MT #11

gallbladder

pyloric sphincter; The pyloric sphincter is a ring of muscle that controls the passage of food from the lower part of the stomach, called the pylorus, into the duodenum. Food is allowed to pass into the small intestine only when it is chemically ready and only in small amounts at one time.

third portion of the small intestine, approximately 11 feet; The uppermost portion of the stomach is the fundus. The first portion of the small intestine is the duodenum. The second portion of the small intestine is the jejunum.

uvula; The name uvula comes from the Latin for little grape.

sigmoid colon; As it forms its final S shape leading into the rectum, the large bowel is referred to as the sigmoid colon, after the Greek letter sigma. The ascending colon is the first section of the large intestine that leads away from the cecum. The ascending colon curves to become the transverse colon. The transverse colon is the upper, horizontal segment that passes to the left, toward the spleen. As the colon extends vertically again, it becomes the descending colon.

esophagus; The esophagus is the 10-inch tube that extends from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach. A bolus of food is moved through the esophagus and into the stomach by the tube's rhythmic contraction, which is called peristalsis.

enter/o; Enter/o means intestine, and it usually denotes the small intestine. Col/o and colon/o mean colon, usually denoting the large intestine. Gastr/o means stomach. Ile/o means ileum. Proct/o means rectum.

tongue; Gloss/o means tongue. Gastr/o means stomach. Or/o and stomat/o mean mouth.

an; To finish building the term meaning pertaining to (-al) the anus, you need the word root an/, which means anus. The combining vowel is not used because the suffix already begins with a vowel.

peritone; To complete the term meaning pertaining to (-al) the peritoneum, you need the word root that means peritoneum, peritone/. The peritoneum is the serous saclike lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

cheil/o; Cheil/o means lip, not abdomen. It may help you to remember this by associating the ch of cheil/o with chapped lips, but know that the ch sounds are different in cheil/o and chapped.

cecum, colon, and rectum; The large intestine is the canal that extends from the ileum (the last portion of the small intestine) to the anus (the end of the digestive tract).

duodenum, jejunum, and then the ileum; In digestion, when a bolus of food leaves the stomach, it first enters the upper section of the small intestine, the duodenum, where it is mixed with bile from the liver and gallbladder and with pancreatic juice from the pancreas. These enzyme-rich secretions break the food down further for its passage into the 8-foot-long jejunum and then into the 11-foot-long ileum, which attaches to the large intestine.

absorption of water and elimination of solid waste; The main function of the large intestine is the absorption of water (after initial absorption in the small intestine) and the passage and elimination of waste products.

vermiform appendix; The appendix, or vermiform appendix, has no function in digestion. The appendix hangs from the cecum, which is where a bolus of food enters the large intestine.

mouth; The mouth is the opening through which food passes into the body. The tongue and teeth aid chewing, or mastication, by grouping and repositioning the food between the teeth. These movements mix food with saliva to form a compact mass called a bolus and initiate swallowing.

involuntary wavelike movement of food through the digestive tract;

villi; Absorption takes place through the villi, tiny fingerlike projections that line the walls of the small intestine. These villi are the part of the digestive system where nutrients are first absorbed for distribution to the rest of the body.

choledoch; The condition (-iasis) of stones (lith/) in the common bile duct (choledoch/o) is called choledocholithiasis.

diverticul; Inflammation (-itis) of a diverticulum (diverticul/o) is called diverticulitis. You need to supply the word root diverticul/; no combining vowel is needed because the suffix begins with a vowel.

rectum; To answer this question correctly, you must first be able to identify the word root in the term rectocele, which is rect/, and then remember that it means rectum. A rectocele is a protrusion of the rectum.

pancreas; The word root in the term pancreatitis is pancreat/, which means pancreas. Pancreatitis is inflammation (-itis) of the pancreas.

cholecystitis; If you remembered that the word root for the gallbladder is cholecyst/, you can easily build the term for inflammation (-itis) of the gallbladder: cholecystitis. Choledoch/o is the combining form for the common bile duct.

hepatoma; A hepatoma is a tumor (-oma) of the liver (hepat/o/). Cholangioma is a tumor of the bile duct (cholangi/o). Hepatitis is liver inflammation. Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder.

stomach; You're pretty familiar with the suffix for inflammation (-itis), so to answer correctly, you need to recall that the word root gastr/ means stomach. Gastritis is stomach inflammation. Stomat/ means mouth. Gingiv/ means gums. Hepat/ means liver.

sialolith; The medical term that means stone (lith/o) in a salivary gland (sial/o) is sialolith. Cholelithiasis is the condition (-iasis) of stones in the gallbladder, or gallstones. Choledocholithiasis is the condition of stones in the common bile duct.

