25-23. Place the following images into the order of neural control of deglutition they represent.
answer
Phases of swallowing:
1. Tongue forms a food bolus & pushes it into laryngopharynx.
2. Palate, tongue, vocal cords and epiglottis block the oral and nasal cavities & pharyngeal constricts push bolus to esophagus.
3. Peristalsis drives bolus down and lower esophegal relax to admit it into stomach
question
25-24. Correctly label the following anatomical features of the stomach.
answer
? Esophagus
? Lesser omentum
? Lesser curvature
? Diaphragm
? Fundic region
? Cardial part
question
25-25. Correctly label the following anatomical features of the stomach.
25-31. Drag each label to the appropriate position on the figure to identify the related structure or region.
answer
? Ileal contents become cecal contents
? Jejunal location of plicae circulares
? Voluntary control of defecation
? Site of nutrient-rich deoxygenated blood
? Production organ of bile
? The start of mechanical digestion
? Salivary amylase chemically digests food
question
25-32. Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify whether the term or item is involved with chemical or mechanical digestion.
25-33. Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify whether the structure is an actual part of the digestive tract or an accessory structure.
25-36. Starting with ingestion, place the following anatomical structures in order to identify the correct sequence that food would pass through the body.
answer
1. Oral fissure
2. Buccal cavity
3. Fauces
4. Esophagus
5. Cardial part of the stomach
6. Body of the stomach
7. Pyloric antrum
8. Pyloric canal
9. Pylorus
question
25-37. Starting after it leaves the pyloris, place the following anatomical structures in order to identify the correct sequence that food would pass through the body.
25-38. Which of the following does not stimulate the secretion of HCl in the stomach?
answer
secretin
question
25-39. Secretin is released from the duodenum in response to _________.
answer
hydrochloric acid in chyme
question
25-40. Which of the following enzymes is produced by the stomach?
answer
Pepsin
question
25-41. TRUE or FALSE: Gastrin functions to increase the production of HCl in the stomach.
answer
True
question
25-42. TRUE or FALSE: As long as there is chyme in the duodenum, it will continue to stimulate gastric secretion.
answer
False
question
25-43. In the parietal cells, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes a reaction between __________ and __________.
answer
carbon dioxide; water
question
25-44. Ion exchange molecules in the plasma membrane of the parietal cells exchange __________ ions going out for __________ ions coming in.
answer
bicarbonate; chloride
question
25-45. Hydrochloric acid is formed when __________.
answer
hydrogen ions and chloride ions join in the duct of the gastric gland
question
25-46. TRUE or FALSE: In the parietal cell, carbonic acid dissociates into a bicarbonate ion and a hydrogen ion.
answer
False
question
25-47. TRUE or FALSE: The carbonic acid ion is joined to a hydrogen ion by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.
answer
False
question
25-48. Which of the following hormones does not inhibit gastric gland secretions?
answer
Gastrin
question
25-49. Which of the following occurs during the gastric phase of gastric secretion?
answer
All these take place in the gastric phase:
? Gastrin secretion begins.
? The secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsin is stimulated.
? Gastric activity is stimulated in response to food increasing the pH of the stomach's contents.
question
25-50. Which of the following inhibits the secretion of the gastric glands?
answer
Duodenal pH of less than two
question
25-51. TRUE or FALSE: The medulla oblongata controls gastric secretion by utilizing the parasympathetic branch of the nervous system and the endocrine system.
answer
False
question
25-52. TRUE or FALSE: Distention of the stomach activates a direct stimulatory effect on the gastric glands.
answer
True
question
25-53. Gastric secretion begins during the __________ phase and ends during the __________ phase.
answer
cephalic; intestinal
question
25-54. he hormone __________ stimulates the secretion of the enzyme __________ in the stomach.
answer
gastrin; pepsinogen
question
25-55. Stimulation from the __________ nervous system via the __________ nerve causes the secretion of HCl in the stomach.
answer
parasympathetic; vagus
question
25-56 TRUE or FALSE: Cholecystokinin, which is produced in the small intestine, inhibits gastric secretions in the stomach.
answer
True
question
25-57. TRUE or FALSE: Secretin is released from the duodenum in response to acidic chyme.
