AP Psy Chapter 9

The process of getting information into memory is called: a. priming. b. chunking. c. encoding. d. registering. e. storage.

According to the information processing model of memory, acquisition is to retention as ________ is to ________. a. recall; recognition b. rehearsal; relearning c. interference; repression d. encoding; storage

The process of retrieval refers to: a. the persistence of learning over time. b. the organization of information into manageable units. c. getting information out of memory storage. d. conscious repetition of information to be remembered. e. the identification of information previously learned.

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system is called ________ memory. a. sensory b. state-dependent c. long-term d. flashbulb e. implicit

Short-term memory is ________ permanent and ________ limited than long-term memory. a. less; more b. more; less c. less; less d. more; more

After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ________ memory. a. echoic b. short-term c. flashbulb d. long term e. implicit

The three-stage processing model suggests that information from long-term memory can be ________ into ________ memory. a. encoded; sensory b. retrieved; sensory c. encoded; short-term d. retrieved; short-term

Short-term memory could best be characterized ________ memory. a. iconic b. working c. flashbulb d. implicit e. long-term

Automatic processing involves: a. unconsciously deleting information from the memory system. b. a tendency to recall emotionally significant events. c. the effortless encoding of certain types of information. d. all the above.

Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is known as: a. implicit memory. b. long-term potentiation. c. automatic processing. d. state-dependent memory. e. chunking.

While reading a novel at a rate of nearly 500 words per minute, Megan effortlessly understands the meaning of almost every word. This ability highlights the importance of: a. flashbulb memory. b. automatic processing. c. the spacing effect. d. iconic memory.

Hasher and Zacks observed that people recall the frequency of specific words in a list just as accurately whether or not they are forewarned of the recall task prior to seeing the list. This finding provides evidence for: a. implicit memory. b. the serial position effect. c. the spacing effect. d. automatic processing. e. state-dependent memory.

Effortful processing can only occur with: a. implicit memory. b. conscious attention. c. visual imagery. d. chunking.

When first introduced to someone, Marcel effectively remembers the person's name by repeating it to himself several times. Marcel makes use of a strategy called: a. chunking. b. automatic processing. c. the method of loci. d. the next-in-line effect. e. rehearsal.

Priming is to retrieval as ________ is to encoding. a. repression b. amnesia c. rehearsal d. recall

Which pioneering researcher made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory? a. Pavlov b. James c. Loftus d. Freud e. Ebbinghaus

Ebbinghaus's retention curve best illustrates the value of: a. chunking. b. imagery. c. priming. d. rehearsal. e. implicit memory.

The next-in-line effect best illustrates: a. encoding failure. b. long-term potentiation. c. automatic processing. d. retroactive interference. e. source amnesia.

Taped information played during sleep is registered by the ears but is not remembered. This illustrates that the retention of information often requires: a. proactive interference. b. state-dependent memory. c. chunking. d. effortful processing. e. priming.

The tendency for distributed study to yield better long term retention than massed study is known as: a. the serial position effect. b. state dependent memory. c. the spacing effect. d. the method of loci. e. priming.

Students often remember more information from a course that spans an entire semester than from a course that is completed in an intensive three-week learning period. This best illustrates the importance of: a. chunking. b. the serial position effect. c. automatic processing. d. implicit memory. e. the spacing effect.

On the telephone, Melvin rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Pilar to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Pilar attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items: a. at the beginning of the list. b. at the end of the list. c. in the middle of the list. d. at the beginning and in the middle of the list.

The serial position effect best illustrates the importance of: a. rehearsal. b. chunking. c. visual imagery. d. automatic processing. e. flashbulb memory.

Proactive and retroactive interference contribute most strongly to the: a. next-in-line effect. b. self-reference effect. c. serial position effect. d. spacing effect.

Most people misrecall the sentence, "The angry rioter threw the rock at the window" as "The angry rioter threw the rock through the window." This best illustrates the importance of: a. iconic memory. b. retroactive interference. c. source amnesia. d. semantic encoding. e. mood-congruent memory.

The process by which information is encoded by its meaning is called: a. long-term potentiation. b. automatic processing. c. priming. d. mnemonic encoding. e. semantic encoding.

