Exam 3 Quiz Questions

1. Any event or situation that evokes a response is a: stimulus. positive reinforcer. cognitive map. model.

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of: cognitive processes. genetic predispositions. observable behavior. emotional outcomes.

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called: shaping. reinforcement. learning. modeling.

If you have a frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates: generalization. spontaneous recovery. classical conditioning. the law of effect.

You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed into your eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n): unconditioned response (UR). conditioned stimulus (CS). unconditioned stimulus (US). conditioned response (CR).

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates: operant conditioning. the law of effect. observational learning. classical conditioning.

Kendra learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the hoop. This learning strategy best illustrates the process of: observational learning. delayed reinforcement. classical conditioning. shaping

Pop quizzes and random checks of quality help to produce slow, steady responding and are examples of the ____________ schedule of reinforcement. fixed-interval variable-interval fixed-ratio variable-ratio

Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called: respondent behaviors. prosocial behaviors. operant behaviors. conditioned responses.

According to B. F. Skinner: every person is responsible for his or her own behavior. the ideas of free will and self-determination are the guiding forces behind human behavior. environmental factors determine a person's behavior. mental processes are important in understanding human behavior but not animal behavior.

Matt regularly buckles his seatbelt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of: erratic behavior. negative reinforcement. secondary reinforcement. spontaneous recovery.

At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when you select either the "A" or "B" choices. You continue to frequent this machine regularly. This best illustrates: spontaneous recovery. respondent behavior. latent learning. operant conditioning.

To reduce the self-destructive behavior of some children, a therapist might squirt water in the children's faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a: positive punishment. negative reinforcer. conditioned reinforcer. negative punishment.

Classical conditioning is to operant conditioning as _____ are to _____. involuntary responses; voluntary responses involuntary responses; automatic responses voluntary responses; involuntary responses voluntary responses; automatic responses

Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of: associative learning. respondent behavior. observational learning. intrinsic motivation.

The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a conditioned stimulus (CS) was challenged by: Watson and Rayner's findings on fear conditioning in infants. Bandura's findings on observational learning and aggression in children. Pavlov's findings on the conditioned salivary response. Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats.

Becky grows tomatoes for the sheer joy of it; Lauren grows them to sell at a profit. Becky's behavior reflects ________, whereas Lauren's behavior reflects ________. intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation spontaneous recovery; acquisition operant conditioning; classical conditioning a variable-ratio schedule; a fixed-ratio schedule

Which psychologist studied the development of taste aversions, noting how they seemed to violate the basic principles of classical conditioning? John Garcia Edward C. Tolman Robert Rescorla John B. Watson

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior? Skinner Watson Bandura Pavlov

The majority of correlational studies that have examined television violence and aggressive behavior suggest that the more hours children spend watching violent television shows, the more likely they are to exhibit aggressive behaviors. What is the major problem with these findings? Girls were not included in these studies. The studies don't take operant conditioning into account. They do not apply to elementary school-aged children. Correlation does not prove causation.

To determine if watching television violence and playing violent video games CAUSE children to act more aggressively, which of the following research studies would you conduct? Examine the association between the number of violent video games in the home and aggressive acts in the household. Randomly assign some children to play violent video games and some children to play educational video games and then measure aggressive behaviors. Examine the correlation between the number of hours watching violence on television and aggressive acts in school. Record the number of times a child hits his or her siblings and the number of hours the child is engaged in playing violent video games.

Correlational evidence suggests that there is a link between viewing television violence and exhibiting violent behavior. However, it is possible that the television viewing is not causing the violence. Which of the following alternative hypotheses might explain the correlations? Our society has become more passive as our television programs have become more aggressive. To learn to be more aggressive with their peers, passive children often would rather watch violent shows than nonviolent shows. There is no way to measure the effect of television violence on aggression. Neglectful parenting could be the cause of increased aggression and increased television watching.

Many psychologists have criticized Skinner for discounting the influence of ________ on behavior. negative reinforcement spontaneous recovery associative learning cognitive processes

Which of the following is an example of a biological constraint on conditioning? Stimuli that are related to reproduction are most likely to produce classically conditioned responses. An animal's unique characteristics and natural behavior patterns can influence what it is capable of learning. Primates and humans are less susceptible to classical conditioning procedures than lower animals like reptiles and fish. The general rules of classical conditioning are the same regardless of the response being conditioned.

When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus, she has learned via: operant conditioning. classical conditioning. neural networks. observation.