answer
True
question
25-58. TRUE or FALSE: Chemical digestion is a series of chemical reactions that break large chunks of food into proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
answer
False
question
25-59. The network of nerves that regulate digestive motility, secretion, and blood flow is called the __________ system.
answer
enteric nervous
question
25-60. Read each function of gastric juice below. Then click and drag each to the specific secretion to which it applies.
answer
Hydrochloric Acid
? Activates pepsin and lingual lipase
? Breaks up connective tissues and cell walls of plants
? Destroys most ingested pathogens
? Converts iron to an absorbable form
Pepsin
? Active form of a zymogen
? Digests proteins
? Autocatalytic
Gastric Lipase
? Digests fat in the stomach
Intrinsic Factor
? Dysfunction could cause pernicious anemia
? Essential to the absorption of B12
question
25-Q1. Infants have __________ deciduous teeth, whereas adults have __________ permanent teeth.
answer
20; 32
question
25-Q2. __________ is a hormone, whereas __________ is an enzyme.
answer
secretin; pepsin
question
25-Q3. TRUE or FALSE: The enteric nervous system regulates much of the digestive activity, but its action depends on the central nervous system.
answer
False
question
25-Q4. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by __________ cells.
answer
parietal
question
25-Q5. TRUE or FALSE: The digestive system processes food, extracts nutrients, and eliminates the residue.
answer
True
question
25-Q6. The outermost layer of the digestive tract, which is composed of a thin layer of areolar tissue and simple squamous epithelium, is called the __________.
answer
serosa (mesentary)
question
25-Q7. TRUE or FALSE: The stomach contains enteric pacemaker cells responsible for its regular churning motion and thus mechanical digestion
answer
True
question
25-Q8. TRUE or FALSE: Odor, sight, and taste stimulate salivatory nuclei in the cerebral cortex.
answer
False
question
25-Q9. The __________ regulates digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow. Its neurons are found in the __________.
answer
enteric nervous system; submucosa and muscularis externa
question
25-Q10. Contact digestion takes place in/at the __________.
answer
brush border of the small intestine
question
25-Q11. The __________ gland is an extrinsic salivary gland, whereas the __________ gland is an intrinsic salivary gland.
answer
submandibular; lingual
question
25-Q12. The enterogastric reflex serves to __________.
answer
inhibit gastric motility when there is chyme in the small intestine
question
25-Q13. The surface of the tongue is covered with __________ stratified squamous epithelium, and has bumps called __________, where many taste buds can be found.
answer
nonkeratinized; lingual papillae
question
25-Q14. Several digestive enzymes are secreted as zymogens because __________.
answer
they act only in the stomach lumen and do not digest intracellular proteins
question
25-Q15. Acid reflux into the esophagus ("heartburn") is normally prevented by __________.
answer
the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
question
25-Q16. The serous membranes that suspend the stomach and intestines from the abdominal wall are called __________.
answer
mesenteries
question
25-Q17. The __________ regulates the flow of contents from the stomach to the duodenum.
answer
pyloric sphincter
question
25-Q18. The physiological process that moves a nutrient from the outside of the body to the inside is called __________.
answer
absorption
question
25-Q19. The small intestine is suspended from the abdominal wall by the ___________.
answer
mesentery
question
25-Q20. Which of the following is not normally found in saliva?
answer
Protease
question
25-Q21: TRUE or FALSE: All chemical digestion is essentially just hydrolysis reactions.
answer
True
question
25-Q22. Pepsinogen is produced by __________ and is activated by __________, which is secreted by __________.
25-Q23. Which of the following is not a function of gastric hydrochloric acid (HCl)?
answer
emulsify lipids
question
25-Q24. The __________ phase is associated with food stretching the stomach and activating myenteric and vagovagal reflexes, which in turn stimulate gastric secretions.
answer
gastric
question
25-Q25. An example of chemical digestion is the break down of __________ into __________.
answer
nucleic acids; nucleotides
question
25b-01. Correctly label the following parts of the inferior view of the liver.
answer
? Falciform ligament
? Caudate lobe
? Bare area
? Right lobe
? Gallbladder
? Quadrate lobe
? Left lobe
question
25b-02. Correctly label the following parts of the inferior view of the liver.
answer
? Falciform ligament
? Right lobe
? Left lobe
? Round ligament
question
25b-03. Correctly label the following parts of the inferior view of the liver.
answer
? Inferior vena cava
? Left lobe
? Right lobe
? Porta hepatis
? Hepatic portal vein
? Proper hepatic artery
? Bile duct
question
25b-04. Correctly label the following microscopic anatomy of the hepatic sinusoid.
