Knot of capillaries that directs blood into the efferent arteriole.
A) arcuate arteries
B) cortical radiate arteries
C) glomerulus
D) afferent arterioles
E) peritubular capillaries
answer
C) glomerulus
question
The medial concave cleft in which vessels, ureters, and nerves enter/leave the kidney.
A) cortex
B) hilum
C) renal corpuscle
D) renal capsule
E) sinus
answer
B) hilum
question
A large fat-filled space within the kidney that also contains the renal pelvis, blood vessels,
and nerves.
A) sinus
B) convoluted tubules
C) renal corpuscle
D) renal pyramids
E) cortical columns
answer
A) sinus
question
Cup-shaped tubes that enclose the papillae of the pyramids.
A) major calyx
B) minor calyx
C) renal sinus
D) renal pelvis
E) cortical columns
answer
B) minor calyx
question
85% of nephrons are described by this term that relates to their location in the kidney.
A) sinusoidal
B) trabecular
C) medullary
D) cortical
E) extrinsic
answer
D) cortical
question
Region of the distal tubule that monitors concentration of the filtrate.
A) vasa recta
B) collecting duct
C) macula densa
D) mesangial
E) extraglomerular
answer
C) macula densa
question
The descriptive term for the location of the kidneys relative to the abdominal cavity.
A) retroperitoneal
B) intraperitoneal
C) extraabdominal
D) supraperitoneal
E) subcapsular
answer
A) retroperitoneal
question
Contraction of this muscle forces urine from the bladder.
A) cremaster
B) detrusor
C) diaphragm
D) vesicular
E) dartos
answer
B) detrusor
question
Ladderlike looping blood vessels within the medulla.
A) vasa vasorum
B) peritubular capillaries
C) cortical radiate
D) vasa recta
E) interlobular
answer
D) vasa recta
question
Blood vessel that contains granular cells involved in blood pressure regulation.
A) afferent arteriole
B) efferent arteriole
C) segmental artery
D) macula densa
E) extraglomerular mesangial
answer
A) afferent arteriole
question
Which of the following is not normally found in urine?
A) urea
B) glucose
C) uric acid
D) creatinine
answer
B) glucose
question
If you looked closely at the tip of a renal papilla with a hand lens, the hundreds of little
openings you would see on its surface are
A) minor calyces.
B) renal sinuses.
C) openings of papillary ducts.
D) glomeruli.
answer
C) openings of papillary ducts.
question
Vessels and nerves enter and leave the kidney through the
A) fibrous capsule.
B) lateral convex surface.
C) inferior surface.
D) medial hilum.
answer
D) medial hilum.
question
The most superficial layer of the kidney is the
A) cortex.
B) medulla.
C) renal pyramids.
D) renal papilla.
answer
A) cortex.
question
How much of the fluid filtered by the kidney actually becomes urine?
A) 1%
B) 10%
C) 50%
D) 99%
answer
A) 1%
question
Which of the following supportive tissues is most superficial?
A) fibrous capsule
B) pararenal fat
C) perirenal fat
D) renal fascia
answer
B) pararenal fat
question
Before it enters the ureter, urine collects in the
A) renal sinus.
B) renal pelvis.
C) renal cortex.
D) renal pyramids.
answer
B) renal pelvis.
question
Infection of the renal pelvic and calyces is known as
A) nephritis.
B) cystitis.
C) hydronephritis.
D) pyelitis.
answer
D) pyelitis.
question
Which vessels lie within the renal columns?
A) arcuate arteries
B) cortical radiate arteries
C) interlobar arteries
D) segmental arteries
answer
C) interlobar arteries
question
Which of the following is not part of the filtration membrane?
A) basement membrane
B) capillary endothelium
C) filtration slit diaphragm
D) granular cells
answer
D) granular cells
question
Which of the following processes does not participate in the production of urine in the
kidney?
A) filtration
B) secretion
C) evaporation
D) resorption
answer
C) evaporation
question
Which of the following is not found in the renal corpuscle?