Wei Dong was asked to memorize a long list of words that included "ship, effort, professor, and inquire." He later recalled these words as "boat, work, teacher, and question." This suggests that the four original words had been encoded: a. acoustically. b. visually. c. semantically. d. automatically.

Your ability to immediately recognize the voice over the phone as your mother's illustrates the value of: a. flashbulb memory. b. the next-in-line effect. c. state dependent memory. d. acoustic encoding. e. chunking.

After Jackie was presented with the letters "g, c, k, p, and d," she recalled them as "g, c, j, t, and d." Her recall errors best illustrate the importance of: a. acoustic encoding. b. implicit memory. c. automatic processing. d. iconic memory.

Semantic encoding is to visual encoding as ________ is to ________. a. implicit memory; explicit memory b. effortful processing; automatic processing c. the serial position effect; the spacing effect d. iconic memory; flashbulb memory e. meaning; imagery

Which of the following questions about the word pen would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen that word in today's test? a. Does the word consist of three letters? b. Is the word written in capital letters? c. Would the word fit in this sentence: "The boy put the ________ on his desk"? d. Does the word rhyme with den?

Rephrasing text material in your own words is an effective way to facilitate: a. semantic encoding. b. automatic processing. c. mood-congruent memory. d. proactive interference. e. implicit memory.

One reason adults typically recall little of their first 2 or 3 years of life is that during infancy they were unable to verbally label most of their experiences. This best illustrates that the formation of long term memories often requires: a. automatic processing. b. implicit memory. c. acoustic encoding. d. source amnesia. e. semantic encoding.

The self-reference effect best illustrates the value of: a. semantic encoding. b. source amnesia. c. the method of loci. d. flashbulb memory. e. repression.

We remember words that lend themselves to mental images better than we remember abstract low-imagery words. This best illustrates the value of: a. iconic memory. b. visual encoding. c. flashbulb memory. d. long-term potentiation.

Memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery or clever ways of organizing material are called: a. semantic techniques. b. iconic traces. c. organizational cues. d. mnemonic devices.

Tim, a third grader, learns the sentence "George Eats Old Gray Rats And Paints Houses Yellow" to help him remember the spelling of "geography." Tim is using: a. a mnemonic device. b. the "peg word" system. c. the spacing effect. d. the method of loci. e. the next-in-line effect.

Developed by the ancient Greeks, the method of loci is an illustration of: a. the spacing effect. b. a mnemonic device. c. flashbulb memory. d. automatic processing. e. the serial position effect.

In order to remember a list of the school supplies she needs, Marcy mentally visualizes each item at a certain location in her house. Marcy's tactic best illustrates the use of: a. iconic memory. b. state dependent memory. c. the serial position effect. d. the method of loci. e. the spacing effect.

Mnemonic devices such as the "peg-word" system make effective use of: a. flashbulb memory. b. visual imagery. c. state-dependent memory. d. the serial position effect. e. implicit memory.

The organization of information into meaningful units is called: a. automatic processing. b. the spacing effect. c. chunking. d. the method of loci. e. the "peg word" system.

The use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of: a. imagery. b. chunking. c. the spacing effect. d. the serial position effect. e. the method of loci.

The letters Y, M, O, M, R, E are presented. Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell the word "MEMORY." This provides an illustration of: a. chunking. b. the "peg-word" system. c. automatic processing. d. the spacing effect. e. the method of loci.

Dario Donatelli could recall more than 70 sequentially presented digits by using the technique of: a. acoustic encoding. b. automatic processing. c. priming. d. visual imagery. e. chunking.

By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework of major topics and subtopics, Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her college textbooks. This best illustrates the benefits of: a. automatic processing. b. the method of loci. c. the serial position effect. d. hierarchical organization. e. the spacing effect.

By presenting research participants with three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have ________ memory. a. echoic b. flashbulb c. state dependent d. iconic e. implicit

a. the encoded meanings of words and events in short-term memory. b. photographic, or picture-image, memory that lasts for only about a second. c. the effortlessly processed incidental information about the timing and frequency of events. d. the visually encoded images in long term memory.