25b-11. Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then arrange each sentence into a logical paragraph order describing the activation of pancreatic enzymes.
answer
1. When stimulated, the pancreas will secrete trypsinogen.
2. The duodenum, in turn, will secrete enterokinase which will convert trypsinogen into trypsin.
3. Trypsin will digest dietary proteins and also catalyzes the conversion of more trypsinogen into trypsin.
4. Finally, trypsin will also activate two other pancreatic zymogens, called chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase.
question
25b-12. Correctly label the following parts of intestinal villi
25b-14. Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then arrange the sentences to accurately describe the process of starch digestion from beginning to end.
answer
1. The entire process of starch digestion begins in the mouth with amylase.
2. Starch is digested first into oligosaccharides, then into disaccharides.
3. The disaccharide, starch, is catabolized into maltose, which is then converted into glucose.
4. Glucose can then be absorbed by the small intestine.
question
25b-15. Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then arrange each sentence into a logical paragraph order to explain protein digestion and absorption.
answer
1. When stimulated, the pancreas will secrete trypsinogen.
2. The duodenum, in turn, will secrete enterokinase which will convert trypsinogen into trypsin.
3. Trypsin will digest dietary proteins and also catalyzes the conversion of more trypsinogen into trypsin.
4. Finally, trypsin will also activate two other pancreatic zymogens, called chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase.
question
25b-16. Correctly label the following parts of the large intestine.
25b-21. Drag each label to the appropriate position on the figure to identify the related structure or region.
answer
? Ileal contents become cecal contents
? Jejunal location of plicae circulares
? Voluntary control of defecation
? Site of nutrient-rich deoxygenated blood
? Production organ of bile
? The start of mechanical digestion
? Salivary amylase chemically digests food
question
25b-22. Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify whether the region is part of the large or small intestine.
25b-26. Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify which type of macromolecule is the target of each digestive enzyme or compound.
1.) The first sphincter of the digestive system, called the orbicularis oris muscle, surrounds the entrance to the oral cavity.
2.) The upper esophageal sphincter separates the pharynx from the esophagus and regulates the passage of food into the esophagus.
3.) At the terminal end of the esophagus is the lower esophageal sphincter, which subconsciously controls the entrance of food into the stomach
4.) The pyloric sphincter regulates the movement of food from the stomach to the small intestine.
5.) The junction of the small and large intestines is marked by a pronounced muscular swelling known as the Ileocecal sphincter, which regulates movement into the large intestine.
6.) The involuntarily controlled internal anal sphincter is composed of smooth muscle that relaxes at the onset of defecation.
7.) The final step in allowing defecation is voluntary relaxation of the external anal sphincter, which is composed of skeletal muscle.
question
25b-28. Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position. Then rearrange the sentences into a logical order of digestive processes.
answer
1.) A zymogen is an inactive or pro-enzyme that is only activated after it has been secreted and had some of its amino acids cleaved.
2.) The chief cells of the stomach secrete pepsinogen into the stomach lumen; which in the presence of HCl becomes pepsin, the active form of the enzyme.
3.) The pancreas produces a number of zymogens that are released in the GI tract at the duodenum including procarboxypeptidase, chymotrypsinogen, and trypsinogen.
4.) After contacting the intestinal enzyme enteropeptidase, trypsinogen is converted into trypsin.
5.) Trypsin then works on converting both chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase into chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase, respectively.
question
25b-29. Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position. Then rearrange the sentences in order from proximal to distal through the digestive tract.
answer
1.) Three main vessels make up the hepatic triad. These include the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile ductules.
2.) Blood arrives at the liver through both the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery, although the hepatic portal vein delivers nutrient rich, oxygen poor blood to the liver cells.
3.) The hepatic artery is responsible for delivering oxygen rich blood to the hepatocytes and thus providing for the large metabolic demand for this tissue.
4.) The bile ductules collect bile produced in the hepatic lobules and deliver it to the hepatic ducts on their way to the gallbladder for storage.
question
25b-30. Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position.
answer
The absorption of carbohydrates from the intestinal lumen occurs directly through secondary active transport.
