Urinary (lecture And Lab)

Correctly label the forces involved in glomerular filtration.

Indicate whether the provided renal function results from the creation of urine or through other mechanisms.

Filtration is a ________________ process that depends on a ___________________ gradient.

When systemic blood pressure decreases, the result is that the ___________ arterioles change diameter by undergoing ______________

Identify the three components of the filtration membrane.

The cell type in the distal tubule and collecting duct that is responsible for Na? and water reabsorption is the principal cell. The hormone aldosterone acts in this part of the nephron and has a big impact on sodium and potassium levels in the filtrate. Overconsumption of alcohol can cause the hypothalamus to sense that the blood is too dilute, resulting in a decrease in the production of antidiuretic hormone thus reducing the reabsorption of water leading to dehydration.

1. The glomerular capsule leads into the proximal convoluted tubule, the longest and most coiled of the four regions of the renal tubule. 2. From there, the filtrate flows into the descending limbof the nephron loop, the first part of the U-shaped portion of the tubule found mostly in the medulla.

Name the arteries that supply the kidney, in sequence from largest to smallest.

The countercurrent multiplier is a phenomenon that occurs in the nephron loop. Countercurrent exchange occurs as both solutes and water move freely in and out of the vasa recta. The increase in osmolarity as filtrate moves down the descending limb is due to water moving out of the tubule. The decrease in osmolarity of the filtrate as it moves up the ascending limb is due to solutes moving out of the tubule.

If both the glomerular and capsular hydrostatic pressures remain unchanged, an increase in the blood colloid osmotic pressure results in a(n) _____________ in the net filtration pressure.

Which of the following forces oppose glomerular filtration?

The interstitial fluid within the medulla has a __________________ osmolarity than the interstitial fluid within the cortex.

The vasa recta is a specialized capillary that branches from the ___________ arteriole. The blood flow in the vasa recta runs _______________ to the flow of tubular filtrate within the nephron loop.

Individuals with Bartter syndrome have a defective gene coding for Na+/K+/2Cl- symport (NKCC2) that disables it from functioning. These individuals are expected to have ___________ than normal blood potassium levels. This response is the ___________ what is expected from individuals taking prescribed loop diuretics.

The nephron loop is responsible for approximately 25% of the reabsorption of sodium. Loop diuretics cause an overall __________________ in the reabsorption of sodium in this region resulting in a(n) ________________________ in the osmolarity of the tubular filtrate.

Hypertension affects approximately 20% of the adult population in the U.S., and is classified into 'primary hypertension' and 'secondary hypertension.' Primary hypertension has no specific, single identifiable factor and is the most common cause of hypertension. Secondary hypertension can be attributed to a specific cause, such as chronic volume overload. For patients in which modified diet and exercise plans do not significantly improve hypertensive symptoms, diuretics may be prescribed.

Urine is formed in the

Which of the following is one of the processes in urine formation?

What percentage of glomerular filtrate becomes urine?

Most of the water in tubular fluid is reabsorbed in the

Tubular secretion involves the movement of substances

Negatively charged proteoglycans found in the basement membrane prevent most proteins in the blood from exiting the glomerular capillaries. Filtrations slits are formed by podocytes. Small openings in the capillary endothelium called fenestrations are too small to allow cells to leave the glomerulus.

Indicate whether each of the following would result in a more dilute urine or a more concentrated urine.

During renal autoregulation, the kidneys maintain a relatively constant GFR despite changes in blood pressure, and without the input of nervous or hormonal control. The process whereby the flow of filtrate through the distal tubule results in changes in GFR is termed tubuloglomerular feedback. The three components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus are the JG cells, the macula densa, and the mesangial cells. Epithelial cells found where the distal tubule passes between the afferent and efferent arterioles are called the macula densa.

Which of the following are primary organs of the urinary system?

Indicate whether each of the following substances is reabsorbed from the filtrate or secreted into the filtrate.

Low blood pressure causes the kidneys to increase the secretion of renin from the JG cells. The activation of angiotensin II stimulates widespread vasoconstriction, release of ADH from the posterior pituitary, as well as the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone. Aldosterone acts on the DCT of the kidney tubules to reabsorb greater amounts of sodium from the tubular fluid.

Explain the order of kidney structures (and thus urine flow) leaving the renal papilla until reaching the urinary bladder.

List the veins through which blood leaves the kidney in sequence from smallest to largest.

1. Each nephron is composed of two parts: a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. 2. The renal corpuscle is composed of a glomerulus and a Bowman's capsule. 3. This area is where the filtrate is formed from the plasma.

Match the component of urine formation with its description.

The majority of sodium reabsorption occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule. During this process sodium enters the tubule cells at the ___________________ and exits the tubule cells at the ____________________.

Glucose that is reabsorbed into tubular cells travels __________ its concentration gradient through sodium-glucose symport channels at the luminal membrane. Glucose in tubular cells exits the basolateral membrane into interstitial fluid through the process of ______________________.

Under normal conditions the majority of uric acid reabsorption occurs at the _______________________.

