BSC 116 Chapter 41

Choose the list that presents the four stages of food processing in the order in which they naturally occur. A. ingestion → digestion → absorption → elimination B. digestion → ingestion → absorption → elimination C. ingestion → digestion → elimination → absorption D. ingestion → absorption → elimination → digestion E. absorption → digestion → ingestion → elimination

Different types of food are eaten by various groups of animals, but it is usually true that _____. A. many carnivorous vertebrates house large populations of symbiotic bacteria and protists in special fermentation chambers in their stomachs B. animals typically produce enzymes that hydrolyze cellulose C. cellulose digestion in ruminant mammals occurs before the ingested foods reach the small intestine D. the intestines of carnivores tend to be longer than the intestines of herbivores of similar overall body size E. the teeth of herbivores tend to be sharper than the teeth of carnivores

Among humans, increased interest in food intake normally occurs _____. A. only after the production of glucose in the liver can no longer meet metabolic needs B. via chemical signals released when the stomach is empty C. when fewer calories are taken in than are expended, but only after the body depletes its reserves of fat in the liver D. via chemical signals related to the amount of glucose stored in the liver and muscle cells E. via chemical signals related to the amount of protein stores in the liver

The "essential nutrients" for proper human nutrition include _____. A. glucose B. cellulose C. all of the amino acids D. calcium, sodium, potassium, and other minerals E. active enzymes from plants and/or animals

The gastrovascular cavity differs from the alimentary canal in that only the gastrovascular cavity _____. A. is capable of extracellular digestion B. has only a single opening C. stores food but does not digest it D. absorbs food molecules but does not produce hydrolytic enzymes E. functions in digestion but not absorption

Choose the correct anatomical sequence that presents the order in which food in the digestive system passes through. A. esophagus → pharynx → stomach → small intestine B. pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine C. pharynx → stomach → esophagus → small intestine D. pharynx → small intestine → large intestine → stomach E. esophagus → stomach → pharynx → small intestine

For ingested foods, the first opportunity for enzymatic digestion occurs in the _____. A. large intestine B. pancreas C. mouth D. stomach E. small intestine

To survive, all animals must _____. A. have a complete digestive system B. hibernate C. ingest nutrients from the environment every day of their lives D. digest plant material E. balance consumption of food with use and storage of nutrients

Which structure is not part of the alimentary canal? A. Salivary glands. B. Mouth. C. Esophagus. D. Stomach.

Which process is not required for an animal to obtain energy from food? A. Digestion. B. Excretion. C. Secretion. D. Ingestion.

True or false? One advantage of having a tube-like digestive tract is that digestion of all compounds can take place simultaneously down the tract. A. True B. False

True or False? The liver is a component of the alimentary canal. A. True B. False

Choose the correct statement from the list below. A. Proteins that are consumed in the diet are absorbed as individual amino acids following digestion. B. Mechanical digestion of proteins is more important than chemical digestion. C. The stomach has a high pH which allows for the activation of digestive enzymes. D. Protein digestion begins in the small intestine with the activation of trypsinogen to trypsin

Choose the correct statement from the list below. A. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase. B. Bile salts from the gall bladder are essential to the digestion of carbohydrates. C. Carbohydrate absorption occurs primarily in the large intestine. D. Carbohydrates are fully digested after passage through the stomach .

Choose the correct statement from the list below. A. Fat digestion begins in the stomach with the activation of trypsinogen to trypsin. B. Fats are fully digested after passage through the mouth and stomach. C. Free fatty acid absorption occurs in the small intestine. D. Bile salts from the pancreas are essential to the digestion of fats

Animals that migrate great distances would obtain the greatest energetic benefit of storing chemical energy as A. carbohydrates. B. fats. C. minerals. D. amino acids. E. proteins.

Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because A. these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients. B. only those animals use those nutrients. C. the nutrients are necessary coenzymes. D. the nutrients are subunits of important polymers. E. only certain foods contain them.

Ingested dietary substances must cross cell membranes to be used by the body, a process known as A. elimination. B. ingestion. C. absorption. D. hydrolysis. E. digestion.

An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system A. allows digestive enzymes to be more specific. B. facilitates intracellular digestion. C. allows extensive branching. D. excludes the need for extracellular digestion. E. allows for specialized regions with specialized functions.