Sodium-potassium pumps in the basal membrane work to actively transport sodium out of the cell towards the interstitium while cotransporting potassium to the intracellular fluid.
With a declining intracellular concentration of sodium, sodium now diffuses from the intestinal lumen to the ICF of the epithelium.
The luminal diffusion of sodium to the ICF is coupled with glucose and galactose cotransport into the cell.
question
25b-31. Where is sucrase found in the human body?
answer
On the micrvilli of the small intestine
question
25b-32. Which of the following statements is true regarding sucrase?
answer
Sucrase breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose.
question
25b-33. How does sucrose change the configuration of sucrase?
answer
By binding to the active site
question
25b-34. How often can a sucrase molecule be used to hydrolyze sucrose?
answer
Many times
question
25b-35. Mass movements in the colon are stimulated by the presence of __________ in the __________.
answer
food in the stomach or
chyme in the duodenum
question
25b-36. Mass movements of the colon occur __________ times per day.
answer
1 to 3
question
25b-37. Defecation is stimulated by __________ and __________ reflexes.
answer
parasympathetic; local
question
25b-38. TRUE or FALSE: Defecation reflexes are stimulated by the presence of feces in the rectum.
answer
True
question
25b-39. TRUE or FALSE: Mass movements of the colon propel its contents toward the rectum.
answer
True
question
25b-40. Identify each image shown below. Then click and drag each word or phrase into the appropriate category to identify the organ to which it pertains.
answer
Liver
? synthesizes bile
? synethsizes bile acids
? releases its secretions into the bile canaliculi
Gallbladder
? stores the substance that breaks globules of fat into droplets
? contraction is induced by cholecystokinin
Pancreas
? secretes inactive enzymes that when activated will digest proteins
? secretes zymogens
? secretes enzymes that digest fats
? secretes deoxyribonuclease
? secretes an enzyme that digests carbohydrates
question
25b-41. Read each of the scenarios below. Then click and drag them into the appropriate category to identify whether it describes the actions of secretin or cholecystokinin.
answer
Cholecystokinin
? secreted in response to fats in the small intestine
? eventually leads to the emulsification of lipid globules
? relaxes the sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla
? strong stimulatory effect on the gallbladder
? stimulates the secretion of pancreatic amylase and lipase
? stimulates bile release into the duodenum
Secretin
? secreted in response to chyme's low pH.
? ultimately protects the intestinal wall from HCl
? results in sodium bicarbonate release by the liver and pancreas
? helps flush pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum
question
25b-42. Identify each organ pictured below. Then click and drag each characteristic listed into the appropriate category to identify the organ to which it pertains.
answer
Stomach
? Rugae
? Gastic Pits
? Oblique layer in muscularis
? Maximized size for storage and -mixing
Small Intestine
? Plicae
? Brush border
? Microvilli
? Villi
? Maximized surface area for absorption
? Peyer Patches
question
25b-43. Click and drag each word or phrase from the left to complete the sentences on the right.
answer
Contractions of the small intestine have three functions: mix chyme with digestive juices, allow for contact digestion with the brush border, and move contents toward the lumen of the large intestine.
The process of segmentation consists of muscular contractions whose effect is to knead and churn the contents.
As segmentation declines, peristalsis begins in the duodenum.
Successive peristaltic waves of contraction overlap with each other, called the migrating motor complex.
The gastroileal reflex enhances segmentation in the ileum and relaxes the ileocecal valve, allowing contents to enter the cecum.
question
25b-44. Identify each organ pictured below. Then click and drag each characteristic listed to the appropriate organ to which it pertains.
answer
Large Intestine
? no folds or villi
? location of flatus
? taenia coli
? greater density of goblet cells
? haustra
? mass peristalsis
? prepares waste for removal
Small Intestine
? microvilli
? circular folds
? maximized absorption of nutrients
question
25b-45. Correctly label the following parts of the small intestine.
answer
? Stomach
? Ascending colon
? Cecum
? Appendix
question
25b-46. Correctly label the following parts of the small intestine.