palate; To answer correctly, you must recall that the word root palat/ means palate. Inflammation of the palate, which is the roof of the mouth, is called palatitis. The combining form for the pancreas is pancreat/o. The combining form for the peritoneum is peritone/o. The combining form for the uvula is uvul/o.

psychoneurotic disorder characterized by a prolonged refusal to eat; Anorexia nervosa is a psychoneurotic disorder characterized by a prolonged refusal to eat. It is essential to note that sometimes anorexia alone can be a temporary, natural reaction to intense emotion that self-corrects quickly. Likewise, surgical patients often have trouble recovering their appetite. In both cases, anorexia as a symptom does not carry with it the psychoneurotic aspect of anorexia nervosa.

cirrhosis; Cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease that is commonly, though not always, caused by alcoholism or certain types of viral hepatitis. Liver cells are gradually destroyed during the course of the disease. Crohn disease is the chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract.

hemorrhoids; Chronic constipation can put pressure on anal veins, causing swollen or distended, twisted veins in the rectal region called hemorrhoids. A hemorrhoid can occur either internally (within the rectum) or externally (outside the anal sphincter).

telescoping of a segment of the intestine; Intussusception is the telescoping of the intestines. In this condition, one bowel segment collapses into the opening of another segment. Volvulus is a twisting or kinking of the intestine causing intestinal obstruction. The medical term for an obstruction of the intestine, often caused by a failure of peristalsis, is ileus. Obesity refers to excess body fat (not body weight).

celiac disease; Celiac disease is a malabsorption syndrome caused by an immune reaction to gluten that may damage the lining of the small intestine, preventing absorption. Symptoms can include weight loss, irritable bowel, and lower abdominal pain. Because of the impaired absorption, celiac disease is also associated with steatorrhea and iron deficiency anemia. It is sometimes also called gluten enteropathy.

ulcerative colitis; The question asks for the medical term that refers to inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers. Three of the answer choices include the word ulcer, but only one includes the word colitis, which means inflammation of the colon. The term ulcerative describes a special kind of colitis, namely, the type that is associated with the formation of ulcers. Ulcerative colitis is an inflammation of the large intestine that may produce a bleeding ulcer.

aphagia; The suffix -phagia means to swallow, and knowing that word part narrows your choices down to aphagia and dysphagia. Aphagia literally means without (a-) swallowing; it refers to the inability to swallow. Dysphagia means difficult (dys-) swallowing.

diarrhea; For the general condition of abnormal discharge of watery stools, the term is diarrhea (dia- = through; -rrhea = abnormal discharge). Melena is black, tarry stool that contains digested blood. Hematemesis is the vomiting of blood. Peristalsis refers to the involuntary wavelike contractions that propel food along the digestive tract.

black, tarry stool that contains digested blood; Melena refers to the black (melan/o) tarry stool that contains digested blood. The frequent discharge of watery stool is called diarrhea. Hematemesis is the vomiting (-emesis) of blood (hemat/o). Ascites is the abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.

abnormal backward flow; Reflux is an abnormal backward flow. Esophageal reflux is the term for the flow of the contents of the stomach back into the esophagus. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a backward flow of the gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus that gradually breaks down the mucous barrier of the esophagus.

IBS; The symptoms described in the question—intermittent bouts of diarrhea and/or constipation, usually associated with abdominal pain—are part of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

peptic ulcer; Peptic ulcers may occur in either the duodenum, as a duodenal ulcer, or in the stomach, as a gastric ulcer. Dyspepsia can be a symptom of an ulcer. An ileus is an intestinal obstruction. Polyposis is the abnormal condition of multiple polyps in the mucous membrane of the intestine, usually the colon.

occurs when the body absorbs too much iron from food, creating excess iron deposits throughout the body; A nonalcohol-related cause of cirrhosis of the liver is hemochromatosis, a fairly rare disorder that occurs when the body absorbs too much iron from food, creating excess iron deposits throughout the body.

inflammation of the liver associated with excess fat; Knowing your word parts makes this pretty quick: an inflammation (-itis) of the liver (hepat/o) would be hepatitis. However, an inflammation of the liver associated specifically with excess fat (steat/o) is steatohepatitis (steat/o + hepat/o + -itis).

regional ileitis; Chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that usually affects the ileum and colon is Crohn disease, sometimes called regional ileitis or regional enteritis. The condition is characterized by cobblestone ulcerations and by the formation of scar tissue, which may lead to intestinal obstruction.

stomatitis; Build this from familiar word parts: an inflammation (-itis) of the mouth (stomat/o) is stomatitis.

gastrojejunostomy; The medical term for the creation of an artificial opening (-stomy) between the stomach (gastr/o) and the jejunum (jenun/o) is gastrojejunostomy.

vagotomy; Vagotomy is the cutting of certain branches of the vagus nerve to lower the amount of gastric acid that is produced.

