The mental system for receiving, encoding, storing, organizing, alternating, and retrieving information.
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ENCODING
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converting information into a form in which it will be retained in memory.
Converting information into a usable form.
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STORAGE
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Holding information in memory for later use.
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RETRIVEAL
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Recovery information from a storage in memory.
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SENSORY MEMORY
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The first, normally unconscious,stage of memory, which holds an exact record of incoming information for a few seconds or less.
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ICONIC MEMORY
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A mental image or visual representation.
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ECHOIC MEMORY
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A brief continuation of sensory activity in the auditory system after a sound is heard.
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SHORT-TERM MEMORY
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The memory system used to hold small amounts of information in our conscious awareness for about a dozen seconds.
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WORKING MEMORY
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Another name for short-term memory, especially as it is used for thinking and problem solving.
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LONG-TERM MEMORY (LTM)
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The memory system used for relatively permanent storage of meaningful information.
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INFORMATION BITS
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meaningful units of information, such as numbers, letters,words or phrases.
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INFORMATION CHUNKS
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information bits grouped into larger units
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RECODING
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Reorganizing or modifying information to assist storage in memory.
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MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL
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Silently repeating or mentally reviewing information to hold int in short-term memory.
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ROTE REHERSEAL (rote learning)
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Learning by simple repetition.
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ELABORATIVE PROCESSING
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making memories more meaningful through processing that encodes links between new information and existing memories and knowledge, either at the time of the original encoding or on subsequent retrievals.
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FALSE MEMORY
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A memory that can seem accurate but is not.
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SOURCE CONFUSION (in memory)
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Occurs when the origins of a memory are misremembered.
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COGNITIVE INTERVIEW
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Use of various cues and strategies to improve the memory of eyewitnesses.
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NETWORK MODEL (of memory)
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A model of memory that views it as an organized system of linked information.
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REDINTERGRATION
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Process by which memories are constructed or expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of association to other, related memories.
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PROCEDURAL MEMORY
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Long-term memories of conditioned responses and learned skills
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DECLARATIVE MEMORY
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The part of long term memory containing specific factual information
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SEMANTIC MEMORY
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A subpart of declarative memory that records impersonal knowledge about the world.
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EPISODIC MEMORY
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A sub part of declarative memory that records personal experiences that are linked with specific times and places.
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TIP-OF-THE-TONGUE STATE
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The feeling that a memory is available but not quite retrievable.
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FEELING OF KNOWNING
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The ability to predict beforehand whether one will be able to remember somehing.
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DEJA VU
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The feeling that you have already experienced a situation that you are actually experiencing for the first time.
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RECALL
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To supply or reproduce memorized information with a minimum of external cues.
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SERIAL POSITION EFFECT
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The tendency to make the most errors in remembering the middle items of an ordered list.
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RECOGNITION
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An ability to correctly identify previously learned information
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RELEARNING
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Learning again something that was previously learned. Used to measure memory of prior learning.
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EXPLICIT MEMORY
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A memory that a person is aware of having; a memory that is consciously retrieved.
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IMPLICIT MEMORY
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A memory that a person does not know exists; a memory that is retrieved unconsciously.
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PRIMING
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Facilitating the retrieval of an implicit memory by using cues to activate hidden memories.
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CURVE OF FORGETTING
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A graph that shows the amount of memorized information remembered after varying lengths of time.
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ENCODING FAILURE
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Failure the store sufficient information to form a useful memory
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MEMORY TRACES
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Physical changes in nerve cells or brain activity that takes place when memories are stored.
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MEMORY DECAY
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The fading or weakening of memories assumed to occur when memory traces become weaker.
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DISUSE
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Theory that memory traces weaken when memories are not periodically used or retrieved.
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AVAILABILITY (in memory)
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Memories currently stored in memory are available
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ACCESSIBILITY (in memory)
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Memories currently stored in memory which can be retrieved when necessary are both available and accessible.
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RETRIEVAL CUE
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Stimulus associated with a memory. Retrivel cues usually enhance memory.
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STATE-DEPENDENT LEARNING
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Memory influenced by ones bodily state at the time of learning and at the time of retrieval. Improved memory occurs when the bodily states match.
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INTERFERENCE
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The tendency for new memories to impair retrieval of older memories and the reverse.
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RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
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The tendency for new memories to interfere with the retrieval of old memories.
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PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
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The tendency for old memories to interfere with the retrieval of newer memories.
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POSITIVE TRANSFER
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Mastery of one task aids learning or performing another.
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NEGATIVE TRANSFER
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Mastery of one task conflicts with learning or performing another
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REPRESSION
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Unconsciously pushing unwanted memories or awareness.
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SUPPRESSION
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A conscious effort to put something out of mind or to keep it from awareness
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RETROGRADE AMNESIA
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loss of memory for events that preceded a head injury or other amnesia-causing event.
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ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA
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loss of the ability to form or retrieve memories for events that occur after an injury or trauma.
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CONSOLIDATION
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Process by which relatively permanent memories are formed in the brain.
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ELECTROCONVULSIVE SHOCK (ECS)
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An electric current passed directly through the brain, producing a convulsion.
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HIPPOCAMPUS
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A brain structure associated with emotion and the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory.
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FLASHBULB MEMORY
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Memory created at times of high emotion that seems especially vivid.