For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared, Ileana retained a vivid mental image of its ragged edges. Her experience most clearly illustrates the nature of _______ memory. a. iconic b. flashbulb c. echoic d. explicit e. implicit

Sounds and words that are not immediately attended to can still be recalled a brief moment later because of our ________ memory. a. flashbulb b. echoic c. implicit d. state dependent e. iconic

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________. a. short-term memory; long term memory b. explicit memory; implicit memory c. visual stimulation; auditory stimulation d. automatic processing; effortful processing e. flashbulb memory; implicit memory

Peterson and Peterson asked people to count aloud backward after they were presented with three consonants. This study was designed to study the durability of ________ memory. a. echoic b. long-term c. mood-congruent d. short-term e. flashbulb

Our immediate short term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ units of information. a. 3 b. 7 c. 12 d. 24 e. 50

Short term memory is slightly better: a. for auditory information than for visual information. b. for random letters than for random digits. c. in children than in adults. d. in females than in males.

The human capacity for storing long term memories is: a. essentially unlimited. b. roughly equal to 7 units of information. c. typically much greater in young children than in adults. d. greatly reduced after people reach the age of 65.

Which of the following provided evidence that past experiences were permanently and accurately stored in memory? a. the detailed reports of childhood experiences given by adults under hypnosis b. the recovery of painful unconscious childhood memories by Freud's adult clients c. Penfield's discovery that electrical stimulation of the brain activates vivid recollections of the distant past d. none of the above

Research on sea snails suggests that memory formation is facilitated by: a. RNA molecules. b. serotonin. c. alcohol. d. chunking. e. priming.

The increased efficiency of neural circuitry that contributes to memory storage is known as: a. chunking. b. the next-in-line effect. c. automatic processing. d. long-term potentiation. e. proactive interference.

Long-term potentiation refers to: a. the impact of overlearning on retention. b. an automatic tendency to recall emotionally significant events. c. an increased neural readiness for impulse transmission. d. the process of learning something without any conscious memory of having learned it. e. the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

A baseball strikes Carol in the head and she is momentarily knocked unconscious. The physical injury, though not serious, is most likely to interfere with Carol's ________ memory. a. flashbulb b. implicit c. mood-congruent d. short term

The temporary release of serotonin has been found to ________ memory formation, and the temporary release of stress hormones has been found to ________ memory formation. a. disrupt; facilitate b. facilitate; disrupt c. disrupt; disrupt d. facilitate; facilitate

The accuracy of the flashbulb memories of those who directly experienced the 1989 San Francisco Bay earthquake best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by: a. chunking. b. hierarchical organization. c. the serial position effect. d. the method of loci. e. the body's release of stress hormones.

Conscious memory of factual information is called ________ memory. a. state-dependent b. flashbulb c. explicit d. implicit e. iconic

Many people retain their classically conditioned fears without any conscious recollection of how or when those fears were learned. This best illustrates ________ memory. a. implicit b. short-term c. sensory d. flashbulb e. state-dependent

Implicit memory is to explicit memory as ________ is to ________. a. hippocampus; brainstem b. short term memory; long term memory c. effortful processing; automatic processing d. skill memory; fact memory

Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the: a. hippocampus. b. cerebellum. c. hypothalamus. d. motor cortex.

Damage to the hippocampus would most likely interfere with a person's ability to learn: a. to ride a bike. b. to read mirror image writing. c. the procedures for solving a jigsaw puzzle. d. the names of the fifty United States.

Although Mr. Yanagita has recently learned to play poker quite well, he cannot consciously remember ever having played poker. It is likely that he has suffered damage to his: a. brainstem. b. cerebellum. c. hypothalamus. d. hippocampus. e. motor cortex.

