PSYC Part 7

25 July 2022
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question
The study of respondent behavior is to ________ as the study of operant behavior is to ________. a) Pavlov; Skinner b) Thorndike; Pavlov c) Thorndike; Skinner d) Skinner; Thorndike
answer
a) Pavlov; Skinner
question
Just after they taste a sweet liquid, mice are injected with a drug that produces an immune response. Later, the taste of the sweet liquid by itself triggers an immune response. This best illustrates a) classical conditioning b) observational learning c) spontaneous recovery d) operant conditioning
answer
a) classical conditioning
question
The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called a) discrimination. b) spontaneous recovery. c) acquisition. d) generalization.
answer
a) discrimination
question
Compared with nonabused children, those children who have experienced a history of abuse show a stronger brain-wave response to an angry face. This best illustrates a) operant behavior. b) spontaneous recovery. c) discrimination. d) generalization.
answer
d) generalization
question
Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because a) of all of these reasons. b) so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned. c) so many different behaviors can be classically conditioned. d) it demonstrated that a psychological process could be studied objectively.
answer
a) of all of these reasons.
question
At one time Jimmy was scared of dogs because he was bitten by one. With subsequent repeated exposure to tame dogs in safe settings, however, his fear of dogs has gradually faded. Jimmy's diminishing fear of dogs best illustrates a) acquisition b) operant behavior c) spontaneous recovery d) extinction
answer
d) extinction
question
In classical conditioning, discrimination refers to the learned ability to distinguish between a ________ and other irrelevant stimuli a) UR b) CR c) US d) CS
answer
d) CS
question
An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with food. The dog will learn to salivate to the light most quickly if the experimenter presents the light a) at precisely the same time as the food. b) a half-second after the food. c) half a second before the food. d) five seconds before the food.
answer
c) half a second before the food
question
Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates a) spontaneous recovery. b) secondary conditioning. c) discrimination. d) operant behavior.
answer
a) spontaneous recovery
question
Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called a) discrimination b) generalization c) acquisition d) spontaneous recovery
answer
c) acquisition
question
Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone a) discrimination b) extinction c) spontaneous recovery d) generalization
answer
b) extinction
question
The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rats was the a) CS b) CR c) UR d) US
answer
b) CR
question
The "psychic secretions" that Pavlov initially considered an annoyance were a) unconditioned stimuli. b) unconditioned responses. c) conditioned responses. d) conditioned stimuli.
answer
c) conditioned response
question
Through classical conditioning we learn to associate a) a CS with a US. b) a response with a reward. c) a US with a UR. d) a UR with a CR.
answer
a) a CS with a US
question
The acquisition of mental information by observing events, watching others, or through language is called a) classical conditioning. b) introspection. c) cognitive learning. d) operant conditioning.
answer
c) cognitive learning
question
Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing outcomes are called a) conditioned responses. b) operant behaviors. c) associative behaviors. d) respondent behaviors.
answer
b) operant behaviors.
question
Respondent behavior is defined as a(n) ________ response to some stimulus. a) automatic b) operant c) novel d) generalized
answer
a) automatic
question
In classical conditioning a stimulus is any event or situation that a) evokes a response. b) signals a reward. c) elicits operant behavior. d) triggers imitation.
answer
a) evokes a response
question
An automatic response to some stimulus is called a) observational learning. b) respondent behavior. c) associative learning. d) operant behavior.
answer
b) respondent behavior
question
Two years ago, the de Castellane Manufacturing Company included its employees in a profit-sharing plan in which workers receive semiannual bonuses based on the company's profits. Since this plan was initiated, worker productivity at de Castellane has nearly doubled. This productivity increase is best explained in terms of a) spontaneous recovery. b) operant conditioning. c) discrimination. d) classical conditioning.
answer
b) operant conditioning.
question
A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior. In this case, the spanking is a a) positive reinforcer. b) negative punishment. c) negative reinforcer. d) positive punishment.
answer
d) positive punishment
question
The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to ________. a) primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer b) positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer c) reinforcement; punishment d) immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforcer
answer
c) reinforcement; punishment
question
Tennis instruction that reinforces, short lobs over the net before attempting to reinforce hard, long, cross-court hits best illustrates the process of a) delayed reinforcement. b) modeling. c) shaping. d) discrimination.
