Chapter 8: Psychology

Who was responsible for the classical conditioning of Little Albert?

In a typical classical conditioning experiment by Pavlov, a buzzer or tone serves as a(n) _____.

Which of the following is NOT a step-in classical conditioning?

The formation of associations between two stimuli, which occur sequentially in time, is referred to as _____.

The law of effect was proposed by _____.

Watson and Skinner believed that _____.

Presentation of a rewarding stimulus serves as _____, whereas removal of an aversive stimulus serves as _____.

Reinforcers, whether they be positive or negative, have the same effect on behavior, which is to:

As Angel speeds down Elm Avenue, he suddenly slams on his brakes to avoid a collision with another car. Angel's response is an example of a(n) ______.

Who would have argued that we do not need to directly be reinforced or punished to learn?

If conditioning has taken place, the neutral stimulus becomes the _____.

Miranda comes home late one evening past her curfew only to find her parents waiting up for her. Her father says, "Miranda, you're late! You may not use the car for an entire month." Miranda's father is using _____.

What is an advantage of observational learning?

A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response after a specified period of time will be reinforced is called a _____.

In operant conditioning, extinction occurs because _____.

Classical conditioning is learning in which _____.

Why does associative learning provide an enormous survival advantage?

How can extinction be avoided with operant conditioning?

_____ is the removal of an aversive stimulus that serves to increase a behavior, and _____ is the removal of a reinforcing stimulus to decrease a behavior.

What is a consequence that has the effect of decreasing the chance that the behavior that came before it will happen again?

Kim is a daycare worker. She recently decided that the children would no longer be allowed to watch Batman on TV because so many kids were getting into fights on the playground after watching this cartoon. What best explains why watching Batman would influence the children to fight on the playground?

Tenna is an NCAA Division 1 basketball player. In the championship game, she is playing defense when a player on the other team moves to take what could be the game-winning shot. Without thinking, Tenna moves her body into the most effective defensive position. This is an example of _____.

If "Little Albert" had developed a fear of large white rats, but not of small white rats, psychologists would label that an example of _____.

Bandura's Bobo doll studies showed that _____.

Although hunger naturally occurs in response to an empty stomach, we can easily become conditioned to feel hunger at certain times of the day due to classical conditioning. In this case, the US would be the ______.

If you wear a particular tie and get teased and laughed at, you are less likely to wear this tie again. This illustrates _______.

What type of consequence is Mayra using when she tells her daughter that she does not have to do the dishes for a week because she did so well on her weekly spelling test at school?

Shaping would be used _____.

The concept of primary and secondary reinforcers is most associated with ______.

When you break your curfew and your parents take away your car privileges in order to stop you from breaking curfew in the future, they are using ______.

Positive reinforcement and negative punishment are ______.

On Fridays, you know that you can dress casually for work, but on Wednesdays when the corporate executive usually drops by, you know you should dress in your best suit. This illustrates ______.

The neutral stimulus in Pavlov's original studies was _____.

Psychologists define learning as _____

In a continuous reinforcement schedule, _____.

Three-year-old Josh has been classically conditioned to salivate to a bell. We now clap our hands and then ring the bell. Little Josh will soon learn to salivate when we clap our hands because of ______.

Which method will make punishment more effective?

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are two types of ______ learning.

Ratio schedules deliver reinforcement according to ______.

Secondary reinforcers are also called ______ reinforcers.

Joseph tells his buddies at work a joke that makes fun of women. To his surprise, his friends scolded him. As a result, Joseph decides never again to tell a joke like that at work. Joseph's experience is an example of what type of consequence?

If you give an attractive classmate a ride home, you may make mental notes about how to get to his or her house, even if a date is only a remote future possibility. This illustrates ______.

Throndike concluded that his cats were learning because ______.

Tamara is deathly afraid of coming in contact with germs. So, her therapist gradually exposes Tamara to "unclean" things, such as touching dirt or taking a bite of an unwashed piece of fruit, while in a calm, relaxed, and supportive environment. This technique is known as ______.

Which item is a primary reinforcer?

Steve and his wife Bethany both work full-time. Since Steve usually arrives home first, he takes on the burden of cooking and cleaning, but he is becoming frustrated with the current division of chores. Which of the following learning approaches is likely to work best to increase Bethany's participation in the household duties?

If you are making use of information-rich higher mental processes, such as organizing various research articles in writing your term paper, you are engaged in a complex form of _______.

Which of the following would be considered a primary reinforcer?

In one classical experiment, children learned to hit a "Bo-Bo Clown" doll ______.

The fact that you go to work each day in order to have enough money to pay your bills is best explained by _____.

Ivan Pavlov has been credited with the initial discovery of

Polly sees her mother baking cookies one day. Two weeks later at kindergarten, Polly and her friends are playing house and Polly begins to mimic the steps she saw her mother going through when making the cookies. Polly's play acting in kindergarten shows that ______.

Two very important factors that influence the strength of classical conditioning are ______.

When a classically conditioned response is no longer exhibited, ______.

A pig trained by the Brelands to pick up large wooden coins and deposit them in a wooden "piggy bank" learned quickly to do so for food rewards, but eventually ____.

Social learning involves ______.

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval schedule of partial reinforcement?

Research on media violence has found that TV violence _____.

Tanya and Bob have found that taking away their teenagers' cell phones or taking away other privileges are effective in reducing any misbehavior. Tanya and Bob are using _____.

If latent learning is occurring, it suggest most directly that ______.

After "Little Albert" was conditioned to fear a white rat, he began to fear several other furry things. This is an example of ______.

What do fixed interval, fixed ratio, variable interval, and fixed interval schedules of reinforcement all have in common?

A physical therapist who attempts to treat a person with chronic motion sickness by repeatedly exposing the person to the stimulation that causes the motion sickness is using ______.

Which statement is most TRUE of shaping?

Joseph goes out with his friends for pizza. Unbeknownst to him, he is coming down with a stomach virus. When the nausea associated with the virus kicks in, he vomits. Now, Joseph cannot even look at a pizza without feeling nauseous. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is ____.

When treating alcoholism with aversion therapy, the drug called Antabuse is used as the ______.

In what process do mirror neurons play a key role?

Juan feels nauseous every time he eats pizza because one time he ate pizza just before coming down with a stomach virus. Juan's nausea is most likely due to _______.

A critical variable in determining whether modeled behavior will be imitated is

Which type of response cannot be classically conditioned in humans?

Acquisition

Associative learning

Aversion Therapy

Classical Conditioning

Conditioned Reinforcers

Conditioned Responses (CRS)

Conditioned Stimulus

Discrimination

Extinction

Fixed Interval (FI) schedule

Fixed Ratio (FR) schedule

Generalization

Habituation

Higher-order Conditioning

Imitation

Inhibition

Instincts

Latent Inhibition

Latent learning

Learning

Method of Successive Approximations

Negative punishment

Negative Reinforcement

Nonassociative learning

Observational Learning

Operant Conditioning

Partial Reinforcement Effect in Extinction

Partial reinforcement

Positive punishment

Punishment

Reflexes

Sensitization

Spontaneous Recovery

Systematic Desensitization

Token Economy

Unconditioned responses (UCRS)

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Variable Interval (VI) schedule

Variable Ratio (VR) schedules