Which statement BEST explains why carbohydrate digestion ceases when food reaches the stomach?
Carbohydrate is completely digested in the mouth.
Salivary enzymes cannot function in the acid environment of the stomach.
Carbohydrate is completely absorbed in the esophagus.
Intestinal bacteria are needed for carbohydrate digestion.
answer
Salivary enzymes cannot function in the acid environment of the stomach.
question
What is the cephalic phase of digestion?
The earliest phase of digestion in which the brain prepares the body in anticipation of food.
The phase in which semi-digested food leaves the stomach and slowly enters the small intestine.
The phase in which the majority of absorption occurs, primarily in the small intestine.
The final phase of digestion in which the large intestine and rectum prepare the undigested components of food for elimination.
answer
The earliest phase of digestion in which the brain prepares the body in anticipation of food.
question
Digestion begins in the:
mouth.
esophagus.
stomach.
small intestine.
answer
mouth
question
For many people suffering from GERD, the ________ is malfunctioning.
gallbladder
pancreas
epiglottis
gastroesophageal sphincter
answer
gastroesophageal sphincter
question
Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?
mouth
stomach
small intestine
kidney
answer
kidney
question
Which hormone is involved in slowing down the production of gastric acid and stimulating the release of insulin?
gastrin
secretin
cholecystokinin (CCK)
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
answer
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
question
Chemical digestion of which nutrient occurs in the mouth?
alcohol
carbohydrate
fat
protein
answer
carbohydrate
question
Which process does salivary amylase initiate?
carbohydrate digestion
lipid emulsification
protein digestion
inhibition of bacterial growth
answer
carbohydrate digestion
question
Which snack will have the highest satiety value, assuming the Calories and relative size are similar?
a slice of whole-grain bread
a piece of cheese
a serving of apple sauce
a glass of grape juice
answer
a piece of cheese
question
The small intestine is well equipped to carry out the majority of nutrient absorption in the GI tract because it:
has a lining made up of parietal cells and chief cells.
is a direct link to the esophagus and rectum.
plays a role in production of bile to break down fats.
has an extensive surface area with specialized absorptive cells.
answer
has an extensive surface area with specialized absorptive cells.
question
Olfaction occurs in which organ?
the nose
the mouth
the stomach
the small intestine
answer
the nose
question
What is the primary cause of malabsorption in people with celiac disease?
damage to the villi of the small intestine
an ulcer
damage to the lining of the esophagus
presence of sulfur in the GI tract
answer
damage to the villi of the small intestine
question
The ________ is the organ most responsible for prompting us to seek food.
stomach
small intestine
hypothalamus
mouth
answer
hypothalamus
question
Appetite is defined as :
a basic physiological sensation.
a drive that prompts us to find food and eat.
an inborn need for certain foods.
a psychological desire to consume a specific food.
answer
a psychological desire to consume a specific food.
question
The type of nutrient absorption process that requires both energy and the use of a carrier protein is:
hydrolysis.
passive diffusion.
facilitated diffusion.
active transport.
answer
active transport.
question
The immune-supporting antibodies found in breast milk are absorbed through the process of:
passive diffusion.
facilitated diffusion.
endocytosis.
enterocytosis.
answer
endocytosis.
question
Bile reduces lipids to smaller globules and then disperses them to aid digestion. This process is called:
liquefaction.
oxidation.
hydration.
emulsification.
answer
emulsification.
question
Food that has been chewed and moistened in the mouth is referred to as:
a bolus.
chyme.
chyle.
feces.
answer
a bolus.
question
A primary function of the mucus in the stomach is to:
neutralize stomach acid.
activate pepsinogen to form pepsin.
protect the stomach lining.
emulsify fats.
answer
protect the stomach lining.
question
The physiological need for food with no appetite is known as:
anorexia.
satiety.
starvation.
hunger.
answer
anorexia.
question
How do the pancreas and small intestine function together in the process of digestion?
The pancreas produces hydrochloric acid (HCl) and releases it to the small intestine.
The pancreas stores inactive digestive enzymes, and they are activated in the small intestine.
The pancreas produces bile, and the small intestine releases it for fat emulsification.