answer
c) shaping
question
In explaining why people demonstrate character strengths such as self-control, B. F. Skinner would most likely have emphasized a) the internalization of moral values. b) genetic influences. c) the beneficial consequences of self-control. d) unconscious desires for social approval.
answer
c) the beneficial consequences of self-control.
question
Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement. a) fixed-ratio b) variable-interval c) fixed-interval d) variable-ratio
answer
a) fixed-ratio
question
Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to grocery store. At first her mother granted every request, but now she does so less consistently. Research suggests that Della will a) soon give up asking for a treat entirely. b) come to ask for a treat only occasionally. c) continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store. d) ask for a treat every time her mother takes her out, even if they don't go to the grocery store.
answer
c) continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store.
question
The way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates a) generalization b) partial reinforcement c) spontaneous recovery d) shaping
answer
b) partial reinforcement
question
To quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use a) classical conditioning rather than operant conditioning. b) immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers. c) negative reinforcers rather than positive reinforcers. d) partial reinforcement rather than continuous reinforcement
answer
b) immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers.
question
A variable-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n) a) specified time period has elapsed. b) specified number of responses has been made. c) unpredictable number of responses has been made. d) unpredictable time period has elapsed.
answer
d) unpredictable time period has elapsed.
question
Luana edits manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $25 for every three pages she edits. Luana is reinforced on a ______ schedule. a) variable-ratio b) fixed-interval c) fixed-ratio d) variable-interval
answer
c) fixed-ratio
question
Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n) a) positive reinforcer b) unconditioned stimulus c) conditioned stimulus d) negative reinforcer
answer
d) negative reinforcer
question
Compared with continuous reinforcement, intermittent reinforcement is associated with a) faster acquisition and slower extinction. b) slower acquisition and slower extinction. c) faster acquisition and faster extinction. d) slower acquisition and faster extinction.
answer
b) slower acquisition and slower extinction.
question
An event or situation signaling that an operant response will be reinforced is called a(n) a) shaping stimulus. b) unconditioned stimulus. c) discriminative stimulus. d) primary reinforcer.
answer
c) discriminative stimulus.
question
Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of a) shaping. b) spontaneous recovery. c) delayed reinforcement. d) secondary reinforcement.
answer
a) shaping.
question
If bears find insects after they move decaying logs, they more frequently move decaying logs. This most clearly indicates that finding insects is a a) respondent behavior. b) reinforcement. c) classically conditioned habit. d) spontaneous recovery.
answer
b) reinforcement
question
Megan's profane languages increases in frequency when it leads to her friend's approving laughter but decreases in frequency when it leads to her parent's criticism. This best illustrates a) respondent behavior. b) the law of effect. c) shaping. d) spontaneous recovery.
answer
b) the law of effect
question
Laurie's thumbsucking has become habitual because she feels less anxious when she sucks her thumb. This best illustrates the process of a) discrimination. b) generalization. c) operant conditioning. d) classical conditioning.
answer
c) operant conditioning.
question
Classically conditioned habits are said to involve a) respondent behavior. b) spontaneous recovery. c) operant behavior. d) observational learning.
answer
a) respondent behavior.
question
After reading a first-person account of a fictional fellow student's experience of overcoming obstacles to vote, university students were subsequently more likely to vote in a presidential primary election. This best illustrates the impact of a) extrinsic motivation. b) vicarious experience. c) classical conditioning. d) instinctive drift.
answer
b) vicarious experience.
question
The rapid transmission of fads and fashions best illustrates the impact of a) observational learning. b) classical conditioning. c) instinctive drift. d) operant conditioning.
answer
a) observational learning.
question
Neuroscientists have discovered mirror neurons in the a) temporal lobe adjacent to the auditory cortex. b) frontal lobe adjacent to the motor cortex. c) parietal lobe adjacent to the sensory cortex. d) occipital lobe adjacent to the visual cortex.
answer
b) frontal lobe adjacent to the motor cortex.
question
The tendency to discontinue behaviors that we observe others being punished for performing best illustrates the influence of a) intrinsic motivation. b) cognitive maps. c) vicarious punishment. d) classical conditioning.