Treatment with Probenecid® results in _________________ levels of uric acid in the urine and __________________ levels of uric acid in the blood.

Choose the correct order of urine formation and flow through the kidney.

1. Aldosterone enhances the reabsorption of sodium through the upregulation of the sodium-potassium pump found at the ________________. 2. In addition to enhancing the reabsorption of sodium, aldosterone also enhances the __________________ of potassium. 3. Antidiuretic hormone enhances water ______________ by _______________ the number of aquaporins at the tubular cell membrane.

Blood pH adjustment occurs at the distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule, and collecting duct through the reabsorption and secretion of HCO3- and H+. Type A and type B intercalated cells transport both HCO3- and H+, but in opposite directions. Type A cells secrete H+ through H+ ATPases located at the luminal membrane, and reabsorb bicarbonate through Cl-/HCO3- exchangers at the basolateral membrane. Type B cells secrete bicarbonate through Cl-/HCO3- exchangers at the luminal membrane, and reabsorb H+ through H+ ATPases found at the basolateral membrane. The Cl-/HCO3- exchanger found at the luminal membrane of Type B intercalated cells has been identified as Pendrin (SLC26A4). In these cells, the Cl-/HCO3-ion transporter moves bicarbonate into the tubular filtrate in exchange for a Cl- ion moving in the opposite direction. Animal studies have shown that Pendrin transport proteins may be upregulated (increased) or down-regulated (decreased) in response to specific conditions such as metabolic alkalosis and metabolic acidosis, respectively. Upregulation and downregulation allows the nephron to dynamically adjust to changes in blood pH and maintain homeostasis.

Put the following portions of the nephron in order, beginning at the renal corpuscle and heading toward the collecting tubules.

Put the labels in order based on the blood vessels blood passed through from the blood supply of the kidney to blood draining the kidney.

The renal corpuscle consists of a capillary called the glomerulus and a capsule of epithelial cells. A virus that specifically attacks podocytes would damage the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule . Glomerular filtrate collects in the capsular spacebefore entering the first portion of the renal tubule, called the proximal tubule. A blockage in the distal tubule would prevent filtrate from reaching the collecting duct.

Place each of the labels in the proper position to denote whether they would pass through the filtration membrane or not.

An obstruction in the renal pelvis would prevent urine from leaving the kidney. Urine directly exits the body via the urethra. The minor calyx receives urine from the renal pyramid.

Indicate the pathway of urine formation to urine output by placing each of the structures in the correct sequential order from left to right.

Indicate whether each factor on the left would increase or decrease urine volume.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic condition that results in hyperglycemia, or abnormally high blood glucose levels. There are three types of diabetes mellitus; type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are sometimes referred to as "insulin-dependent" and "insulin independent" respectively. Gestational diabetes is usually a temporary condition present during pregnancy. Individuals with untreated diabetes mellitus have higher glucose levels within the tubular filtrate due to the high blood glucose levels. Normally, 100% of the filtered glucose gets reabsorbed as it passes into the tubular cells through the sodium-glucose symport SGLT2 found at the luminal membrane, and enters the interstitial fluid through the facilitative glucose transporter GLUT2 found at the basolateral membrane. When glucose levels exceed normal values these transport proteins become saturated, unable to reabsorb all of the glucose within the tubular filtrate. This causes glucosuria, in which glucose remains within the tubular filtrate and thus is present within the urine. The increased osmolarity of the glucose-rich tubular filtrate causes water to move into the tubular filtrate by osmosis. This is referred to as osmotic diuresis. The result of this action is an increase in the frequency and volume of urine, and subsequent excessive thirst. An emerging class of drugs is being tested that seeks to lower blood glucose levels by inhibiting the reabsorption of glucose. These drugs target and inhibit the sodium-glucose symport SGLT2, disrupting glucose reabsorption and increasing urinary glucose secretion. Although these drugs are still undergoing clinical trials, they may potentially assist in controlling blood glucose levels of individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Indicate whether each of the following would increase or decrease filtration.

Indicate whether each of the following is a characteristic of the ascending limb or the descending limb of the nephron loop.

Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion differ in that __________________________.

Which of the following substances utilizes paracellular transport in order to cross the basolateral membrane of the tubule cell during the process of reabsorption?

Name the arteries that supply the kidney, in sequence from largest to smallest.

1. There are four major stages in the formation of urine. 2. The first stage involves creating a filtrate in the glomerulus.

Match the component of a nephron with its description.

Label the midsagittal male pelvis using the hints provided.

What is the correct branching sequence of arteries in the kidney?

The major calices merge to form a single, funnel-shaped

Blood vessels, nerves and the renal pelvis enter/exit the kidney at the

1. The cortex is the outer part that functions in blood filtration.

The preprostatic urethra is connected to the urinary bladder. The prostatic urethra passes through a reproductive organ and receives two ejaculatory ducts.

Place the following structures in order as urine passes through them. (cadaver)

Place the following parts of the kidney in order of urine flow.

he junction of the renal medulla and renal cortex is called the