Which of the following is evidence for the environmental (as opposed to genetic) transmission of aggression? Monkeys who were raised apart from their mothers and exposed to high levels of aggression showed greater aggression as adults. Monkeys who were raised with their mothers and exposed to high levels of aggression showed greater aggression as adults. Monkey siblings who were raised apart from their mothers showed greater aggression as adults. Monkey siblings who were raised with their mothers showed greater aggression as adults.

In psychologist Robert Rescorla's classical conditioning experiment, one group of rats experienced a tone just before each of 20 shocks. A second group of rats experienced the same number of tone-shock pairings plus an additional 20 shocks with no tone. Rescorla found that the rats in the first group showed a much stronger conditioned fear response than the rats in the second group. How did Rescorla explain this finding? It was an example of the partial reinforcement effect. Spontaneous recovery had occurred in the second group of rats. The interval between the tone and the shock was too great for the second group of rats to acquire a strong conditioned response (CR). The tone was a more reliable predictor of the shock for the first group of rats.

The retention of encoded information over time is called: encoding. retrieval. rehearsal. storage

Tameka is reading a novel. When the phone rings, she looks up to see if her husband is going to answer it, which he does. She returns her attention to the book, going back to the exact spot on the page where she left off. Tameka is able to effortlessly return to her reading because: she is extremely bright. of the effortful processing of space. of the automatic processing of space. women are better at remembering their place in a book than are men.

The processing of information into the memory system is called: encoding. storage. retrieval. rehearsal.

Ebbinghaus observed that it is much easier to learn meaningful material than to learn nonsense material. This best illustrates the advantage of: deep processing. implicit memory. the "peg-word" system. the spacing effect.

Oliver is trying to make an online purchase, but he doesn't have his credit card. He calls his wife, who reads the 16-digit credit card number to him. Unfortunately, Oliver cannot remember the number long enough to type it into the computer. This is because: the short-term memory is limited in duration and capacity. his iconic memory is interfering. the serial position effect is interfering. he is rehearsing too hard.

The three steps in memory information processing are: input, storage, output. input, processing, output. encoding, storage, retrieval. input, storage, retrieval.

Which deep brain structure(s) involved in motor movement facilitate(s) formation of our procedural memories for skills? basal ganglia hippocampus frontal lobe amygdala

When people learn something while in one state (for example, when they are feeling joyful or sad), they are better able to recall that thing while in the same state. This is known as: proactive interference. long-term potentiation. state-dependent memory. retroactive interference.

ohnny has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is able to remember verbal information, but has no ability to recall visual designs and locations. He has damage to his: right hippocampus. left hippocampus. left thalamus. right thalamus

Our memory of facts and experiences that we consciously know and can easily recite is called: explicit memory. declarative memory. implicit memory. long-term potentiation.

Whenever Sunny gets blue, she immediately is flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed opportunities. Sunny's experience best illustrates: the misinformation effect. retroactive interference. repression. mood-congruent memory.

Professor Mollier suggests that her students study for an exam in a room that has sound and lighting similar to their own classroom. She even suggests that they wear the same type of clothing while studying and while taking the exam. To increase their memory retention while studying, Professor Mollier wants the students to consider: retrieval failure. the context in which learning occurred. retroactive interference. implicit memory.

The surprising ease with which people form false memories best illustrates that encoding and retrieval involve: implicit memory. automatic processing. long-term potentiation. memory construction.

Who is MOST likely to have memory difficulties? Jack, who studies 1 hour before bed Jane, who studies Spanish and French back-to-back John, who mentally re-creates the situation in which he originally learned the material Jasmine, who builds a network of retrieval cues

Because of _____________, "hypnotically refreshed" memories may prove inaccurate, especially if the hypnotist asks leading questions. encoding failure state-dependent memory proactive interference memory construction

Studies indicate that stressful life experiences, such as being raped, are not likely to be: encoded. repressed. stored. retrieved.

New memories are _____; they need to be _____ if one wants to remember them. strong; rehearsed strong; applied weak; exercised misunderstood; practiced

Walid has been working 70-hour work weeks and has been getting his days and nights mixed up and having trouble separating his dreams from reality. Just yesterday he thought a project had been completed, but in reality it was only a dream. This problem is known as: source amnesia. infantile amnesia. blocking. mood-congruent memory.

Which of the following about sexual abuse is FALSE? Sexual abuse happens more often than we once supposed. A characteristic called the "survivor syndrome" exists. Victims of sexual abuse can be predisposed to sexual dysfunction. Victims of sexual abuse can be predisposed to depression.

