Digestion

are digested by lipase are lipids are fats dissolve poorly in water *****All of the above are true.

increases the surface area of the triglycerides

the small intestine

more basic

changes from colorless to yellow

an enzyme and a peptidase

chief cells

amino acids

triglyceride

The pH of the stomach is too low and no bile is present in the stomach.

made of protein and are catalysts (they are not permanently changed by the substrate)

substrate

both the salivary glands and the pancreas

disaccharide

2

a peptidase, an enzyme that digests protein and a protein that digests protein

It was inactivated.

enteropeptidase Enteropeptidase is a protein produced by and bound to the membranes of intestinal cells. Contact with this protein converts trypsinogen to trypsin, the active form of the enzyme

serosa

mucosa The mucosa of the stomach contains the epithelial lining and the gastric pits, which extend down into the mucosa but do not penetrate the submucosa.

the esophagus

There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge.

in the walls of the tract organs

amylases Amylases hydrolyze carbohydrate chains

parietal cells

eating foods that are low in fat

increased osmotic pressure of the large intestine contents Osmotic pressure is the tendency of water to move into a cell by osmosis (diffusion of water). Recall that the rate of osmosis is dictated by the concentration of non-diffusible solutes in a solution.

trypsin

The visceral peritoneum covers the external surface of most digestive organs.

Iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum.

mass movement

mechanical breakdown

The stomach's acid catabolically breaks down foodstuffs in preparation for absorption.

In the rare case that intact, whole proteins are transported across the mucosal endothelium, an immune response may be generated.

canine tooth

The liver creates bile, a soapy compound that emulsifies lipids.

The normal osmolarity of intracellular and extracellular fluid is 300 mOsm, which makes them isotonic. Normal cell and plasma osmolarity is best illustrated by diagram number 1. Mrs. F's liver is no longer producing enough plasma protein so her blood has become hypotonic to her cells. This is best illustrated by diagram number 3. Because Mrs. F's cells are hypertonic to her plasma, water will move into the cells by osmosis, causing her tissues to swell.

The liver destroys aldosterone. Good! When you think about K+, you should think about aldosterone right away. Aldosterone is the hormone that activates the Na+/K+ exchange in the kidneys, moving 3 Na+ into the blood and 2 K+ into the urine. The liver stops this process by destroying the aldosterone. If the liver cannot destroy aldosterone fast enough, the Na+/K+ exchange will continue to run, and K+ will be lost in the urine. This is sometimes called "potassium wasting." Because potassium controls nerve and muscle firing, this loss of potassium could cause decreased reflexes, weakness, and-finally-fatal heart arrhythmias. In addition, Mrs. F will be moving too much Na+ from her urine into her blood-and because there is more solute entering her blood than her urine, water will also move from her urine into her blood, increasing her blood volume. That is why she has high blood pressure, and it may also make her edema worse. As you care for Mrs. F, you will need to be aware of these potential problems and watch carefully (so you can catch them early if they develop). The liver does regulate blood glucose, but that does not affect K+ levels.

Good! The liver is vital for proper blood clotting. First, the liver synthesizes plasma proteins, including many clotting factors. Second, if the liver fails to produce bile, fat and fat-soluble vitamins cannot be absorbed effectively from the diet. Vitamin K is an essential clotting factor. And there is a third reason...

The epiglottis assists in propelling food into the trachea.

many pepsinogen molecules remain unchanged

a cyanide derivative

pylorus

B complex and C vitamins

produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion

Constipation

monosaccharides

a bile duct along with a portal venule and arteriole

The motor nerves of this pathway are part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

A sphincter is a thickening of circular muscle that can prevent the movement of digesting materials while circular muscle is involved in propulsion digesting material.

jejunum

Bile contains enzymes for digestion.

small intestine

chief cells of the stomach

loose connective tissue

Absorption (absorption is the passage of digested end products and water from the lumen of the GI tract through the mucosal cells into blood or lymph)

lipase

water absorption and feces elimination

conscious neural control

occurs by simple diffusion because lipids are able to penetrate the hydrophobic fatty acid tails within the plasma membrane

spread to the other salivary glands

circular folds

protease: lipid digestion

in the form of chylomicrons

secretin

cholecystokinin

gastrin

gastric inhibitory peptide

mechanical digestion

amylase

waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another

lipid emulsification

peristalsis in the esophagus

orbicularis oris

Peristalsis is a physical process used for propulsion, or movement, through the GI tract.

secretin

sitting upright after a meal

hiatal hernia

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

muscularis externa The smooth muscles in the muscularis work to make the propulsive movements called peristalsis.

32

slow the activities of the stomach

liver

Saliva contains enzymes that begin the chemical breakdown of proteins. Saliva contains components with functions ranging from starch breakdown to fighting bacterial infection, but it does not contain any enzymes that digest protein.

1. Liver, because of the yellow coloration in her eyes, which indicates that the liver is not processing bilirubin. 2. Gall bladder, because it stores bile and might be related to the bilirubin buildup in her blood.

Hemoglobin

Bilirubin

1. Bile 2. Gall bladder

cholecystokinin

1. Gall bladder 2. bile 3. duodenum

Someone with difficulty converting bilirubin into bile will have trouble digesting fats, and they will go out in the stool.

A gallstone that blocks the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater) will block the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas.

Sympathetic system because severe pain activates the fight or flight response, which has all the effects she exhibits.

Her liver will still make bile, but she will have a limited ability to store it (the bile duct may stretch to take on some of this role), so she may not be able to process large amounts of fat in a single meal.