Psy Ch.5 Learning Study Guide

Pavlov

conditioned

extinction

existing conditioned stimulus

discrimination

conditioned, unconditioned

generalization

Thorndike

Skinner.

extinction

negative

Continuous

fixed-ratio; fixed-interval

variable-ratio schedule

false

false

insight

latent learning

observational learning.

modeling

facilitation

inhibitory

disinhibitory

Edward Tolman

Albert Bandura

Wolfgang Kohler

Bandura

Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

Classical conditioning of emotions.

Positive reinforcement for Joey; negative reinforcement for his mother.

generalization

Positive reinforcement

extinction

Fixed interval reinforcement schedule

Positive punishment

Observational learning, modeling effect

Secondary reinforcer

insight

Stimuli, behavior, consequences

Learning

the sound of the truck, The food

salivation

neutral

generalization

discrimination

Conditioned , unconditioned

Effect, Thorndike

Negative, positive

discriminative

Primary, secondary

Continuous, partial

aggressive

television, the internet

classical

Skinner

Tolman

Bandura

Skinner

latent learning.

variable-ratio

a loud noise

also increases

a child's weekly allowance.

false

classical conditioning

escape; terminates

discriminative stimulus.

latent learning

Video games can have both positive and negative effects.

too much vodka; cranberry juice

extinction.

generalization

a conditioned fear response.

law of effect

Reinforcement and punishment; Skinner

withholding reinforcement

Cindy's behavior is positively reinforced, and her mother's behavior is negatively reinforced.

increases; increases

fixed interval

insight learning

observational learning

True

True

True

True

Learning through association of stimuli (học tập thông qua các kết hợp của sự kích thích)

Learning through consequences (học tập thông qua những hậu quả)

Learning through mental processes (học tập thông qua các quá trình tâm thần)

A relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude; acquired through experience cannot be attributed to illness, injury, or maturation (sự thay đổi tương đối thường trực trong hành vi, kiến ​​thức, năng lực, thái độ, thu được thông qua kinh nghiệm; không thể được do bệnh tật, thương tích hoặc trưởng thành)

is any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds (là bất kỳ sự kiện hay vật thể trong môi trường mà một sinh vật phản ứng)

Is all about ASSOCIATION; A type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another (là tất cả về Hội; Một loại hình học tập thông qua đó một sinh vật học kết hợp một kích thích với một)

Nobel Prize winning Russian Physiologist - discovered / published work on classical conditioning; Conducted experiments on the secretion of stomach acids and salivation in dogs.(giải Nobel chiến thắng sinh lý học Nga phát hiện ra / xuất bản tác phẩm trên điều hòa cổ điển; Tiến hành thí nghiệm về sự tiết axit dạ dày và tiết nước bọt ở chó.)

elicits unconditioned response (UR) unlearned and untrained; e.g., food, loud noise, light in eye, puff of air in eye (read pg.139 for Exam.) gợi ra phản ứng không điều kiện (UR)( không thể học được, chưa qua đào tạo; (. Pg.139 thi) ví dụ như thức ăn, tiếng ồn lớn, ánh sáng trong mắt, làn không khí trong mắt)

Unlearned response to stimulus; response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without learning; e.g., salivation, startle, contraction of pupil, eyeblink (pg.139)

a stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about a response; (pg.139)(kích thích, trước khi điều hòa không tự nhiên mang lại một phản ứng; (pg.139))

An acquired or learned response to a conditioned stimuli (đáp ứng thu được hay được biết đến một sự kích thích có điều kiện)

Previously a neutral stimulus - now elicits a conditioned response after numerous pairings with an unconditioned stimulus (Trước đó một kích thích trung tính - gợi ra một phản ứng có điều kiện rất nhiều sau khi cặp với một kích thích vô điều kiện)

weakening and disappearance of CR as a result of repeated presentation of CS without US

reappearance of extinguished CR when organism is exposed to CS following rest period

tendency to make a CR to a stimulus that is similar to the original CS

learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli CR occurs only in response to the original CS, not to similar stimuli.