Raoul decided to ask a hypnotherapist to help him deal with difficult childhood issues. What Raoul doesn't realize is that, if the hypnotherapist asks leading questions, "hypnotically refreshed" memories can be inaccurate because of: encoding failure. state-dependent memory. proactive interference. memory construction.

Adults who have trouble remembering incidences of childhood sexual abuse have been led by therapists to believe that their memory difficulties result from: the spacing effect. mood-congruent memory. proactive interference. repression.

Memories before age ____ are often unreliable. 2 3 4 5

Most forgetting curves indicate that the course of forgetting is initially rapid, but then it levels off with time. One explanation for the shape of the curves is a(n): decline in visual encoding. gradual fading of the physical memory trace. increase in automatic processing. decrease in source amnesia.

As a practical joke, Nadine tells her younger brother a story about an event that did NOT happen when he was 4 years old. She said he called 911 to report a fight they were having. Nadine repeated this story several times, until her brother could really imagine dialing the phone. This is an example of: blocking. imagination inflation. transience. persistence.

Students who have spent time living abroad and experiencing other cultures are more adept at: nonverbal memory. factor analysis. creative problem solving. convergent thinking.

The hospital where Jack works has specific step-by-step procedures or _________________ for treating heart attack victims. heuristics concepts phonemes algorithms

After gathering extensive information about the colleges she was interested in attending, Krista let the information "incubate" outside her conscious awareness for several days. This provided time for her decision to be potentially enhanced by: an algorithm. confirmation bias. intuition. a critical period.

Heuristics are: methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems. mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, and people. simple thinking strategies for solving problems quickly and efficiently. problem-solving strategies involving the use of trial and error.

Researchers who are convinced that animals can think point to evidence that: chimpanzees use branches, stones, and other objects as tools in their natural habitats. chimpanzees invent grooming and courtship customs and pass them on to their peers. parrots demonstrate the ability to "count" by learning to touch pictures of objects in ascending numerical order. All of these things are evidence that animals can think.

Narrowing available problem solutions to the single best solution illustrates: fluid intelligence. factor analysis. standardization. convergent thinking.

A person who can effectively identify the best possible answers to multiple-choice test questions best illustrates: convergent thinking. the availability heuristic. fluid intelligence. emotional intelligence.

Most adults are more likely to choose a birth control method that is said to have a 95 percent success rate than one that is said to have a 5 percent failure rate. This best illustrates the impact of: functional fixedness. framing. confirmation bias. the representativeness heuristic.

Pablo searches for a screwdriver that is nowhere to be found. However, he fails to recognize that a coin in his pocket would easily turn the screw. His oversight best illustrates: a fixation. belief perseverance. the framing effect the availability heuristic.

Psychologists refer to the mental activities associated with processing, understanding, remembering, and communicating as: heuristics. cognition. framing. prototypes.

Dr. Tan is interested in studying primate behavior as related to primate thought. If she wants to study behavior that other animal researchers have already found in primates, which of the following topics should she choose? family loyalty transmission of cultural patterns across generations altruism All of these behaviors have been found in primates.

A potential source of irrationality is ______________, our tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence. belief bias belief perseverance functional fixedness availability heuristic

In one study, monkeys first learn to classify pictures of cats and dogs. Then, they are shown images that are "catlike" or "doglike." Which of the following responses suggests that monkeys are able to form concepts? They jump up and down and screech as if angry. They look away as if confused. They do not recognize these new images. Certain frontal lobe neurons fire in response to the images

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people is known as a(n): prototype. concept. heuristic. analogy.

A(n) ____________ is a mental image or best example of all the features we associate with a category. prototype heuristic algorithm concept

Native German speakers pronounce the English word "that" as "dat." This demonstrates their difficulty pronouncing our English: phoneme. heuristic. morpheme. prototype

The word "chimps" contains ________ phoneme(s) and ________ morpheme(s). 6; 1 1; 6 5; 2 2; 5

The part of the left temporal lobe that is involved in understanding language is known as: the motor cortex. Wernicke's area. the sensory cortex. Broca's area.

Operant conditioning is to Skinner, as universal grammar is to: Chomsky. Tversky. Bortfield. Whorf.

Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis states that: language is primarily a learned ability. our language shapes our thinking. language is partially an innate ability. the size of a person's vocabulary reflects his or her intelligence.