answer
c) vicarious punishment.
question
Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed that his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of a) immediate reinforcement. b) prosocial behavior. c) latent learning. d) modeling.
answer
d) modeling.
question
Our ability to learn by witnessing the behavior of others best illustrates a) observational learning. b) operant conditioning. c) prosocial behavior. d) classical conditioning.
answer
a) observational learning.
question
Using rewards to bribe people to engage in activity they already enjoy is most likely to inhibit. a) intrinsic motivation. b) cognitive processes. c) modeling. d) latent learning.
answer
a) intrinsic motivation.
question
Although Josh learned aggressive behaviors by watching a violent movie, he did not imitate those behaviors until days later, when he was offered money to do so. Josh's behavior best illustrates the importance of a) intrinsic motivation. b) latent learning. c) unconditioned stimuli. d) classical conditioning.
answer
b) latent learning.
question
The best evidence that animals develop cognitive maps comes from studies of a) modeling. b) instinctive drift. c) latent learning. d) intrinsic motivation.
answer
c) latent learning.
question
Operant response rates remain highest when individuals anticipate that their behavior will actually lead to further reinforcement. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning. a) latent learning b) biological constraints c) cognitive processes d) intrinsic motivation
answer
c) cognitive process
question
The views of learning advanced by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson underestimated the importance of a) associative learning. b) neutral stimuli. c) unconditioned responses. d) cognitive processes.
answer
d) cognitive processes.
question
Pigeons learn to flap their wings to avoid shock ________ easily than they learn to peck a disk to avoid shock. They learn to flap their wings to obtain food ________ easily than they learn to peck a disk to obtain food. a) more; less b) less; more c) more; more d) less; less
answer
a) more; less
question
It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in learning. a) biological constraints b) mirror neurons c) generalization d) predictability
answer
a) biological constraints
question
Which of the following has helped prevent coyotes and wolves from attacking sheep? a) latent learning b) observational learning c) positive reinforcement d) conditioned taste aversion
answer
d) conditioned tasted aversion
question
Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats challenged the previously accepted principle that a) learning is influenced by the frequency of association between the CS and US. b) learning occurs only if a response is followed by reinforcement. c) the US must immediately follow the CS for conditioning to occur. d) positive reinforcement is more effective than punishment in changing behavior.
answer
c) the US must immediately follow the CS for conditioning to occur.
question
Evidence that organisms are biologically predisposed to learn the associations that most readily aid their survival has been provided by a) Garcia and Koelling's study of taste aversion. b) Skinner's study of reinforcement. c) Pavlov's study of salivary conditioning. d) Bandura's study of observational learning.
answer
a) Garcia and Koelling's study of taste aversion.
question
Tendencies developed through evolutionary history that predispose members of a species to learn some associations more readily than others are a) cognitive maps. b) extrinsic motives. c) biological constraints. d) conditioned responses.
answer
c) biological constraints.
question
Psychologists once believed that any stimulus (whether a taste, sight, or sound) could serve as a conditioned stimulus. This belief was challenged by research demonstrating the importance of a) biological constraints. b) latent learning. c) modeling. d) extrinsic motivation.
answer
a) biological constraints.
question
Professor Kingston emphasizes that learned fears reflect the interacting influences of a person's inborn emotional reactivity, family life history, and capacity to generalize from previous experiences. The professor's emphasis best illustrates a) behaviorism. b) intrinsic motivation. c) a biopsychosocial approach. d) prosocial behavior.
answer
c) a biopsychosocial approach.
question
An integrated understanding of associative learning in terms of genetic predispositions, culturally learned preferences, and the predictability of certain associations is most clearly provided by a) instinctive drift. b) Pavlov's experiments. c) a biopsychosocial approach. d) Watson's behaviorism.
answer
c) a biopsychosocial approach.
question
The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by a) Rescorla's findings about the effects of expectations on an animal's conditioned response. b) Bandura's findings on observational learning and aggression in children. c) Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats. d) Pavlov's findings on the conditioned salivary response.
answer
c) Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats.
question
Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated the impact of _________ on classical conditioning. a) latent learning b) a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule c) cognitive processes d) biological constraints
answer
d) biological constraints