barium enema; The lower GI (gastrointestinal) series, or barium enema, is a series of radiographic films taken of the large intestine after a contrast agent has been administered rectally.

excision of the stomach; A gastrectomy is the total or partial removal (-ectomy) of the stomach (gastr/o). Surgical repair of the stomach is gastroplasty. Surgical repair of the esophagus and stomach is esophagogastroplasty. Gastrostomy is the creation of an artificial opening into the stomach through the abdominal wall for the purpose of feeding a patient who is unable to swallow.

anus; Anoplasty is the surgical repair (-plasty) of the anus (an/o).

cheilorrhaphy; The surgical procedure of suturing (-rrhaphy) the lip (cheil/o) is cheilorrhaphy.

suturing of a hernia; A hernia, which is any protrusion or rupture of an organ through a body wall, can be treated by herniorrhaphy, a suturing of the hernia for repair.

colectomy; The surgical excision (-ectomy) of the colon (col/o) is called a colectomy. A colostomy is an artificial opening into the colon through the abdominal wall, used to facilitate the passage of stool, especially in cases of colon cancer.

esophagogastroplasty; Building this term is not too difficult if you've mastered your word parts. The surgical repair (-plasty) of the esophagus (esophag/o) and the stomach (gastr/o) is called esophagogastroplasty.

into the ileum; An ileostomy is the creation of an artificial opening (-stomy) into the ileum (ile/o) to create a passage for stool. This procedure can be used after total proctocolectomy (removal of the colon and rectum) in cases of Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis, or cancer.

pyloroplasty; All the answer choices include the word root for pylorus (pylor/), so the question is testing your ability to recall the suffix meaning surgical repair, which is -plasty.

fecal occult blood; The fecal occult blood test reveals fecal blood that can only be detected by chemical testing (called occult blood). This test is also known as the guaiac test.

vagotomy; Cutting certain branches of the vagus nerve is known as a vagotomy. When ulcers recur chronically, a vagotomy may be done to lower the amount of gastric acid that is being produced.

proctoscopy; You've seen the suffix for visual examination (-scopy) before, so all you need to recall from this module is the combining form for rectum, which is proct/o. Proctoscopy is the visual examination of the rectum by proctoscope. Proctoscopy is also known as rectoscopy.

laparoscope; The instrument for visual examination (-scope) of the abdominal cavity (lapar/o) is a laparoscope.

sigmoid colon; In the term sigmoidoscopy, the word root is sigmoid/ and it refers to the sigmoid colon. The suffix -scopy denotes the use of a lighted endoscopic instrument for visual examination of the interior of a hollow structure.

rectum; Analyze the term: proct/o/logist. The word root is proct/ and it means rectum. A proctologist is a medical doctor who studies and treats diseases of the rectum.

peritoneum;

jejunum; The duodenum is the first portion of the small intestine. The descending and transverse colons are part of the large intestine.

final portion of the large intestine extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus; The rectum stores solid waste until it is expelled from the body through the anus.

fundus;

anus; The anus is the terminal end of the alimentary canal. The anus is a sphincter muscle. Sphincter refers to a ring-like band of muscle fibers that constrict a passage or close a natural opening in the body. The pyloric sphincter is a ring of muscle that controls the passage of food from the lower part of the stomach (the pylorus), into the duodenum.

produce bile; The liver produces bile. Bile is stored in the gallbladder. The salivary glands produce saliva, and the pancreas secretes insulin.

mouth; Build this term from familiar word parts: an inflammation (-itis) of the mouth (stomat/o) is stomatitis.

cheil/o; Cheil/o means lip. Celi/o means abdomen. Gloss/o means tongue. Chol/e means gall, bile.

saliva; Sial/o means saliva. Uvul/o means uvula. Chol/e meansgall, bile. Choledoch/o means common bile duct.

or; To finish building the term meaning pertaining to (-al) the mouth, you need the word root or/, which means mouth. The combining vowel is not used because the suffix already begins with a vowel. The combining form stomat/o also means mouth, but the combining forms are not interchangeable.

pylor; Surgical repair (-plasty) of the pylorus (pylor/o) is calledpyloroplasty. The question supplies the suffix and combining vowel, so you need to identify the word root forpylorus, which is pylor/.

fingerlike projections lining the walls of the small intestine; Absorption takes place through the villi, tiny fingerlike projections that line the walls of the small intestine. These villi are the part of the digestive system where nutrients are first absorbed for distribution to the rest of the body.

anus; The anus is the sphincter muscle at the end of the digestive tract that expels solid waste (feces) that has been stored in the rectum.

into the ileum to allow the passage of stool; An ileostomy is the creation of an artificial opening (-stomy) into the ileum (ile/o) to create a passage for stool. This procedure can be used after total proctocolectomy (removal of the colon and rectum) in cases of Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis, or cancer.