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LONG TERM POTENTIATION
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Brain mechanism used to form lasting memories by strengthening the connection between neurons that become more active at the same time.
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MENTAL IMAGES
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Mental pictures or visual depictions used in memory and thinkning.
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EIDETIC IMAGERY
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The ability to retain a "projected" mental image long enough to use it as a source of information.
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OVERLEAN
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To continue to study beyond bare mastery
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SPACED PRACTICE
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A practice schedule that alternates study periods with brief rests.
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MASSED PRACTIVE
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A practice schedule in which studying continues for long periods, without interruption.
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MNEMONIC
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Any kind of memory system or aid.
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KEYWORD METHOD
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As an aid to memory, using a familiar word or image to link two items.
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sensory information is changed into a usable form to enter short-term memory in a process of...
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ENCODING
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A fleeting visual image that remains for about half a second after the original stimuluys is gone is an...
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ICON
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Information is transferred from sensory memory to _____ by means of ______.
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Long-term memory; rehearsal
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which statement about short-term memory is FALSE?
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IT IS NOT SENSITIVE TO INTERFERENCE.
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Which statement about long-term memory is TRUE?
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BOTH A AND C ARE TRUE.
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remembering that "maison" sounds like "mason" and masons build houses, concluding the word "maison" means "house" in french is an example of
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ELABORATIVE ENCODING
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Lofus and Palmer have shown that memories are
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AT TIMES UPDATED, CHANGED, OR REVISED
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THE NETWORK MODEL IS SUPPORTED BY THE PHENOMENON OF ______ MEMORY
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EXPLICIT
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Which od the following refers to memories for skills such as a tying your shoe laces?
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REDINTEGRATIVE
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The old biographical show "this Is your life" most likely utilized _______ memory, whereas "Jeopardy" uses____ memory.
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EPISODIC; SEMANTIC
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Multiple-choice tests utilize which kind of memory retrieval?
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RECOGNITION
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An essay test would require which type of retrieval?
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RECOGNITION
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AN ELDERLY MAN, SUFFERING FROM MILD DEMENTIA, INSISTS THAT BE DOES NOT KNOW HOW TO USE HIS TV REMOTE (EVEN THOUGH HE HAS HAS IT A LONG TIME) WHEN TOLD TO "JUST PUSH A BUTTON" HE PUSHES THE CORRECT BUTTONS TO TURN THE TV ON AND CHANGE THE CHANNELS. HIS MEMORY FOR THE SKILL OF USING THE REMOTE HAS BECOME
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EXPLICIT
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A person who was exposed to the word "same" 2 hours earlier is more likely to complete the word fragments SA_ with the word "same" this is an example of
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RELEARNING
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The texts refers to _____ as typically being the most sensitive measure of memory.
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RECALL
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EBBINGHAUS FOUNF THE FORGETTING NONSENSE SYLLABLES WAS GREATEST
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shortly after learning
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forgetting because we never really formed the memory in the first place its term
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ENCODING FAILURE
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The fading of memories is also referred to as
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memory decay
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sometimes you have to go back to the room in which you started to remember why you left in the first place. This best illustrates
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cue-dependent memory
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Bill has to put his car in the shop and get a rental car for a few days. His own car has the shift lever on the floor, but the rental he claws futilely at the floor. This illustrates which of the following concepts?
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Proactive interference
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Allison can remember her current phone number but has forgotten the phone number at her last residence. This is considered an example of
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RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
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Learning to stand aids a child with later learning how to walk. this is an example
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positive transfer
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS FALSE CONCERNING FLASHBULB MEMORIES?
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They are usually accurate
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SANDY VISITED HER COUSIN SHARON IN THE PSYCHIATRIC WARD. AFTER THE VISIT SHARON RECIEVED AN ELECTRONVULSIVE SHOCK (ECS) TREATMENT FOR HER SEVERE DEPRESSION. ON THE NEXT VISIT, SANDY WAS SURPRISED TO FIND THAT SHARON REMEMBER NOTHING OF THE PREVIOUS VISIT. THIS IS BECAUSE ECS
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INTERFERED WITH CONSOLIDATION
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what part of the brain seems responsible for the formation of permanent memories?
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HIPPOCAMPUS
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Learning alters the ____ of brains cells.
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acitivity, structure,chemistry (all of the above)
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If your textbook looks like it is "bleeding" yellow highlighter, you have probably violated which of the following methods for improving memory?
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selection
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while at a party, you are introduced to a large number of people. Later you find you can only remember the names of the first few people and the last people you met. this illistrates the ___ effect.
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serial position
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which of the following is not good advice for improving memory?
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EAT SPARINGLY TO MAINTAIN YOUR "EDGE"
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which of the following is not a step in cognitive interview process?
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try to recall events only in the correct order
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any type of memory system or aid is known as
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a mnemonic
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if you experienced the belief that you know a persons name but that it is not quite retrievable, you may be in a _____ state.
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TIP-OF-THE-TONGE
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Elizabeth is trying to forget the fatal car accident she witnessed two days ago. this attempt would be referred to as a memory
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REPRESSION
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_____ amnesia involves forgetting the events that followed the events that follwed an injury or trauma
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ANTEROGRADE
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EIDETIC IMAGERY
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is retained for atleast 30 seconds.
is "projected" onto a blank surface.
is an ability more commonly found in children.
all the above
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