The Urinary System Mastering Assignments

Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate? -ions, such as sodium and potassium -blood cells and large particles -nitrogenous waste particles, such as urea -water and small solutes

What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration? -hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure) -colloid osmotic pressure of blood -gravity

Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged? -creatinine -glucose -chloride -protein

If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease? -net filtration would not be altered -net filtration would decrease -net filtration would increase

Which of the following statements about aldosterone is NOT correct? -Aldosterone is produced in the adrenal cortex. -Aldosterone increases the number of passive sodium channels in the luminal membrane of the distal tubule and collecting duct, thus aiding sodium reabsorption. -Aldosterone is stimulated by decreased plasma sodium levels and increased plasma potassium levels. -Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption by increasing the number of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule.

Which of the following statements about ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is correct? -ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland. -ADH would increase urine volume. -ADH inserts water channels into the luminal membrane of the proximal tubules. -ADH is synthesized by the adrenal gland and works in the kidney.

What is the osmolarity of the filtrate at the end of the proximal tubule? -hypotonic - 100 mOsm -hypertonic - 600 mOsm -hypertonic - 1200 mOsm -isotonic - 300 mOsm

In overhydration, what would be the levels of ADH (high, normal, or low) and what would be the osmolarity of the urine? ADH - low; 600 mOsm (urine) ADH - high; 100 mOsm (urine) ADH - low; 100 mOsm (urine) ADH - high; 600 mOsm (urine)

In severe dehydration or blood loss, what would be the levels of ADH and what would be the urine flow rate? -ADH - low; low urine flow rate (0.25 ml/min) -ADH - high; high urine flow rate (16 ml/min) -ADH - high; low urine flow rate (0.25 ml/min) -ADH - low; high urine flow rate (16 ml/min)

Which of the following statements about filtrate is INCORRECT? -The filtrate is similar to blood plasma. -The filtrate is collected within the renal cortex. -The filtrate has the same osmotic pressure as blood plasma. -The filtrate is produced within the proximal convoluted tubule.

How is the proximal convoluted tubule different from the distal convoluted tubule? -The proximal convoluted tubule is parallel to the vasa recta, just like the distal convoluted tubule. -The proximal convoluted tubule has numerous aldosterone-regulated solute transport mechanisms, just like the distal convoluted tubule. -Water reabsorption is always obligatory in the proximal convoluted tubule but not in the distal convoluted tubule. -The proximal convoluted tubule empties directly into the collecting duct, just like the distal convoluted tubule.

Imagine a situation in which the number of urea leak channels increased dramatically in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. What could be one likely consequence of this situation? -Aldosterone-regulated Na+ pump activity would increase dramatically to stabilize the osmotic concentration gradient. -The increased solute concentration in the vasa recta would stimulate additional water reabsorption. -The concentration gradient of the renal medulla would remain unaffected. -The final urine output would increase greatly because of the increase in ADH-regulated water reabsorption.

The mechanisms that establish the medullary osmotic gradient depend mostly on the properties of the __________. -collecting duct -distal convoluted tubule -loop of Henle -glomerular filtration membrane

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) __________. -increase in the production of aldosterone -decrease in the production of ADH -increase in the production of ADH -decrease in the concentration of blood plasma

The descending limb of the loop of Henle __________. -is not permeable to water -contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it -moves down into the medulla -is freely permeable to sodium -none of the above

The main force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is __________. -glomerular blood pressure -the size of the podocytes -the thickness of the capillary endothelium -none of the above

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is __________. -osmosis -active transport -cotransport with sodium ions -none of the above

Which of the following three physiological processes are carried out by the nephrons? (Mark ALL that apply.) Secretion Filtration Reabsorption Digestion Agglutination

A ____________ can be done to analyze the chemical and physical properties of urine. -Lithotripsy -Urinalysis -Pyelogram -Ultrasound -Complete blood count -Renal biopsy

The chemical composition of the urine fluctuates throughout the day depending on metabolic activity, water consumption, and urinary output. The chemical composition of the urine fluctuates throughout the day depending on metabolic activity, water consumption, and urinary output. True False

An important aspect of urine is its density or specific gravity, which is . 1.003-1.030 1.000-1.015 1.041-1.073 1.030-1.040

All of the following are normal constituents of urine EXCEPT . -uric acid -blood -creatinine -urea

The normal pH range of urine is . 4.5-8 7-9 1-4.5 3.5-7

Which of the following is NOT a normal constituent of urine? Glucose Creatinine Sodium Water Urea

The specific gravity of urine is slightly greater than the specific gravity of distilled water. True False

Dehydration would likely ____________ the specific gravity of urine. Not affect Increase Decrease

Michael has been on a high-protein diet for the past few weeks. What effect might this have on the pH of Michael's urine? Decrease the pH (more acidic) Increase the pH (more alkaline) No effect on the pH

Which of the following might cause a urine sample to appear turbid? (Mark ALL that apply.) Water Mucus Microbes Crystals Blood cells

All of the following may cause ketones to be found in the urine EXCEPT . starvation a diet very low in carbohydrates a diet very low in protein diabetes mellitus