The cerebellum plays a critical role in ________ memory. a. echoic b. implicit c. iconic d. explicit

Explicit memory is to ________ as implicit memory is to ________. a. epinephrine; serotonin b. skill memory; fact memory c. automatic processing; effortful processing d. long-term memory; short-term memory e. hippocampus; cerebellum

Infantile amnesia is largely associated with a lack of ________ memory. a. iconic b. echoic c. implicit d. explicit

An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being utilized? a. recall b. relearning c. recognition d. rehearsal e. reconstruction

Fill in the blank test questions measure ________; matching concepts with their definitions measures ________. a. recognition; relearning b. recall; recognition c. recall; relearning d. relearning; recall

Which measure of memory did Ebbinghaus use in order to assess the impact of rehearsal on retention? a. recall b. recognition c. relearning d. reconstruction

The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood. The aroma apparently acted as a powerful: a. sensory memory. b. reconstructive signal. c. retrieval cue. d. implicit memory. e. schema.

The often unconscious activation of particular associations in memory is called: a. chunking. b. automatic processing. c. repression. d. priming. e. state dependent memory.

Retrieval cues are most likely to facilitate a process known as: a. automatic processing. b. repression. c. chunking. d. relearning. e. priming.

Rehearsal is to encoding as retrieval cues are to: a. chunking. b. relearning. c. priming. d. repression. e. the spacing effect.

Shortly after you see a missing child poster you are more likely to interpret an ambiguous adult-child interaction as a possible kidnapping. This best illustrates the impact of: a. priming. b. state-dependent memory. c. source amnesia. d. retroactive interference. e. the self-reference effect.

Reading a romantic novel caused Consuela to recall some old experiences with a high school boyfriend. The effect of the novel on Consuela's memory retrieval is an illustration of: a. priming. b. chunking. c. source amnesia. d. automatic processing. e. the spacing effect.

The discovery that words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land best illustrates the value of: a. the method of loci. b. state dependent memory. c. the spacing effect. d. retrieval cues. e. implicit memory.

The eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation is known as: a. the next-in-line effect. b. the serial position effect. c. mood-congruent memory. d. source amnesia. e. déjà vu.

Information learned while a person is ________ is best recalled when that person is ________. a. sad; happy b. drunk; sober c. angry; calm d. fearful; happy e. drunk; drunk

Zuhair was feeling depressed at the time he read a chapter of his history textbook. Zuhair is likely to recall best the contents of that chapter when he is: a. depressed. b. happy. c. relaxed. d. unemotional.

The association of sadness with negative life events contributes to: a. the self-reference effect. b. retroactive interference. c. repression. d. source amnesia. e. mood-congruent memory.

Compared to formerly depressed people, those who are currently depressed are more likely to recall their parents as rejecting and punitive. This best illustrates: a. retroactive interference. b. source amnesia. c. repression. d. the self-reference effect. e. mood-congruent memory.

In describing what he calls the seven sins of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests that encoding failure results from the sin of: a. absent-mindedness. b. transience. c. blocking. d. repression.

In considering the seven sins of memory, transience is to the sin of ________ as suggestibility is to the sin of ________. a. distortion; intrusion b. proactive interference; retroactive interference c. forgetting; distortion d. retroactive interference; proactive interference

An inability to recall the location of the number 0 on your calculator is most likely due to: a. source amnesia. b. proactive interference. c. encoding failure. d. memory decay.

George can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. George's poor memory is best explained in terms of: a. repression. b. proactive interference. c. encoding failure. d. retroactive interference. e. source amnesia.

Although Arturo has looked at his watch thousands of times, he is unable to recall whether the watch features Arabic or Roman numerals. This is most likely due to a failure in: a. encoding. b. storage. c. retrieval. d. iconic memory. e. implicit memory.

Using nonsense syllables to study memory, Ebbinghaus found that: a. our sensory memory capacity is essentially unlimited. b. iconic memory fades more rapidly than echoic memory. c. what is learned in one mood is most easily retrieved while in that same mood. d. the most rapid memory loss for novel information occurs shortly after it is learned.

Harry Bahrick observed that 3 years after people completed a Spanish course, they had forgotten much of the vocabulary they had learned. This finding indicates that information is lost while it is: a. encoded. b. rehearsed. c. retrieved. d. stored.

When Jake applied for a driver's license, he was embarrassed by a momentary inability to remember his address. Jake's memory difficulty most likely resulted from a(n) ________ failure. a. rehearsal b. storage c. encoding d. retrieval e. automatic processing

Although Yusef was having difficulty recalling the capital of The Netherlands, he quickly and correctly identified it after being given a list of cities in The Netherlands. Yusef's initial inability to recall the answer was due to a failure in: a. implicit memory. b. storage. c. encoding. d. state dependent memory. e. retrieval.