A) the glomerulus
B) the nephron loop
C) glomerular capsule
D) podocytes
answer
B) the nephron loop
question
The only embryonic kidney that survives into adulthood is the
A) pronephros.
B) mesonephros.
C) metanephros.
D) paranephros
answer
C) metanephros.
question
The function of the collecting duct is to
A) contract its muscular walls to expel urine from the cortex.
B) determine the final volume and concentration of urine.
C) drain blood from the kidney and deliver it to the renal vein.
D) transport resorbed water back into the cardiovascular system.
answer
B) determine the final volume and concentration of urine.
question
The kidneys lie behind the ________ cavity.
A) abdominal
B) pelvic
C) thoracic
D) cranial
answer
A) abdominal
question
The name of the inferior of the three openings in the trigone of the bladder is the
A) ureteric orifice.
B) urachus opening.
C) internal urethral orifice.
D) detrusor.
answer
C) internal urethral orifice.
question
Renin is produced in
A) the glomerulus.
B) the renal medulla.
C) the granular cells.
D) glomerular capsules.
answer
C) the granular cells.
question
The mucosal folds in the bladder (rugae)
A) act to increase the surface area for absorption.
B) thicken the bladder wall so that it does not burst.
C) are not present in life, only in cadavers.
D) have the same basic function as transitional epithelium—accommodating stretch as the
bladder fills.
answer
D)have the same basic function as transitional epithelium—accommodating stretch as the
bladder fills.
question
Why are urinary tract infections more common in females than in males?
A) In males the urethra is made up of three regions, whereas in females it is made of only one.
B) In females the urethra is attached to the anterior vaginal wall by connective tissue.
C) In females the urethra is shorter than in males.
D) In males the urethra is shared by the both the reproductive and the urinary systems, whereas
in females it is part of the urinary system only.
answer
C) In females the urethra is shorter than in males.
question
Which of the following conditions is most often seen in elderly males with prostatic
hyperplasia?
A) urge incontinence
B) overflow incontinence
C) urinary retention
D) stress incontinence
answer
C) urinary retention
question
Which of the following would not inhibit micturition?
A) stimulation of the somatic motor neurons to the external urethral sphincter
B) activation of the sympathetic pathways
C) relaxation of the internal urethal sphincter
D) relaxation of the detrusor muscles
answer
C) relaxation of the internal urethal sphincter
question
Which segment of the nephron has a simple squamous epithelium?
A) ascending limb of the nephron loop
B) descending limb of the nephron loop
C) distal convoluted tubule
D) proximal convoluted tubule
answer
B) descending limb of the nephron loop
question
An important difference between a cuboidal epithelial cell of the proximal versus the distal
convoluted tubules is that
A) the former only secretes, the latter only filters.
B) one lies in the renal cortex, the other in the medulla.
C) only one has a folded basolateral membrane containing enzymes for ion transport.
D) the proximal tubule cells have long microvilli that are fewer than or absent from the distal
tubule cells
answer
D) the proximal tubule cells have long microvilli that are fewer than or absent from the distal
tubule cells
question
An important difference between the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta in the kidney
is that
A) only the vasa recta are supplied by efferent arterioles.
B) the vasa recta drain into arterioles, whereas the peritubular capillaries drain into venules.
C) the vasa recta are involved in filtration, whereas the peritubular capillaries are involved in
resorption.
D) the vasa recta are in the medulla, whereas the peritubular capillaries are in the cortex.
answer
D) the vasa recta are in the medulla, whereas the peritubular capillaries are in the cortex.
question
From which embryonic tissue layer(s) does the kidney arise?
A) ectoderm
B) mesoderm
C) endoderm
D) all three layers
answer
B) mesoderm
question
Which of the following is not usually associated with the formation of renal calculi?
A) increased intake of calcium
B) polyurea
C) dehydration
D) bacterial infection
answer
B) polyurea
question
The left renal vein ________ the right renal vein.
A) is shorter than
B) is the same length as
C) is longer than
D) carries less blood than
answer
C) is longer than
question
Which of the following statements about the urinary bladder is false?
A) In females, the bladder lies posterior to the uterus but anterior to the rectum.