All of the following may increase the permeability of the glomerular membrane EXCEPT . disease low blood pressure physical injury bacterial toxins

All of the following may cause urobilinogenuria EXCEPT . infectious hepatitis cirrhosis congestive heart failure kidney stones

What does ketosis, or ketones in the urine, indicate? Excessive hemoglobin breakdown Excessive salt consumption in the diet A urinary tract infection Excessive lipid catabolism Increased glomerular permeability

A diabetic patient who is poorly regulating the disease would likely have which of the following urine abnormalities? (Mark ALL that apply.) Ketosis Urobilinogenuria Hematuria Pyuria Glucosuria

A patient who is suffering from a urinary tract infection (UTI) may have which of the following urine abnormalities? (Mark ALL that apply.) Nitraturia Albuminuria Elevated specific gravity Pyuria Bacteriuria

Which of the following is ABNORMAL urine constituent? Uric acid Urea Creatinine phosphate Ammonium ions White blood cells Chloride ions

Presence of bacteria in the urine always indicates a urinary tract infection (UTI) because urine should be free of bacteria. True False

Calculi can become lodged in the kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, or the urethra. True False

The nonsurgical procedure that is performed to break down renal calculi is called _____________. Urinalysis Lithotripsy Hysteroscopy Pyelogram Catheterization

Sediments in the urine consisting of clumps of blood cells, epithelial cells, and crystals are called ___________. Ketones Stones Trichomonas Casts Calculi

adventitia

arcuate artery

arcuate vein

circular smooth muscle fibers

water conservation

collecting duct

distal convoluted tubules

glomerulus

interlobar artery

lamina propria

mucosa

inner and outer layers of the detrusor muscle

longitudinal smooth muscle fibers

loops of Henle

medullary rays

muscular layer

proximal convoluted tubule

renal corpuscles

filtration

renal medulla

Urine passes through the __________. renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder to the urethra glomerulus to ureter to renal tubule hilum to urethra to bladder renal hilum to the bladder to the ureter

Which is NOT associated with the renal corpuscle? a vasa recta a podocyte a fenestrated capillary an afferent arteriole

The urinary bladder is composed of __________ epithelium? pseudostratified columnar stratified squamous transitional simple squamous

The _______ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and the medulla of the kidney. interlobar cortical radiate arcuate lobar

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the ureters? Ureters have sphincters at their entrances to prevent backflow of urine. The ureters are lined with stratified squamous epithelium like the skin. The ureters are capable of peristalsis. none of the above

Where are the kidneys located? Abdominal cavity Dorsal cavity Thoracic cavity Cranial cavity

Where is urine stored? Ureter Urethra Urinary bladder Kidney Urethra

What anchors the kidney to the abdominal wall? Select all that apply. fibrous capsule renal fascia the peritoneal cavity perinephric fat capsule

The kidneys are located outside the peritoneal cavity. True False

The renal pyramids are located within the renal ______________. Cortex Fascia Medulla Pelvis Capsule

The __________________ merge to form the renal pelvis, which conducts urine into the ureter. Minor calyces Renal columns Renal papillae Renal hilus Major calyces

Blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter the kidney at the renal _____________. Medulla Hilus Pelvis Columns Cortex

Which cells of the kidney monitor NaCl concentrations? juxtaglomerular cells macula densa podocytes mesangial cells

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the . nephron glomerular capsule loop of Henle none of the above

The renal corpuscle is made up of . the descending loop of Henle the glomerular capsule the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule the renal papillae

The majority of the nephrons (approximately 85%) are ______________ nephrons, located primarily in the ______________. Juxtamedullary; medulla Cortical; medulla Cortical; cortex Juxtamedullary; cortex

The renal artery branches into . interlobar arteries cortical radiate arteries arcuate arteries segmental arteries

What drains the blood from the glomerulus? efferent arteriole afferent arteriole renal artery arcuate arteries

Blood from the abdominal aorta enters the kidney via the _____________. Interlobar vein Renal artery Renal vein Peritubular capillaries Arcuate artery

What type of epithelium line the urethral mucosa? stratified cuboidal epithelium stratified squamous epithelium transitional epithelium none of the above

The ureters and the urethra join the urinary bladder on the _________________ surface. Superior and anterior Inferior and anterior Superior and posterior Inferior and posterior

The renal ____________ is an expanded extension of the ____________. Papilla; urethra Pelvis; ureter Papilla; ureter Pelvis; urethra

Which of the following blood vessels conducts oxygenated blood into the kidney from the abdominal aorta? Segmental artery Interlobar artery Renal vein Renal artery Interlobar vein

The human kidney and the sheep kidney are very similar in both size and structural anatomy. True False

Cortex

interlobar

kidneys

removal of toxins from the blood

membranous urethra

transport of urine

renal pelvis

urinary bladder

transitional

arcuate

collecting duct

proximal convoluted tubule

cortical nephron

efferent arterioles

filtration

Interlobar vessels

ascending loop of Henle

prostatic urethra

medulla

spongy urethra

urinary bladder