25b-Q01. Which of the following is the proper sequence by which proteins are digested by different enzymes?
answer
Pepsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase
question
25b-Q02. The three most abundant classes of nutrients are __________.
answer
fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
question
25b-Q03. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the __________, whereas protein digestion begins in the __________.
answer
mouth; stomach
question
25b-Q04. TRUE or FALSE: The liver is the body's largest gland.
answer
True
question
25b-Q05. Which of the following bile components contributes to digestion?
answer
Bile salts
question
25b-Q06. TRUE or FALSE: Most fat is digested by pancreatic lipase.
answer
True
question
25b-Q07. Which of the following nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine?
answer
Triglycerides
question
25b-Q08. Which of the following is not a component of the pancreatic juice?
answer
Enteropeptidase
question
25b-Q09. TRUE or FALSE: The small intestine uses segmentation to mix chyme with digestive enzymes, increase its contact with the mucosa, and propel it forward through the digestive tract.
answer
False
question
25b-Q10. Which of the following has an abundance of lymphoid tissue in the mucosa and submucosa?
answer
Large intestine
question
25b-Q11. Which of the following enzymes functions at the lowest pH?
answer
Pepsin
question
25b-Q12. Lecithin prepares fats for hydrolysis by forming __________.
answer
Emulsification droplets
question
25b-Q13. TRUE or FALSE: Chylomicrons are secreted from the basal surface of the absorptive cells and taken into the lacteal in the villus.
answer
True
question
25b-Q14. Which of the following statements is true regarding the sodium-glucose transport protein (SGLT)?
answer
It transports glucose and sodium from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cells.
question
25b-Q15. The muscle tone of the __________ along the colon contracts it lengthwise, causing its walls to bulge and form pouches called __________.
answer
taeniae coli; haustra
question
23b-02. Correctly label the components associated with reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule.
answer
? Water moves through this space.
? Two anions are exchanged for one another
? A cation escorts a simple sugar
? Two cations are exchanged for one another
? A cation escorts an anion
question
23b-03. Place the following into the correct order to represent the effects of angiotensin II on tubular reabsorption.
answer
? Angiotensin II secreted
? Constricts afferent and especially efferent arterioles
? Maintaines or increases glomerular blood pressure and glomerural filtration
? Reduces blood pressure in pertubular capillary
? Reduces resistance to tubular reabsorption
? Tubular reabsorption increases
? Urine volume is less but concentration is high
question
23b-04. Correctly label the components of water reabsorption in the tubules.
23b-05. Place the correct word into each sentence to describe tubular secretion and reabsorption.
answer
Tubular reabsorption and secretion occurs with varying solutes in the renal tubules.
In the PCT, there is secretion of urea, H?, creatine, and uric acid.
Conversely, there is a noticeable reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, urea, and vitamins in the same region of the tubule.
Once in the nephron loop, the descending limb reabsorbs water.
Heading up the ascending limb, urea is secreted.
In the DCT, K? can be reabsorbed and secreted heading into the collecting duct.
question
23b-06. Correctly label the following anatomical structures of the female urethra and urinary bladder.
answer
? Ureter
? Detrusor
? Ureteral openings
? Trigone
question
23b-07. Correctly label the following anatomical parts of the male urethra and urinary bladder.
23b-10. Indicate whether each of the following is a characteristic of the ascending limb or the descending limb of the nephron loop.
answer
ASCENDING LIMB
? Filtrate osmolarity decreases as it passes through
? Active pumping of sodium
? Impermeable to water
DESCENDING LIMB
? Filtrate osmolarity increases as it passes through
? Impermeable to solutes
? Permeable to water
question
23b-11. Indicate whether each of the following would result in a more dilute urine or a more concentrated urine.
answer
CONCENTRATED
? Overproduction of aldosterone
? Working outside on a hot day without access to drinking H2O
? Overexpression of Aquaporins
? Increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to H2O
DILUTE
? Drinking a large volume of H2O on a day when you rested & stayed inside
? Overdosing on Losartan, a drug that blocks the action of angiotensin II
? A blow to the head that severs the stalk & damages the pituitary gland
question
23b-12. Indicate whether each of the following would increase or decrease urine volume.
answer
INCREASE
? Taking a diuretic
? Developing diabetes
? Decreased cAMP levels in collecting duct cells
? Drinking a large volume of water during a day when you rested and stayed inside
DECREASE
? Increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to water
? Overexpression of aquaporins
? Working outside on a hot day without access to drinking water
question
23b-13. Examine the illustration of concentration gradients across the membrane between the tubule epithelial cells and tubule lumen. Read the given diffusion scenarios carefully, and then match each with the concentration gradient to which it applies.
answer
SCENARIO A
? Equilibrium is already reached -- no net movement would occur.