The pancreas absorbs remaining nutrients and passes them to the small intestine.
answer
The pancreas stores inactive digestive enzymes, and they are activated in the small intestine.
question
Beneficial bacteria created in the large intestine are consumed intentionally in ________ foods.
aseptic
diuretic
probiotic
organic
answer
probiotic
question
At a birthday party, Sam eats a chocolate chip cookie with peanuts. Within minutes, he has trouble breathing, his blood pressure plummets, and he has to be rushed to the hospital for treatment. Which condition is the MOST likely cause of his symptoms?
celiac disease
gastroesophageal reflux disease
gluten intolerance
peanut allergy
answer
peanut allergy
question
Which large vessel transports absorbed nutrients to the liver?
hepatic portal vein
pulmonary vein
aorta
subclavian vein
answer
hepatic portal vein
question
Barbara has just been diagnosed with celiac disease. Which of the following foods would be MOST dangerous for her to consume?
cornflakes
rice cakes
potatoes
whole-wheat bread
answer
whole-wheat bread
question
Hunger and appetite differ in that:
hunger is psychosocial, appetite is physiological.
hunger is internally driven; appetite is externally driven.
hunger is typically a pleasant sensation; appetite is a negative sensation.
hunger relates to a specific food; appetite is a general sense of desire.
answer
hunger is internally driven; appetite is externally driven.
question
The main role of the esophagus in digestion is to:
release bile for fat emulsification.
initiate the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates.
compact food into feces.
transport food to the stomach.
answer
transport food to the stomach.
question
What is the primary cause of peptic ulcers?
stress
H. pylori bacteria
prolonged use of aspirin
eating too many spicy foods
answer
H. pylori bacteria
question
The passing of intestinal gas is referred to as:
peristalsis.
eructation.
belching.
flatulence.
answer
flatulence.
question
Intrinsic factor is secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach and is necessary for absorption of which vitamin?
B12
B3
folate
K
answer
B12
question
During digestion, hydrochloric acid (HCl) produced in the stomach begins the process of:
carbohydrate digestion.
denaturing proteins.
fat emulsification.
neutralizing acidic chyme.
answer
denaturing proteins.
question
Bile is produced by the:
gallbladder.
liver.
stomach.
pancreas.
answer
liver.
question
Which protein will trigger an immune response in a person with celiac disease?
amylase
gluten
albumin
egg whites
answer
gluten
question
A bolus travels from the mouth to the stomach via the:
trachea.
nasal sinuses.
esophagus.
epiglottis.
answer
esophagus.
question
How do the liver and gallbladder function together in the process of digestion?
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the liver and concludes in the gallbladder.
Both help mechanically process waste into feces.
The liver produces bile, and the gallbladder releases it for fat emulsification.
The liver produces digestive enzymes, and the gallbladder releases them.
answer
The liver produces bile, and the gallbladder releases it for fat emulsification.
question
Which type of absorption requires the use of a carrier protein but not energy?
passive diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport
endocytosis
answer
facilitated diffusion
question
In which organ does the majority of beneficial bacteria occur?
mouth
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
answer
large intestine
question
The first section of the small intestine is called the:
bile duct.
duodenum.
jejunum.
ileum.
answer
duodenum.
question
Hunger is BEST described as:
a physiological drive to consume food.
a psychological drive to consume food.
eating that is often driven by environmental cues.
eating that is often driven by emotional cues.
answer
a physiological drive to consume food.
question
The hormone ________ is released after the ingestion of a meal and triggers the stomach to release digestive juices.
leptin
insulin
gastrin
amylase
answer
gastrin
question
The rhythmic contractions responsible for propelling food through the digestive tract are called:
elimination.
peristalsis.
mastication.
locomotion.
answer
peristalsis.
question
Which GI tract hormone plays a role in stimulating eating?
gastrin
ghrelin
secretin
parathyroid hormone
answer
ghrelin
question
Which of the following is classified as a digestive fluid?
chyme
cholecystokinin (CCK)
hydrochloric acid (HCl)
gastrin
answer
hydrochloric acid (HCl)
question
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by which cells in the stomach?
enterocytes
mucus neck cells
chief cells
parietal cells
answer
parietal cells
question
A lipase is an enzyme that digests:
protein.
fat.
carbohydrate.
alcohol.
answer
fat
question
Which of the following would be an appropriate treatment approach for someone suffering from GERD?
surgical removal of the gallbladder
omission of all lactose foods
antibiotic therapy
weight loss and smoking cessation
answer
weight loss and smoking cessation
question
Immediately after absorption, what circulatory system carries most of the fat-soluble nutrients?
vascular
mesenteric
lymphatic
enterohepatic
answer
lymphatic
question
After eating, you experience a feeling of satiation as a result of the:
decrease in blood glucose levels.
