability of that person repeating the same action increases. This best illustrates: a) Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. b) the Law of Effect. c) generalization. d) the Law of Desirable Consequences.

In operant conditioning, ________ is necessary to create the association between the stimulus and the repetition of a voluntary response. a) reinforcement b) the Law of Negative Effect c) conditional emotional linkages d) a long time delay

Secondary reinforcers differ from primary reinforcers in that secondary reinforcers ________. a) can potentially reinforce or punish behavior b) do not satisfy physical needs whatsoever c) do not inherently satisfy physical needs d) only pertain to intangible objects or events, such as praise

A ________ reinforcer, such as money or praise, gets its value through an association with a(n) ________ reinforcer. a) positive; negative b) primary; secondary c) natural; artificial d) secondary; primary

Positive reinforcement is to _______ as negative reinforcement is to _______. a) good outcomes; bad outcomes b) increasing reinforcement; decreasing reinforcement c) rewarding behavior; punishing behavior d) presenting good results; removing aversive stimuli

A reinforcer is a consequence that ________ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that ________ a behavior. a) motivates; stimulates b) weakens; strengthens c) inhibits; motivates d) strengthens; weakens

Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning? a) Neither partial nor continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist for long periods of time. b) Continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through partial or intermittent reinforcement. c) Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement. d) Continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement lead to behaviors that persist for equally long periods of time.

Reinforcement is to punishment as: a) decrease is to increase. b) increase is to decrease. c) positive is to negative. d) giving is to receiving.

Why does fear caused by punishment make the punishment ineffective in changing behavior? a) Fear leads the child to forget the behavior that was punished. b) Fear produces resentment that makes the child rebellious and disobedient. c) Fear interferes with the child's ability to learn from the punishment. d) The use of punishment negates the possibility of using reinforcement in similar situations in the future.

Which of the following criteria helps to increase the effectiveness of punishment? a) when it immediately follows the undesirable behavior b) when it is inconsistent. c) when it is given with classical conditioning d) when it is vicarious

Which strategy will NOT increase the effects of punishment? a) making the punishment occur only on a partial, sporadic schedule b) making the punishment consistent c) pairing punishment of the wrong behavior with reinforcement of the correct behavior d) having the punishment immediately follow the behavior it is meant to punish

A discriminative stimulus is typically viewed as ________. a) something negative b) a cue c) promoting punishment d) a warning

Applied behavior analysis (ABA) has been used to help individuals with autism. The basic principle of this form of behavior modification is ________. a) partial reinforcement b) classical conditioning c) negative punishment d) shaping

A key element in the use of biofeedback is teaching a person to induce a state of ________ to help gain control over biological functions. a) sleep b) anxiety c) relaxation d) heightened awareness

In Bandura's study with the Bobo doll, the children in the group who saw the model punished did not imitate the model at first. They would only imitate the model if given a reward for doing so. The fact that these children had obviously learned the behavior without actually performing it is an example of ________. a) latent learning b) operant conditioning c) classical conditioning d) insight learning