? The quickest scenario to reach equilibrium
SCENARIO B
? Na+ would diffuse into the tubular lumen only
? Would increase the osmolarity of the lumen without increasing the volume of fluids in the lumen
SCENARIO C
? H2O would diffuse into the tubular lumen
SCENARIO D
? Both H2O and Na+ would diffuse into the tubular lumen
question
23b-14. Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list.
answer
A decrease in ATP synthesis within the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule would result in a significant decrease in tubular reabsorption.
A mutation in the proteins that form tight junctions could decrease the ability of the proximal tubular cells to connect to each other. This would result in an increase in the movement of substances out of the tubule via the paracellular route.
An osmotic gradient of Na? across the tubule wall drives the transport of water and most other solutes out of the filtrate.
The movement of substances out of the filtrate via the transcellular route is dependent on the elaborate microvilli found in proximal tubule cells.
Virtually 100% of the glucose is reabsorbed by the time the filtrate reaches the end of the proximal convoluted tubule.
Channels called aquaporins aid in the reabsorption of water within the nephron.
question
23b-15. Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list.
answer
The cell type in the distal tubule and collecting duct that is responsible for Na? and water reabsorption is the principal cell.
The hormone aldosterone acts in this part of the nephron and has a big impact on Na? and K? levels in the filtrate.
Overconsumption of alcohol can cause the hypothalamus to sense that the blood is too dilute, resulting in a decrease in the production of antidiuretic hormone. This reduces the reabsorption of water, leading to dehydration.
A person who experiences higher than normal levels of phosphate in their blood and higher than normal levels of Ca²? in their urine, probably suffers from a deficiency in the production of parathyroid hormone.
When the level of the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide increases, a person will experience an increase in Na? excretion in their urine.
question
23b-16. Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list. Each label may be used more than once.
answer
The countercurrent multiplier is a phenomenon that occurs in the nephron loop.
Countercurrent exchange occurs as both solutes and water move freely in and out of the vasa recta.
The increase in osmolarity, as filtrate moves down the descending limb, is due to water moving out of the tubule.
The decrease in osmolarity of the filtrate, as it moves up the ascending limb, is due to solutes moving out of the tubule.
The osmolarity of the filtrate is virtually the same at the entrance and exit of the vasa recta.
The osmolarity of the filtrate is approximately 100 mOsm/L at the end of the ascending limb, and around 1200 mOsm/L at the end of the descending limb.
The recycling of urea out of the collecting duct and back into the nephron loop contributes significantly to the medullary osmotic gradient.
question
23b-17. Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list.
answer
The rate at which substances are removed from the blood by the kidneys is called renal clearance.
Assuming a GFR of 125 ml/min, if a drug appears in the urine at a rate of 150 ml/min, then it is secreted by the nephron.
A substance that is reabsorbed from the filtrate would appear in the urine at a rate that is less than the GFR.
It is possible to measure GFR by injecting the carbohydrate inulin into a patient and measuring the rate at which it appears in the urine.
When carrier proteins for glucose become saturated and this sugar begins to appear in the urine, the transport maximum for glucose has been reached.
question
23b-18. Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list.
answer
Glucose in the renal tubules encountering luminal epithelia can be absorbed via the transcellular route by passing through the plasma membrane of the absorptive cell.
The process of glucose reabsorption begins in the basolateral membrane, where sodium-potassium ATPase pumps move sodium into the interstitium between the peritubular capillaries and the tubular epithelium.
The active movement of sodium out of the cell decreases the concentration of the cytoplasm, creating a diffusional gradient from the lumen to the cytoplasm.
Facilitated diffusion of glucose occurs through a sodium and glucose dependent symporter positioned in the luminal membrane.
Glucose then follows through the basal membrane via facilitated diffusion to the tissue interstitium.
question
23b-19. Read the list of solutes below. Then click and drag each into the appropriate category to identify which are subject to tubular secretion and which are not.
