CH 3 Learning and Behavior

the procedure of repeatedly pairing an initially neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) and an unconditioned stimulus, through which the conditioned stimulus develops the capacity to elicit a conditioned response

the response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus after classical conditioning has taken place

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally elicits a specific response

in classical conditioning, an innate response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

an initially neutral stimulus that develops the capacity to elicit a conditioned response after it is paired with an unconditioned stimulus

the response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus after classical conditioning has taken place

a classical conditioning procedure in which the conditioned stimulus signals that an aversive event is coming. The measure of conditioning, is the suppression of ongoing behavior (e.g., pressing a lever to obtain food) when the conditioned stimulus is presented, so this procedure is also called conditioned suppression.

a measure of sweat gland activation and, thus, of sympathetic nervous system activity

Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning, which states that the conditioned stimulus becomes a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus and elicits the same response

in classical conditioning, a conditioned response that is the opposite of the unconditioned response

a theory of classical conditioning that states that animals tend to orient themselves toward, approach, and explore any stimuli that are good predictors of important events, such as the delivery of food

a hypothetical association between brain areas representing the conditioned stimulus and a response, which might develop during classical conditioning and thereby give the conditioned stimulus the capacity to elicit a conditioned response

a hypothetical association between brain areas representing two different stimuli, which might develop if the two stimuli are paired

the period in the learning process when an individual is learning a new behavior

in classical or operant conditioning, the reappearance of a response that has undergone extinction after a passage of time without further conditioning trials

states that after extinction is complete, the subject is left with two counteracting association

in classical conditioning, the reappearance of a condtioned response to a stimulus that has undergone extinction that can occur if a novel stimulus is presented shortly before the extinguished stimulus

learning in a second acquisition phase that follows extinction that occurs more quickly than in the initial acquisition phase

In classical conditioning, a conditioned stimulus that prevents the occurrence of a conditioned response or reduces the size of the conditioned response from what it would otherwise be. It is also called an inhibitory CS.

In classical conditioning, a conditioned stimulus that regularly elicits a conditioned response.

in classical conditioning, the simultaneous presentation of two or more conditioned stimuli

the transfer of a learned response from one stimulus to another, similar stimulus

a graphic representation of generalization in which the x-axis plots some dimension along which the test stimuli are varied and the y-axis shows the strength of conditioned responding to the different stimuli

in either classical or operant conditioning, learning to respond to one stimulus but not to another similar stimulus

a classical conditioning procedure in which the conditioned stimulus begins a second or so before the unconditioned stimulus

In eyeblink conditioning, a tone could be used as the _____, and an air puff as the _____; an eyeblink is the _____.

A problem with Pavlov's stimulus substitution theory is that the _____ does not always resemble the _____.

Rescorla's (1973) experiment supported the theory of S-S associations because after responding to the US (loud noise) was reduced through habituation, responding to the CS _____.

Three phenomena that show that extinction is not the complete elimination of a learned association are _____, _____, and _____.

After classical conditioning with one CS, the appearance of CRs to new but similar stimuli is called _____.

a type of classical conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus begin at the same moment

A type of classical conditioning in which the onset of the conditioned stimulus precedes that of the unconditioned stimulus by at least several seconds and continues until the unconditioned stimulus is presented.

a classical conditioning procedure in which the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are separated by some time interval in which neither stimulus is present

a classical conditioning procedure in which the conditioned stimulus is presented after the unconditioned stimulus

the hypothesis that in classical conditioning, the individual learns about the timing of the CS and US, not just an association between them

A classical conditioning procedure in which a conditioned response is transferred from one stimulus to another by pairing a neutral stimulus with a previously conditioned stimulus.

A stimulus that has been conditioned by pairing it with a first-order CS.

a form of second-order conditioning with human subjects in which neutral stimuli are paired with a positive or negative stimuli; then the subjects are asked to rate how much they like or dislike the stimuli

a behavioral treatment for phobias that involves slowly presenting the patient with increasingly strong fear-provoking stimuli while keeping the patient in a very relaxed state

A technique for inducing a state of bodily calm and relaxation by having the person alternately tense and relax specific groups of muscles.

A type of systematic desensitization in which a patient wears a headset that displays realistic visual images that change with every head movement, simulating a three-dimensional environment.

The the CS and US are separated by some time interval, this is called _____.

In an evaluative conditioning procedure in which pictures of people are paired with either positive or negative adjectives, the adjectives are _____ and the pictures of people are _____.

If a rat drinks sweetened water and then receives drug that surpasses the immune system, giving sweeten water at a later time can _____.

When the effectiveness of aversive counterconditioning for alcoholism weakens over time, this could be an example of the conditioning principle of _____.

In the classical conditioning treatment for bedwetting, the US is _____.

Because of the evidence for its effectiveness, the use of aversive counterconditioning in the treatment for alcoholism has increased since the 1980s. T/F

The measure of conditioning in conditioned suppression is the suppression of ongoing behavior when the CS is presented. T/F

The mere passage of time usually has a great effect on the strength of a CR. T/F

Aversive counterconditioning is a procedure that attempts to decrease unwanted behaviors through conditioning and its effectiveness is consistently positive for all behavior problems. T/F

Inhibition theory states that after extinction is complete, the subject is left with two counteracting associations. T/F

Despite the evidence for its effectiveness, the use of aversive counterconditioning in the treatment for alcoholism has declined since the 1980s. T/F

The conditioned stimulus (CS) can be any stimulus that initially evokes the UR. T/F

As the CS-US interval is increased, the level of conditioning increases systematically. T/F

Pavlov proposed that inhibitory associations are more fragile than excitatory associations, and they are more severely weakened by the passage of time. T/F

Hilgard suggested that stimulus substitution theory might be amended by acknowledging that only some components of the UR are transferred to the CR. T/F