Chimpanzees are capable of learning to do all of the following EXCEPT: communicate with gestures. string signs together into a meaningful sequence. understand spoken words. demonstrate the ability to speak in two-word phrases.

The ___________ is the smallest unit of language that carries meaning. phoneme morpheme syntax prototype

To expand language is to expand the ability to: think. act. misunderstand. reflect.

After a skydiving accident, Laurie was unable to make sense of other people's speech. It is likely that she suffered brain damage to: the motor cortex. the occipital lobe. Broca's area. Wernicke's area.

Sharon's car accident was both emotionally and physically traumatic. She developed aphasia, which left her struggling to speak words while still being able to sing familiar songs and comprehend speech, due to damage to her: right frontal lobe. left frontal lobe. left temporal lobe. right temporal lobe.

During the earliest stage of speech development, infants: speak in single words that may be barely recognizable. make some speech sounds that do not occur in their parents' native language. imitate adult syntax. alternate equally between verbal and manual babbling.

Many psychologists are skeptical of claims that chimpanzees can acquire language because the chimpanzees have NOT shown the ability to: use symbols meaningfully. use syntax in communicating. acquire speech. acquire even a limited vocabulary.

Research on the language capabilities of apes indicates that they cannot: grammatically order language symbols as well as most 3-year-old children translate spoken words into signs. use signs to communicate with other members of their own species. acquire a vocabulary of more than two dozen signs.

The fact that young children generate all sorts of sentences they have never heard before suggests that: language skills are not developed simply through the processes of imitation and reinforcement. parents overemphasize correct grammatical usage. language acquisition develops normally even in the absence of social interaction. language acquisition does not proceed in an orderly sequence.

The Brazilian Piraha tribespeople have words for the numbers 1 and 2. Any numbers greater than 2 are referred to as "many." Shown 7 nuts in a row, they will find it difficult to lay out the same number from their own pile. This suggests that their words influence the way they think and is evidence for: linguistic determinism. statistical learning. belief perseverance. hindsight bias.

One component of emotional intelligence involves: the ability to completely forget emotionally traumatic experiences. a lack of concern about receiving social approval. predicting accurately when feelings are about to change. selectively focusing attention on positive thoughts and feelings.

When Robby becomes upset about getting a poor grade, he typically fails to realize that he feels scared. This lack of self-insight best illustrates an inadequate level of: the g factor. intrinsic motivation. factor analysis. emotional intelligence.

The sort of problem solving that demonstrates "school smarts" is what researchers have historically assessed in their tests of: divergent thinking. heritability. intrinsic motivation. intelligence.

In the Amazon rain forest, ______________ is discerning an effective herbal treatment; in the United States, it is showing superior performance on the SAT. instinct discrimination intelligence physical ability

Those who emphasize the importance of the g factor would be most likely to encourage: discontinuing special programs for intellectually advantaged children. deriving adult intelligence test scores from the ratio of mental age to chronological age. quantifying intelligence with a single numerical score. using a small standardization sample in the process of intelligence test construction.

Brody is doing quite well as the manager of a large electronics store. He writes clear memos to the staff, is good at delegating tasks, and knows how to "read" other employees. Sternberg and Wagner would predict that Brody would: score low on the SAT. score high on measures of linguistic intelligence. score high on the SAT. score high on a test of practical managerial intelligence.

The employees were not surprised when Sharon was promoted to Senior Director of the organization. She has demonstrated her ability to motivate the team, delegate to the appropriate people, and was able to self-promote herself. This best illustrates: social intelligence. emotional managerial intelligence. analytic intelligence. practical managerial intelligence.

In very stressful or embarrassing situations, Randi is able to maintain her poise and help others to feel comfortable. Randi's ability best illustrates the value of: heritability. divergent thinking. extrinsic motivation. emotional intelligence.

_______________ is demonstrated in reacting adaptively to novel situations and generating novel ideas. Analytical intelligence Practical intelligence Fluid intelligence Creative intelligence

Alessa achieved an intelligence test score of 100 on a current version of the Stanford-Binet test. This indicates that relative to other adults her age her intellectual abilities: are average. cannot be measured. are way above average. are way below average

An _____________ measures a person's capacity to learn, whereas an _____________ measures what a person has already learned. achievement test; aptitude test intelligence test; aptitude test aptitude test; achievement test achievement test; intelligence test

When retested on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), a person's second score generally matches his or her first score quite closely. This indicates that the test has a high degree of: predictive validity. reliability. content validity. heritability.