Professor Maslova has so many vivid memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty best illustrates: a. retroactive interference. b. mood-congruent memory. c. proactive interference. d. the spacing effect. e. source amnesia.

Which of the following best explains why Ebbinghaus found the task of learning new lists of nonsense syllables increasingly difficult as his research career progressed? a. the spacing effect b. source amnesia c. proactive interference d. retroactive interference e. motivated forgetting

Retroactive interference refers to the: a. decay of physical memory traces. b. disruptive effect of previously learned material on the recall of new information. c. disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned material. d. blocking of painful memories from conscious awareness.

After studying biology all afternoon, Abba is having difficulty remembering details of the chemistry lecture he heard that morning. Abba's difficulty best illustrates: a. encoding failure. b. retroactive interference. c. the spacing effect. d. proactive interference. e. source amnesia.

In order to reduce interference, between the time you study for a test and the time you take the test you should: a. eat. b. engage in physical exercise. c. relax and watch television. d. sleep.

Motivated forgetting provides an example of forgetting caused by a failure in: a. automatic processing. b. encoding. c. storage. d. retrieval.

Research participants who were exposed to very convincing arguments about the desirability of frequent toothbrushing misrecalled how frequently they had brushed their teeth in the preceding two weeks. This best illustrates: a. the self-reference effect. b. proactive interference. c. motivated forgetting. d. the spacing effect.

Repression involves a failure in: a. encoding. b. retrieval. c. storage. d. all the above.

Who emphasized that we repress painful memories in order to minimize our own anxiety? a. Ebbinghaus b. Loftus c. Peterson d. Sperling e. Freud

Philippe has just completed medical school. In reflecting on his years of formal education, he is able to recall the names of all his instructors except the fifth grade teacher who flunked him. According to Freud, his forgetting illustrates: a. repression. b. proactive interference. c. retroactive interference. d. the serial position effect. e. the spacing effect.

We often alter our memories as we withdraw them from storage. This best illustrates: a. the self-reference effect. b. automatic processing. c. long-term potentiation. d. memory construction. e. priming.

When recalling a pleasant experience, we may picture ourselves in the scene. At the time of the experience we were not looking at ourselves, so our recollection illustrates: a. memory construction. b. mood-congruent memory. c. automatic processing. d. iconic memory. e. the spacing effect.

When Loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident how fast the vehicles were going when they "smashed" into each other, the observers developed memories of the accident that: a. omitted some of the most painful aspects of the event. b. were more accurate than the memories of subjects who had not been immediately questioned about what they saw. c. were influenced by whether or not Loftus and Palmer identified themselves as police officers. d. portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been.

An attorney's use of misleading questions may distort a court witness's recall of a previously observed crime. This best illustrates: a. state dependent memory. b. the misinformation effect. c. proactive interference. d. the next-in-line effect. e. the serial position effect.

When Sharon told her roommate about the chemistry exam she had just completed, she knowingly exaggerated its difficulty. Subsequently, her memory of the exam was that it was as difficult as she had reported it to be. This best illustrates: a. flashbulb memory. b. the misinformation effect. c. mood-congruent memory. d. the self-reference effect. e. proactive interference.

Researchers asked university students to recall childhood events, including a false event such as having spilled a punch bowl at a wedding. They discovered that: a. events from the distant past are less vulnerable to memory distortion than more recent events. b. people can easily distinguish between their own true and false memories. c. hypnotic suggestion is an effective technique for accurate memory retrieval. d. it is surprisingly easy to lead people to construct false memories.

After hearing stories of things they both had and had not actually experienced with "Mr. Science," preschool children spontaneously recalled him doing things that were only mentioned in the story. This best illustrates: a. the self-reference effect. b. mood-congruent memory. c. proactive interference. d. implicit memory. e. source amnesia.

After repeatedly hearing false, detailed accusations that he had sexually abused his daughter, Mr. Busker began to mistakenly recollect that such events had actually occurred. This best illustrates the dangers of: a. source amnesia. b. proactive interference. c. implicit memory. d. mood-congruent memory. e. the self-reference effect.