23b-20. Read the descriptions below regarding water excretion and reabsorption in the nephron. Then click and drag each into the appropriate category to identify which hormone's actions or properties it describes.
answer
Antidiuretic Hormone
? Increases water permeability of the collecting duct
? Increases reabsorption of water via the collecting duct
Aldosterone
? Last step of renin-angiotensin mechanism
? Stimulated by angiotensin II
Natriuetic Peptides
? Inhibits ADH secretion
? Increases hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries
? Inhibits NaCl reabsorption via the collecting duct
Parathyroid Hormone
? Increases phosphate levels in urine
question
23b-21. Read each of the descriptions regarding the composition and properties of urine. Then click and drag each into the appropriate category to indicate whether it is true or false.
answer
TRUE
? The most abundant solute in urine is a nitrogenous waste
? The odor of urine can be influenced by different foods
? It is possible for urine to be hypertonic compared to blood plasma
? Urine is more dense than distilled water
? Hematuria may indicate trauma to the kidneys
? Urine is approximately 95% water
FALSE
? Sodium chloride, potassium chloride, glucose, and uric acid are present in normal urine.
? Bacterial infections of the urethra may cause a sweet, fruity odor in urine
? Clear urine indicates dehydration
? Normal urine is alkaline
question
23b-22. Click and drag each word or phrase on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Then click and drag the sentences arranging them in order to accurately describe the involuntary micturition reflex.
answer
1. Production of urine by the kidneys begins to fill the urinary bladder.
2. The fullness of the urinary bladder is detected by stretch receptors.
3. Sensory nerve impulses travel along the pelvic nerve to the sacral spinal cord.
4. Efferent impulses excite the detrusor and relax of the internal urethral sphincter.
5. Voiding of the bladder is delayed by the voluntary control of the external urethral sphincter.
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23b-23. Click and drag each word or phrase on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Then click and drag the sentences arranging them in order to accurately describe the process of voluntary voiding of the urinary bladder.
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1. The micturition center in the pons receives signals from stretch receptors in the bladder wall.
2. If it is untimely to urinate, impulses from the pons excite spinal interneurons that keep the external urethral sphincter contracted.
3. If it is timely to urinate, efferent signals from the pons to the spinal interneurons excite the detrusor and relax the internal urethral sphincter.
4. Inhibitory signals from the pons cease and the external urethral sphincter relaxes. Urine is voided.
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23b-24. Indicate whether each of the following relates to the countercurrent exchanger or the countercurrent multiplier.
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Countercurrent Multiplier
? nephron loop
? active transport of sodium out of the ascending limb
? provides a constant, rich supply of particles to the renal medulla
? permeable to only water on the descending limb of the loop
? increases the osmotic gradient of the kidney medulla
Countercurrent Exchanger
? vasa recta
? functions to provide nutrients to the kidney parenchyma
? provides blood supply without altering the osmotic gradient of the renal medulla
? functions to provide oxygen to the kidney parenchyma
? permeable to water and Na+ on both sections of the loop
question
Correctly label the following anatomical structures of the female urethra and urinary bladder.
23x. Inhibits NaCl reabsorption by the collecting duct
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Natriuretic peptides
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23x. Causes water to reenter the bloodstream via the collecting duct
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Antidiuretic hormone
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23x. Decreases hydrostatic pressure in the peritubular capillaries
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Parathyroid hormone
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23x. The process of separating wastes from the body fluids and eliminating them is called __________.
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excretion
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23x. UreterA duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
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Ureter
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23x. The muscularis layer of the bladder consisting of three layers of smooth muscle.
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Detrusor muscle
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23x. Openings into the bladder for the ureters.
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Ureteral openings
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23x. Triangular shaped region inside the bladder formed by the ureteral openings and the openings for the urethra.
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Trigone
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23x. This is the fluid that may become urine if it remains in "this place"
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Tubular fluid
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23x. The more superficial portion of the kidney
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Cortex
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23x. The deeper portion of the kidney
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Medulla
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23x. This structure is shared by multiple nephrons.
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Collecting ducts
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23x. The fluid surrounding the nephron
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Tissue fluid
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23x. The fluid that is expelled during micturition.
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Urine
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23x. Also known as interstitial fluid
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Tissue fluid
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23x. Held together with tight junctions.
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Tubule epithelial cells
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23x. The route through which the materials do not have to cross the cell membrane.