A bell-shaped pattern that characterizes the distribution of a large sample of intelligence test scores is a graphic representation of a: normal curve. g factor. factor analysis. heritability estimate.

Juno is a 9-year-old who is scheduled to take an intelligence test next week, but his mother cannot remember the name of the test. Which of the following is most likely the test he will be taking? the Brazelton Scale the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) the Binet Scale of Mental Age the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)

Your professor hands out your examination. The syllabus had specified the exam would be on chapters 11 and 12, so you are shocked to see that the exam is covering chapters 13 and 14 instead. Your examination clearly lacks: reliability. standardization. heritability. validity.

At age 16, Angel's intelligence score was 110. What will her score probably be at age 32? 125 110 115 There is no way to predict an individual's future intelligence scores

Sandra has been told that her infant has an extra chromosome 21 in his genetic makeup. This suggests that the infant: has autism spectrum disorder. will have above average intelligence. has Down syndrome. will develop cerebral palsy.

Jaden took the SAT last year and scored well above average. He is planning to go to graduate school, so he knows he will have to take the GRE as well. What do you predict his scores on the GRE will be? Given the Flynn effect, his GRE scores will be average. Given the stability of aptitude scores at his age, his GRE scores will be well above average. Given the potential for burnout, his GRE scores will be below average. One cannot predict GRE scores from SAT scores

A person's ability to reason speedily and abstractly (for example, solving novel logic problems) decreases slowly up to about age 75, then more rapidly, especially after age 85. This type of ability is also known as: crystallized intelligence. spatial intelligence. emotional intelligence. fluid intelligence.

_____________ refers to a condition of limited mental ability, which is indicated by an intelligence test score at or below _____, as well as difficulty adapting to the normal demands of independent living. Down syndrome; 70 Intellectual disability; 85 Down syndrome; 85 Intellectual disability; 70

According to the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, for a person to be labeled as having an intellectual disability, his or her performance on an intelligence test must be: two standard deviations below average. high on practical skills and social skills but low on conceptual skills. ten standard deviations below average. high on conceptual skills but low on practical skills.

Sarah comes from a loving but poor family. Her family wants her to do well in school, and she is in this type of program to boost her cognitive and social skills. Project Head Start Project Great Start Project Slow Start Project Right Start

Teresa is a 25-year-old Black woman scheduled to take a math aptitude test. To ensure her best performance and reduce the chance of stereotype threat, which of the following situations would you recommend for her? She should have a Black woman administer the test. She should take the test in a room with both men and women present. Teresa will not be influenced by the race of the people administering or taking the test. She should have a White woman administer the test.

Jenna and Michael want to enhance their infant's cognitive development through early exposure to a variety of special educational lessons designed to enhance a child's intelligence. Research has demonstrated that: there is no environmental recipe for fast-forwarding a normal infant into a genius. that these efforts will decrease the chance of increasing their child's intelligence. these educational programs will work but the parents need to find the right program with the right instructors. the more these parents spend on special educational programs the greater the advancements in the child's intelligence.

Stereotype threat is most likely to depress female students' performance on a difficult ____________ test and to depress male students' performance on a difficult ____________ test. math problem solving; verbal fluency spelling; athletic verbal fluency; math problem solving spelling; spatial reasoning

As adopted children get older, their intelligence scores become: more like those of their adoptive parents. more like those of their biological parents. more like those of their adoptive siblings. less like those of their biological parents.

Identical twins' brains are virtually the same in areas associated with _________________ intelligence. creative and motor verbal and creative verbal and practical verbal and spatial

The impact of early environmental influences on intelligence is most apparent among young children who experience: stereotype threat. minimal interaction with caregivers. intrinsic motivation. savant syndrome.

Intelligence tests are most likely to be considered culturally biased in terms of their: content validity. predictive validity. normal distribution. reliability.

In terms of gender differences in intellectual abilities, males: outperform females in tests of spatial ability. outnumber females in special education classes. All of these intellectual abilities can be attributed to males. scored higher that females in math problem solving tests.

In terms of gender differences in intellectual abilities, females: are more verbally fluent (for example, remembering words). are better at spelling in high school. All of these intellectual abilities can be attributed to females. have better nonverbal memory (for example, locating objects).

Which of the following observations provides the BEST evidence that intelligence test scores are influenced by environment? Identical twins raised apart are less similar in their intelligence scores than identical twins raised together. The intelligence scores of siblings raised together are positively correlated. The intelligence scores of children are positively correlated with those of their parents. Identical twins are more similar in their intelligence scores than are fraternal twins