increase in blood glucose levels.
enzymatic digestion of fatty acids.
rapid release of chyme into the small intestine.
answer
increase in blood glucose levels.
question
After Michael eats breakfast, his GI tract begins the process of digesting and absorbing the nutrients from his meal. What is the sequence in which each of the organs of the GI tract will work to achieve this process?
mouth: esophagus: small intestine: stomach: large intestine
mouth: esophagus: stomach: small intestine: large intestine
mouth: stomach: esophagus: small intestine: large intestine
mouth: stomach: esophagus: large intestine: small intestine
answer
mouth: esophagus: stomach: small intestine: large intestine
question
Which two pancreatic hormones are responsible for regulating blood glucose levels?
estrogen and testosterone
neuropeptide Y and leptin
insulin and glucagon
bicarbonate and HCl
answer
insulin and glucagon
question
Which of the following treatments would be appropriate for treating a peptic ulcer?
antibiotics
aspirin
ibuprofen
eliminating spicy foods from the diet
answer
antibiotics
question
Responding to the presence of protein and fat in our meal, cholecystokinin (CCK) signals the gallbladder to release a substance called:
lipase.
pepsin.
chyme.
bile.
answer
bile.
question
A savory taste due to the presence of glutamic acid is called:
bitter.
sour.
umami.
salty.
answer
umami.
question
Which structure keeps swallowed food from entering the trachea?
tonsils
soft palate
epiglottis
upper esophageal sphincter
answer
epiglottis
question
The region of the brain where physiological signals are translated into thirst and hunger messages is the:
brain stem.
pituitary gland.
thalamus.
hypothalamus.
answer
hypothalamus.
question
The microvilli in the small intestine are collectively called the:
enterocytes.
lacteals.
brush border.
rugae.
answer
brush border.
question
What type of damage does Crohn's disease cause to the GI tract?
permanently opened gastroesophageal sphincter
blockage of the hepatic portal vein
gastric ulcers
inflammation of the small intestine
answer
inflammation of the small intestine
question
Driven by a concentration gradient, lipids are absorbed through the process of:
passive diffusion.
facilitated diffusion.
active transport.
endocytosis.
answer
passive diffusion.
question
Food is digested through chemical reactions involving the addition of water molecules. This process is known as:
reduction.
oxidation.
dehydration.
hydrolysis.
answer
hydrolysis.
question
Which of the following organs is responsible for the manufacture and secretion of many digestive enzymes and bicarbonate?
liver
stomach
pancreas
gallbladder
answer
pancreas
question
Which of the following is a hormone that is responsible for increasing the number of mucosal cells in the stomach?
gastrin
secretin
cholecystokinin (CCK)
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
answer
gastrin
question
Which form of mechanical digestion begins in the mouth?
chewing
peristalsis
segmentation
churning
answer
chewing
question
Proteins that act to speed up body processes, but are NOT changed in the process, are called:
hormones.
peptides.
enzymes.
chyme.
answer
enzymes.
question
Which of the following organs produces a variety of proteases?
mouth
stomach
pancreas
small intestine
answer
pancreas
question
What is the term that describes the process in which nutrients pass through the wall of the gastrointestinal tract?
digestion
absorption
elimination
segmentation
answer
absorption
question
What is chyme?
an ulceration of the esophageal lining
healthy bacteria of the small intestine
a mixture of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices
a substance that allows for the emulsification of dietary lipid
answer
a mixture of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices
question
The ________ located in the walls of the GI tract helps control digestion, absorption, and elimination.
peripheral nervous system
hepatic nervous system
enteric nervous system
gastric nervous system
answer
enteric nervous system
question
Bicarbonate is released into the duodenum during the process of digestion. Why?
to neutralize the acidic chyme
to activate hormonal release of bile
to digest fats/oils
to lubricate the villi of the small intestine
answer
to neutralize the acidic chyme
question
Chyme remains in the stomach for at least 2 hours because:
it must be converted to a much less acidic pH before entering the duodenum.
the ileocecal valve is too small to pass it all at once.
the small intestine can hold only a small fraction of
the stomach volume at a time.
moving food into the small intestine too quickly can lead to an ulcer.
answer
the small intestine can hold only a small fraction of the stomach volume at a time.
question
Which hormone stimulates the pancreas to release acid-neutralizing bicarbonate?
gastrin
secretin
cholecystokinin (CCK)
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
answer
secretin
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