When Tony is in a bad mood, he interprets his parents' comments as criticisms. When he's in a good mood, he interprets the same types of parental comments as helpful suggestions. This best illustrates that our emotional states influence the process of
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Encoding; the processing of information into the memory system--ex. extracting meaning
the answer is encoding because it deals with his reaction and interpretation to the event as it happens (as it is encoded) rather than looking back after the fact
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Jeremy can accurately process and store new information, but when he is tested on what he has learned he becomes so anxious that he can't easily recall the new information. Jeremy most clearly demonstrates difficulty with
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Retrieval; He struggles from retrieving the memory he has already processed
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The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates ________ memory
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Iconic memory; a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli-- photographic or picture memory
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By consciously rehearsing in many separate study sessions over the semester the facts you need to learn, you are most clearly taking advantage of
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Distributed practice; practice and repetition over time
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A conscious memory of the name of the first president of the United States is a(n) ________ memory.
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Explicit; memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
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Tim, a third-grader, learns the sentence "George Eats Old Gray Rats and Paints Houses Yellow" to help him remember the spelling of "geography." Tim is using
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Mnemonic; memory aid that uses vivid imagery and organizational devices
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Jamille is taking French in school. She gets her best grades on vocabulary tests if she studies for 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as
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Spacing Effect
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After attending group therapy sessions for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, Karen mistakenly remembered details from others' traumatic life stories as part of her own life history. This best illustrates the dangers of
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source amnesia, defined as attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, in this case Karen is attributing the details from others' traumatic stories to her own history
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Watching a TV soap opera involving marital conflict and divorce led Andrea to recall several instances in which her husband had mistreated her. The effect of the TV program on Andrea's recall provides an example of
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Priming; the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
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When 80-year-old Ida looked at one of her old wedding pictures, she was flooded with vivid memories of her parents, her husband, and the early years of her marriage. The picture served as a powerful
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Retrieval cue; bits of information that you can later use to access the information, in this case, pictures of her wedding
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Memory of your familiar old e-mail password may block the recall of your new password.
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Proactive interference; the forward-acting disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
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Because her memory trace has faded, Dr. Jordan remembers much less about the organic chemistry that she once learned well as a medical student. Her memory loss best illustrates
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Storage decay; after encoding something well, we sometimes later forget
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After recovering from a stroke, Farina was able to learn how to hit a tennis ball. She is unable, however, to learn and remember the name of the rehabilitation therapist who has been working with her each day to develop her tennis swing. Farina is most likely to have suffered damage to her
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Hippocampus; helps process explicit memories for storage
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Shelly was able to remember the names of three new class members for only a minute or two after they had been introduced to her. During this entire minute or two their names were stored in her ________ memory.
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Explicit or Short Term
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Joshua vividly recalls his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his grandfather's unexpected death. This best illustrates ________ memory.
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Flashbulb memory; a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
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Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inn by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as
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Chunking; organizing items into familiar, manageable units
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Cheri doesn't remember that she got sick after eating oatmeal on several occasions in early childhood. However, whenever she smells oatmeal now she experiences a classically conditioned feeling of nausea. Cheri's conditioned reaction indicates that she retains a(n)
When retrieving memories of a past event, we often fill in memory gaps with guesses about details. The fact that these guessed details are then incorporated into our memory of that event is most relevant to appreciating the importance of
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Memory construction
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Instead of simply repeating a series of numbers he wants to remember, David mentally associates the numbers with meaningful dates such as his friends' birthdays. This best illustrates
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Deep processing- making it more meaningful to you
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Following a brain injury from a brutal knife attack, Mike is unable to consciously recall or recognize what a knife is. But he still shows a conditioned fear response to the sight of a knife. His conditioned reaction best indicates that he retains a(n) ________ memory.
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Implicit
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Memory
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the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
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Recall
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a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
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Recognition
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A measure of memory in which the person need only identify terms previously learned, as on a multiple choice test
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Relearning
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A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning the material again
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Encoding
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The process of information into the memory system- for ex. by extracting meaning
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Storage
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The process of retaining encoded information over time
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Retrieval
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The process of getting information out of memory storage
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Parallel processing
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The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions
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Sensory memory
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The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
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Short Term Memory
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Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgotten
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Long Term Memory
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The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
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Multiple-choice questions test our ______. Fill-in-the-blank questions test our ______.
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Recognition; recall
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If you want to be sure to remember what you're learning for an upcoming test, would it be better to use recall or recognition to check your memory
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It would be better to use recall
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working memory
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a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
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explicit memory
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memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
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effortful processing
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encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
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automatic processing
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unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
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implicit memory
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retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection (unconscious)
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What 2 new concepts update the classical Atkinson-Shiffrin 3 stage information processing model?
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automatic processing (memories formed w/o our awareness) and working memory (emphasizes the active processing that takes place in short term memory)
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What are 2 basic functions of working memory?
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Active processing of incoming visual-spatial and auditory info and focusing our spotlight of attention
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iconic memory
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a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
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echoic memory
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a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
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What is the difference between automatic and effortful processing and what are some examples of each?
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automatic - beneath our conscious level (seq/frequ of day's activities)
effortful - requires our conscious attention (learn new material)
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At which of Atkinson-Shiffrin's 3 memory stages would iconic and echoic memory occur?
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Sensory memory
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Chunking
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organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
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mnemonics
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memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
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spacing effect
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the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
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testing effect
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enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information.
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shallow processing
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encoding on a basic level on the structure or appearance of words
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deep processing
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encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words
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What strategies are better for long-term retention: cramming and rereading material or spreading out learning over time and repeatedly testing yourself?
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spread out learning and repeatedly testing self
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If you try to make the material you are learning personally meaningful, are you processing at a shallow or deep level? Which level leads to greater retention?
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Deeper level; deeper level
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hippocampus
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a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories
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What would result from damage to the hippocampus?
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Difficulty recalling explicit memories of names, images, and events
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memory consolidation
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the neural storage of a long-term memory
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What would result from damage to the cerebellum?
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cannot develop certain conditioned reflexes
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Which parts of the brain are important for implicit memory processing, and which parts play a key role in explicit memory processing?
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Implicit - cerebellum and basil ganglia
Explicit - hippocampus and frontal lobes
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Your friend has experienced brain damage in an accident. He can remember how to tie his shoes but has a hard time remembering anything told to him during a conversation. What's going on here?
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He has suffered damage to his hippocampus
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Flashbulb memory
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a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
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Long-term potentiation
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an increase in cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
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What brain area responds to stress hormones by helping create stronger memories?
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Amygdala
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The neural basis for learning and memory, found at the synapses in the brain's memory-circuit connections, results from brief, rapid stimulation. It is called ______-______ ______
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long-term potentation
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Priming
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the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
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Anterograde amnesia
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an inability to form new memories
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Retrograde amnesia
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an inability to retrieve information from one's past
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Proactive interference
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the forward-acting disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information (old combo lock)
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Retroactive interference
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the backward-acting disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info (new lyrics to old song)
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