B) The ureters attach to the bladder through oblique posterolateral orifices.
C) Two ureteral openings and the internal urethral orifice bound the trigone of the bladder.
D) When empty, the bladder lies inferior to the abdominal cavity.
answer
A) In females, the bladder lies posterior to the uterus but anterior to the rectum.
question
Based on what you know about the location of the kidneys in the posterior abdominal wall,
the hilum of the kidney must be at the level of which vertebra?
A) T11 or T12
B) L1 or L2
C) L4
D) T8
answer
B) L1 or L2
question
Which of the following is found exclusively in the renal medulla?
A) nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons
B) cortical radiate arteries
C) peritubular capillaries
D) proximal convoluted tubules
answer
A) nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons
question
The part of the nephron whose epithelial cells are most responsible for resorption and
secretion is the
A) glomerular capsule (podocytes).
B) proximal tubule.
C) thin segment.
D) distal tubule.
answer
B) proximal tubule.
question
The layer of podocytes is the same as the
A) parietal layer.
B) glomerulus.
C) visceral layer of glomerular capsule.
D) capsular space
answer
C) visceral layer of glomerular capsule.
question
Of the following, the only epithelial type that does not line the urethra is
A) simple squamous.
B) pseudostratified columnar.
C) stratified squamous.
D) stratified columnar
answer
A) simple squamous.
question
Which of the following statements about the internal urethral sphincter is false?
A) It is a thickening of the detrusor muscle.
B) It is located superior to the prostatic urethra in males.
C) It is not consciously controlled.
D) It is surrounded by the urogential diaphragm.
answer
D) It is surrounded by the urogential diaphragm.
question
Pyelography is
A) kinking of the ureter.
B) a type of X-ray procedure (radiology).
C) a way to cure kidney stones.
D) failure of the embryonic kidney to ascend.
answer
B) a type of X-ray procedure (radiology).
question
Arteries that branch to form the afferent arterioles to the glomeruli are
A) segmental arteries.
B) arcuate arteries.
C) cortical radiate arteries.
D) interlobar arteries.
answer
C) cortical radiate arteries.
question
Which of the following structures is most numerous within a kidney?
A) cortical radiate arteries
B) minor calyces
C) renal corpuscles
D) renal papillae
answer
C) renal corpuscles
question
The embryonic urogenital sinus
A) derives from the cloaca.
B) gives rise to the anus.
C) gives rise to the rectum.
D) gives rise to the ureters.
answer
A) derives from the cloaca.
question
The ureters develop from
A) the cloaca.
B) the urogenital sinus.
C) pronephric nephrons.
D) a duct that branches from the mesonephric duct.
answer
D) a duct that branches from the mesonephric duct.
question
The external urethral sphincter is located
A) at the external urethral orifice.
B) at the junction of the bladder wall and urethra.
C) at the ureteral orifice.
D) at the urogenital diaphragm.
answer
D) at the urogenital diaphragm.
question
The condition in which the metanephros has failed to ascend is
A) horseshoe kidney.
B) polycystic renal disease.
C) hydronephrosis.
D) pelvic kidney.
answer
D) pelvic kidney.
question
During a dissection, Arnie saw the ureters entering the lateral corners of the bladder but
found the internal openings of the ureters in the trigone near the midline of the bladder. His
observation necessarily means that
A) the ureters run medially for some distance within the posterior bladder wall.
B) the ureters and urethra are really the same tube.
C) each ureter must have four distinct openings into the bladder.
D) this bladder had a congenital defect.
answer
A) the ureters run medially for some distance within the posterior bladder wall.
question
The parts of the nephron whose epithelial cells contain the most mitochondria are the
A) renal corpuscle and distal tubule.
B) proximal and distal tubules.
C) thin segment and glomerular capsule.
D) vasa recta and collecting tubules.
answer
B) proximal and distal tubules.
question
In the micturition reflex, the detrusor muscle is stimulated to contract by
A) sphincter neurons from the brain.
B) sympathetic fibers.
C) parasympathetic fibers.