1919: American behaviorist, believed he could condition all aspects of behavior

Presented Little Albert with a white rat for laboratory; little Albert's fear of a white rat was a conditioned response; Fear generalized Conditioned fears "persist and modify personality throughout life" (pg.141)

later used classical conditioning to remove fears in another boy (pg.141)

The process of learning in which the manipulation of the consequences of a response influences the likelihood of the response occurring

Consequence of a response determines the tendency to respond in the same way in the future; strengthened or weakened organisms tend to repeat behaviors that bring about pleasant consequences.

American Behaviorist - developed many of the concepts of operant conditioning, such as reinforcement

follows a response strengthens it or increases the probability that it will occur

Decreases the probability that it will occur

weakening and eventual disappearance of a response as a result of withholding reinforcement

Anything that follows a response and strengthens it or increases the probability that it will be repeated. Reward when they do something good.

(add something positive) A pleasant or desirable consequence that increases the probability that a response will be repeated; Do chores, get allowance

(subtract something negative) Termination of an unpleasant condition after a response, which increases the probability that the response will be repeated; Get out of jail if you pay taxes

Reinforcement does not need to be received continually in order for behavior to be learned and maintained.

Schedules of reinforcement are the frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior

Reinforcer is given after first correct response after a specific period of time has elapsed; Example: one exam at end of semester (don't study until very end), washing machine cycle Overall rates of response relatively low. INTERVAL = TIME ex. But in more time to received a reward.

Reinforcer is given after first correct response following a varying period of time; Example: surprise quizzes - students will study more, going fishing (how much time will you have to wait for a bite?) More likely to produce relatively steady rates of responding. INTERVAL = TIME. Ex Don't know when the quiz coming so study ahead to get the reward

Reinforcer given after a fixed number of correct, nonreinforced responses ; Example: getting paid after sewing 10 shirts. People are apt to work as quickly as possible. RATIO = NUMBER ex.10 coffee get 1 free

Reinforcer is given after a varying number of nonreinforced responses; Example: Telephone salesperson, slot machines Takes longer to learn; but once learned, response rates are high. Most resistant to extinction. RATIO = NUMBER ex. slot machines how many you play before the reward.

A system of dispensing a reinforcement EVERY time a response is produced. Ratio= number more high response.

A system of dispensing a reinforcement for only a PORTION of responses

A stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again. The removal of a pleasant stimulus or the application of an unpleasant stimulus, thereby lowering the probability of a response. (Opposite the reinforcement)

weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus. (if kid scream he know the parent don't want him in the church. But to avoid his scream use jacky spray in his mouth to stop his screaming)

weakens a response through the removal of something pleasant. The punished often become fearful and feel angry toward the punisher. Frequently leads to aggression ( take away something good) ex. Pg. 149

Learning that occurs without the opportunity of first performing the learned response OR being reinforced for it

The process of mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of a solution occurs

learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not demonstrated until the organism is motivated to do so. (ex. Observe and learn from that person. Learn something without training)

A mental representation of an area that helps an organism navigate its way from one point to another

Learning without conscious awareness of what is learned

Learning by observing the behavior of others and the consequences of that behavior; learning by imitation; Model is the individual who demonstrates a behavior or whose behavior is imitated (watching somebody mistake not to follow they mistake)

learning a new behavior from a model through the acquisition of new responses ( learn from watching somebody do it)

exhibiting a behavior similar to that shown by a model in an unfamiliar situation ( something u observed. Ex. Copy something on tv and learn from it)

suppressing a behavior because a model is punished for displaying the behavior (

displaying a previously suppressed behavior because a model does so without receiving punishment (ex . Somebody doing something they get away with it and you do it cause u think u will get away too.)

Children imitate aggressive behavior of an adult model Humans on film portraying aggression were the most influential in eliciting aggression; Children do not process information about consequences in the same ways as adults do

Individuals who watch the most violence as children are more likely to engage in acts of violence as adults. Violent video games increase feelings of hostility and decreases sensitivity to violent images. (watch too much violent children intimate engage to the samething)

Changing behavior based on the learning principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or observational learning. Used to change self-injuries pg.154

Variable ratio

variable interval

fixed ratio

Fixed interval