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Paracellular route
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23x. The route through which materials have to diffuse across the cell membrane.
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Transcellular route
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23x. This is quite leaky and allows for water to pass through
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Tight junction
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23x. This is made of microvilli
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Brush border
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23x. This structure (fiber) is part of the ANS
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Sympethetic nerve fiber
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23x. This vessel takes blood to the glomerulus
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Afferent arteriole
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23x. This is the middle portion of the renal tubule
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Nephron loop
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23x. This vessel takes blood from the glomerulus
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Efferent arteriole
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23x. These wrap around the glomerular capillaries.
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Foot process of podocyte
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23x. The small opening between podocytes
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Filtration slit
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23x. This is an opening between endothelial cells.
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Filtration pore
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23x. This anchors the epithelium to underlying structures.
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Basement membrane
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23x. This vessel carries blood toward the glomerulus
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Afferent arteriole
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23x. This vessel carries blood from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries.
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Efferent arteriole
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23x. Separates the parietal and visceral epithelia
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Capsular space
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23x. Tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney
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Glomerulus
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23x. Found in the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule
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Podocytes
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23x. Vessels form an arch around the renal pyramid.
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Arcuate artery and vein
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23x. The main vessels bringing blood to and from the kidney
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Renal artery and vein
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23x. A branch from the renal artery
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Segmental artery
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23x. These lead to and from arcuate artery and vein
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interlobar artery and vein
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23x. These are branches of the arcuate artery and vein
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Cortical radiate and artery and vein
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23x. The internal portion of the kidney
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Renal medulla
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23x. The superficial portion of the kidney
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Renal cortex
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23x. Inner portion o fthe parenchyma facing the renal sinus
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Renal medulla
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23x. Medial cavity of the kidney occupied by blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and urine-collecting structures.
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Renal sinus
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23x. Cup that nestles the papilla and renal pyramid
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Minor calyx
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23x. Conical portion of the renal medulla between reenal columns
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Renal pyramid
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23x. Blunt point of the renal pyramids facing the renal sinus
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Renal papilla
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23x. Convergence of two to three minor calyces
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Major calyx
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23x. Project toward the sinus and divide the medulla into 6-10 renal pyramids
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Renal column
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23b-Q1. The pigment responsible for the color of urine is called
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urochrome
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23b-Q2. The __________ muscle is located in the urinary bladder.
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detrusor
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23b-Q3. TRUE or FALSE: The countercurrent multiplier mechanism for water conservation was discovered by limiting studies to humans and thus hypothesizing how form determines function.
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False
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23b-Q4. TRUE or FALSE: Parathyroid hormone increases phosphate excretion by the proximal convoluted tubule as well as promotes synthesis of calcitriol.
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True
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23b-Q5. Aldosterone acts on the
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distal convoluted tubule
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23b-Q6. Which of the following are primarily responsible for maintaining the salinity gradient of the renal medulla?
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Juxtamedullary nephrons
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23b-Q7. The __________ is not a portion of the urethra.
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internal urethral sphincter
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23b-Q8. Total saturation of protein transporters for a given solute in the renal tubules would result in __________.
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appearance of that solute in the urine
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23b-Q9. A hospital patient produces 4 mL/min of urine with a urea concentration of 8 mg/mL. Venous blood draw reveals urea concentration of 0.4 mg/mL. What is the percentage of cleared urea from glomerular filtrate?
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64%
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23b-Q10. Prior to chemical tests for glycosuria, clinicians checked for sweetness of the urine as a sign of __________.
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diabetes mellitus
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23b-Q11. The urine is most likely to be hypotonic when the __________.
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body's water volume is high
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23b-Q12. TRUE or FALSE: Ethyl (drinking) alcohol stimulates the secretion of ADH, thereby reducing reabsorption by the collecting duct.
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False
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23b-Q13. Which of the following is a direct result of antidiuretic hormone?
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Decreased urine volume
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23b-Q14. A patient enters a hospital after a motorcycle accident. He complains of mid-back pain. X-rays reveal both rib and pelvic fractures. His emergency room examination includes urinalysis. Which of the following findings from the urinalysis would most likely suggest trauma to the kidneys from the accident, but not to the urinary bladder?
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Albuminuria
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23b-Q15. Hypocalcemia stimulates __________.
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secretion of parathyroid hormone
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