D) visceral sensory fibers from the vagus.
answer
C) parasympathetic fibers.
question
In the juxtaglomerular apparatus, the macula densa belongs to the
A) terminal nephron loop.
B) glomerulus.
C) efferent arteriole.
D) visceral layer of the glomerular capsule (podocytes).
answer
A) terminal nephron loop.
question
Another name for the neck of the bladder is the
A) superior surface.
B) anterior angle.
C) inferior angle.
D) trigone.
answer
C) inferior angle.
question
The longest of the three parts of the male urethra is the
A) prostatic.
B) membranous.
C) spongy urethra.
D) neck.
answer
C) spongy urethra.
question
Which structure(s) is (are) most important for holding the kidney in place in the abdomen?
A) renal vessels
B) renal ligaments
C) renal fascia
D) the diaphragm, through its muscle tone
answer
C) renal fascia
question
The micturition center is located in the
A) cerebellum.
B) detrusor muscle layer of the bladder wall.
C) pons of the brain stem.
D) sacral spinal cord.
answer
C) pons of the brain stem.
question
Cortical nephrons are different from juxtamedullary nephrons in that
A) they are much less abundant.
B) they produce urine, whereas juxtamedullary nephrons do not.
C) their nephron loop is shorter, with a shorter thin segment.
D) they do not have a proximal convoluted tubule.
answer
C) their nephron loop is shorter, with a shorter thin segment.
question
When Melinda was asked to identify a "mystery" slide on a histology test, she immediately
identified it as renal cortex because of the presence of scattered
A) renal corpuscles.
B) thin segments.
C) renal papillae.
D) vasa recta.
answer
A) renal corpuscles.
question
Which of the following regions of the nephron is most likely to be found in the renal
medulla?
A) glomerulus
B) proximal convoluted tubule
C) distal convoluted tubule
D) collecting duct
answer
D) collecting duct
question
Urine passes through the
A) kidney hilum to the bladder to the ureter.
B) renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder to the urethra.
C) glomerulus to the ureter to the nephron.
D) hilus to the urethra to the bladder.
answer
D) hilus to the urethra to the bladder.
question
An increase in the permeability of collecting tubule cells to water is due to
A) a decrease in the production of ADH.
B) an increase in the production of ADH.
C) a decrease in the concentration of solutes in the blood plasma.
D) the presence of a salty urine in the bladder.
answer
B) an increase in the production of ADH.
question
The epithelium lining the urinary bladder that permits distension is
A) stratified squamous.
B) transitional.
C) simple squamous.
D) pseudostratified columnar
answer
B) transitional.
question
Which gland sits atop each kidney?
A) pancreas
B) pituitary
C) adrenal
D) interlobar gland
answer
C) adrenal
question
The glomerular capsule and the glomerular capillaries together make up the renal corpuscle.
answer
T
question
Urine flows from the kidney to the bladder by gravity and peristalsis
answer
T
question
The epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubule have an abundance of absorptive microvilli.
answer
F
question
The descending thin limb of the nephron loop consists of a simple squamous epithelium.
answer
T
question
In females, the urinary bladder lies anterior to the vagina and uterus.
answer
T
question
The location and length of the urethra are two factors that contribute to the high incidence of
urinary tract infections in women
answer
T
question
The urinary bladder, when empty, lies within both the abdominal and pelvic cavities
answer
F
question
A network of peritubular capillaries surrounds the convoluted tubules and nephron loop for
the purpose of filtration.
answer
F
question
The internal urethral sphincter is composed of smooth muscle and is under involuntary
control.
answer
T
question
The kidneys are located just below lumbar vertebrae L2 and L3.
answer
F
question
The correct sequence of arterial blood flow is the renal artery to the segmental arteries to the
interlobar arteries.
answer
T
question
Venous structures of the kidney mirror those of the arterial circuit, except for the absence of
segmental veins.
answer
T
question
Urine drains from the kidney in the following sequence: from the collecting duct to the minor
calyx to the major calyx to the renal pelvis and then to the ureter
answer
T
question
The ureters enter the bladder obliquely at the anterolateral corners.