Compared to false memories, true memories are more likely to: a. persist over time. b. have emotional overtones. c. contain detailed information. d. be reported with confidence.

One indication that an individual is falsely remembering a word is the lack of increased brain activity in the: a. hippocampus. b. cerebellum. c. hypothalamus. d. left temporal lobe.

Those who are eager to use hypnosis in order to facilitate eyewitness recollections of the details of a crime should first be warned of the dangers of: a. the self-reference effect. b. the misinformation effect. c. proactive interference. d. state-dependent memory. e. the spacing effect.

When we fall in love, we tend to overestimate how much we liked our partner when we first began dating. This best illustrates the dynamics of: a. automatic processing. b. the spacing effect. c. proactive interference. d. the serial position effect. e. memory construction.

Donald Thompson, an Australian psychologist, was an initial suspect in a rape case. The rape victim confused her memories of Thompson and the actual rapist because she had seen Thompson's image on TV shortly before she was attacked. The victim's false recollection best illustrates: a. implicit memory. b. mood-congruent memory. c. the self-reference effect. d. source amnesia. e. the serial position effect.

Compared to adults, children are more susceptible to: a. long-term potentiation. b. automatic processing. c. the misinformation effect. d. proactive interference. e. the self-reference effect.

When children are officially interviewed about their recollections of possible sexual abuse, their reports are especially unreliable if: a. involved adults have not discussed the issue with them prior to the interview. b. they are asked general questions about the issue rather than more specific questions about details. c. after responding to an interviewer, they are repeatedly asked the same question they just answered. d. they disclose details of the abuse in the very first interview.

In one study, children were periodically asked whether they remembered going to the hospital with a mousetrap on their finger. This experiment best illustrated the dynamics of: a. memory construction. b. long-term potentiation. c. flashbulb memory. d. sensory memory. e. mood-congruent memory.

Adult incest survivors who have trouble remembering incidences of childhood sexual abuse have often been led to believe that their memory difficulties are due to: a. memory storage failure. b. the misinformation effect. c. memory encoding failure. d. proactive interference. e. repression.

Those who experience a so-called "false memory syndrome" are most likely to have: a. a sense of anxiety regarding the reliability of their own memories. b. feelings of personal power and self-importance. c. an excessive preoccupation with their false memory. d. a history of real sexual and physical abuse.

Memory experts who express skepticism regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories emphasize that: a. there is very little people can do to relieve the distress resulting from traumatic memories. b. most extremely traumatic life experiences are never encoded into long-term memory. c. therapeutic techniques such as guided imagery and dream analysis can easily encourage the construction of false memories. d. people rarely recall memories of long-forgotten unpleasant events.

Psychologists on both sides of the controversy regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse agree that: a. the accumulated experiences of our lives are all preserved somewhere in our minds. b. repression is the most common mechanism underlying the failure to recall early childhood sexual abuse. c. we commonly recover memories of long-forgotten unpleasant events. d. the more stressful an experience is, the more quickly it will be consciously forgotten. e. professional therapists can reliably distinguish between their clients' true and false childhood memories.

Mrs. Ramos claims to remember being sexually abused by her father when she was less than a year old. Memory experts are most likely to doubt the reliability of her memory due to their awareness of: a. implicit memory. b. the self-reference effect. c. long-term potentiation. d. infantile amnesia. e. the spacing effect.

Participants in one experiment were given entirely fabricated accounts of an occasion in which they had been lost in a shopping mall during their childhood. Many of these participants later falsely recollected vivid details of the experience as having actually occurred. This experiment best illustrated: a. the self-reference effect. b. mood-congruent memory. c. the misinformation effect. d. proactive interference. e. the spacing effect.

Memories of stressful and unpleasant life experiences are not likely to be: a. encoded. b. repressed. c. stored. d. retrieved.

Answering practice test questions about textbook material you have studied is a useful strategy for: a. automatically processing complex information. b. facilitating the development of implicit memory. c. activating your state dependent memory. d. becoming aware of what you still need to learn.