An enlarged cecum is typical of A. tubeworms that digest via symbionts. B. rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears. C. humans and other primates. D. tapeworms and other intestinal parasites. E. carnivorous animals.

Consider the interior surface of the human stomach and its secretions, shown in the figure. Why doesn't gastric juice, composed of hydrochloric acid and a protease called pepsin, digest the cells that line the stomach? A. Chief cells release pepsin in an inactive form. HCl in the stomach converts pepsin to an active form of the enzyme called pepsinogen by clipping off a small portion of the molecule to expose its active site. B. The stomach lining secretes mucus, a mixture of glycoproteins, cells, salts, and water. C. Digestion doesn't begin until the small intestine.

Eats plants and algae

Eats other animals

Eats animals, plants, and algea

Most animals are ________ feeders

Essential nutrients include:

Provide all the essential amino acids; "complete" proteins

Why are most plant proteins incomplete in amino acid composition?

Number of required amino acids

Number of required fatty acids

Two fatty acids humans require

Why are deficiencies in fatty acids rare?

Fish oil benefit which body part?

How many vitamins are essential for humans?

What are the two categories of vitamins?

How are minerals different from the other three essential nutrients?

Ingesting large amounts of minerals can upset what process?

The long-term absence from the diet of one or more essential nutrients

Deficiencies is essential nutrients can cause:

Results when a diet does not provide enough chemical energy

A _________ individual will use up stored fat and carbs, break down its own proteins, lose muscle mass, suffer protein deficiencies of the brain, die, or suffer irreversible damage

Poverty, high cost of nutritious food products, poor dietary practices, disruptions in global food supply, harsh economic environmental conditions and disease are all major causes of:

Main steps of food processing are

Feeding types are based on _______

Many aquatic animals are this feeding type; sifts small food particles from the water

Animals that live in or on their food source are; worms

Suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host; mosquito

Eat relatively large pieces of food; anacondas

The process of food breakdown into molecules small and safe enough to absorb

Increases the surface area of food via chewing

Splits food into small molecules that can be absorbed; enzymatic hydrolysis splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water

The simplest form of digestion is

Food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis, then food vacuoles fuse with lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes. Is this intracellular or extracellular digestion?

Intracellular digestion _________ in importance as complexity _________.

The breakdown of food outside of cells; occurs in compartments that are continuous with the outside of the animals' body.

Animals with a simple body plan have a __________ that function in both digestion and absorption

More complex animals have a digestive tube with two openings called an

Mammalian digestive systems consists of an __________ and ___________

Salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are all

Specialized regions of the digestion system include:

Food is pushed along by

Valves called _________ regulate movement of material between digestive compartments

The junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea

Connects to the stomach

Leads to the lungs; windpipe

Blocks the entry to the trachea during swallowing

Stores food and secretes gastric juice

Gastric juice is made up of

Gastic juice has a pH of ~2 in order to

A protease, or protein-digesting enzyme, that cleaves proteins into smaller peptides

What protects the stomach from digesting itself?

Major organ of digestion and absorption; longest section of alimentary canal

First portion of the small intestines where materials from the stomach are neutralized and receive additional secretions from the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

Majority of digestions occurs in the

Second and third sections of small intestine are the major sites of

Villi and microvilli are located in the

Small intestines have a huge surface area due to

Microvilli create a ____________ that greatly increases the rate of absorption

Transport across epithelial cells can be __________ or __________ depending on the nutrient

Epithelial cells absorb __________ and monoglycerides and recombine them into ______________

Fats coated with phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins to form water-soluble

Chlyomicrons are transported into a ___________, a lymphatic vessel in each villus

Lymphatic vessels deliver chylomicron-containing ______ to large veins that __________ blood to the heart

Aids in the fermentation of plant material and connects where the small and large intestine meet

Major function is to recover water that has entered the alimentary canal

Houses bacteria that live on unabsorbed organic material

Many _________ have large, expandable stomachs

__________ and __________ have longer alimentary canals than carnivores, reflecting the longer time needed to digest vegetation

Many herbivores have ________________ where mutualistic microorganisms divest cellulose

Rabbits and manatees have _____ gut

Ruminants have _____ gut

The adaption of fermentation chambers allows for utilization of high ______, low _______ food