answer
F
question
Cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons can be distinguished by the absence of a vasa recta in
the cortical nephrons
answer
T
question
The ________ urethral sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle and under voluntary control.
answer
external
question
The calyces and renal pelvis are all flared branches off the ________, which is an organ that
transmits urine to the bladder.
answer
ureter
question
The ________, a clinical landmark in the urinary bladder, is bounded by the two ureteric
openings and the internal urethral orifice
answer
trigone
question
Most water and solutes are resorbed from the convoluted renal tubules into the ________.
answer
peritubular capillaries
question
The U-shaped ________ is located between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules
answer
nephron loop
question
________ are large cells with complex "footlike" processes that wrap around the glomerular
capillaries.
answer
Podocytes
question
The ________ artery is located between the interlobar and cortical radiate arteries.
answer
arcuate
question
Between the fibrous renal capsule and the renal fascia is a cushioning and supportive
________ fat capsule.
answer
perirenal
question
Adjacent collecting ducts join to form larger ________ that drain into the minor calyx.
answer
papillary ducts
question
Blood pressure is regulated by a specialized structure, known as the ________, that contacts
both the afferent arteriole and the terminal end of the nephron loop.
answer
juxtaglomerular apparatus
question
The ________ layer of the ureters propel urine to the bladder by peristalsis
answer
muscularis
question
Voiding of urine, known as ________, involves sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic
fibers.
answer
micturition
question
Five ________ arteries branch from the renal artery and enter the hilus.
answer
segmental
question
________ cells are modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent and efferent arterioles that
secrete the hormone renin.
answer
Granular (or Juxtaglomerular)
question
Glomeruli arise from branches off the ________ arterioles of the cortex.
answer
afferent glomerular
question
Describe the structure and function of the filtration slit and membrane.
answer
Blood is filtered through filtration slits in the glomerular capillaries. The slits consist of
three layers. The fenestrations in the endothelium of the capillaries create large pores through
which the blood filtrate passes. A basement membrane superficial to the endothelium provides a
second layer of the barrier. It prevents most large proteins from passing. Finally, the pedicles of
the podocytes form the third layer of the membrane. These also prevent proteins from passing
through the slits.
question
Describe how the structure of the proximal convoluted tubule walls reflects its function in
filtrate processing.
answer
The walls of the proximal tubule are simple cuboidal epithelium. The luminal surface
of the cells is covered by microvilli. These structures increase the surface area of the proximal
tubule thereby greatly enhancing the resorption of water, electrolytes, and other solutes from the
filtrate.
question
Compare and contrast the construction of the bladder and ureter walls.
answer
The walls of both the bladder and ureter consist of three layers: a mucosa of
transitional epithelium, a muscularis layer, and an external adventitia. The muscularis of the
ureter consists of two layers of smooth muscle, circular and inner longitudinal, for most of its
length, then adds a third external longitudinal layer at its distal end. The bladder has all three
layers of smooth muscle. The adventitia of the bladder is replaced with parietal peritoneum on its
superior surface
question
Explain the significance of the intimate anatomical relationship between the nephrons and the
peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
answer
The vast majority, 99%, of the filtrate that is removed from the blood must be resorbed
from the nephrons. If this fluid were not resorbed, the body would quickly dehydrate. All ions,
solutes, and water that are resorbed from the nephron pass into the surrounding peritubular
capillaries and return to the cortical radiate vein. Sodium and water resorbed from the nephron
loop are picked up by the vasa recta and returned to the cortical radiate vein.
question
Describe the structure, function, and control of the internal and external urethral sphincters in
micturition
answer
The internal urethral sphincter is composed of smooth muscle and is under involuntary
control. In contrast, the external urethral sphincter is skeletal muscle that can be voluntarily
controlled. The internal sphincter prevents leakage of urine between voiding, and the external
sphincter prevents urination until consciously desired.
Haven't found what you need?
Search for quizzes and test answers now
Quizzes.studymoose.com uses cookies. By continuing you agree to our cookie policy
