Chapter 18 (Lesson 15)

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the urinary system? regulation of plasma osmolarity regulation of insulin secretion regulation of plasma volume regulation of plasma ionic composition

Which of the following is NOT a secondary function of the kidneys? gluconeogenesis secretion of erythropoietin production of renin glycogenolysis

Part complete Which of the following conditions might lead to glucose levels exceeding the transport maximum in the proximal tubules? diabetes insipidus dehydration kidney stones diabetes mellitus

As the glomerular filtrate is formed, it flows from the Bowman's capsule into the __________. descending limb of the loop of Henle proximal convoluted tubule connecting tubule distal convoluted tubule

Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate? nitrogenous waste particles, such as urea blood cells and large particles water and small solutes ions, such as sodium and potassium

What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration? View Available Hint(s) gravity hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure) colloid osmotic pressure of blood

Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged? protein glucose creatinine chloride

Part complete If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease? net filtration would increase net filtration would decrease net filtration would not be altered

Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg. 60 mm Hg 25 mm Hg 35 mm Hg 50 mm Hg

Part complete Of the 800 millimoles of glucose that is filtered by the kidneys each day, what percentage is reabsorbed? 98.1% 99.2% 99.4% 100%

Why is inulin, an exogenous substance, useful in determining glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? Inulin is reabsorbed. Inulin is freely filtered and not reabsorbed or secreted. Inulin is secreted from the peritubular fluid into the lumen of the renal tubule. Inulin's filtered load is greater than its excretion rate.

Which of the following events does NOT take place during the process of micturition? relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter decreased somatic neuron activity increased sympathetic activity increased parasympathetic activity

Involuntarily urine loss in an adult can be diagnosed as urinary __________. bladder atony incontinence tract infection (UTI) retention

Urinary incontinence in children under 2 or 3 is normal; children under that age have not developed the proper __________ control to prevent their incontinence. neural paracrine hormonal autocrine

There are several types of urinary incontinence in the adult. One type is __________ incontinence, which is most common in females. This condition causes loss of urine when a sudden mechanical pressure is placed on the bladder, such as during coughing or sneezing. functional urge overflow stress urinary

Some causes for stress urinary incontinence are a weakening of the pelvic floor muscles, causing the bladder and urethra to form an improper angulation. Other causes are due to atrophy of urogenital structures after __________, as a result of decrease in __________. menopause; estrogen sexual activity; estrogen a stroke; neural signals heart attack; blood flow

__________ incontinence can be caused by factors such as urinary tract infections, damage to nerves innervating the bladder, diseases of the prostate, and hysterectomies. Urge Stress urinary Overflow Functional

__________ incontinence occurs when a person has difficulty completely emptying the bladder, causing the bladder to always be partially full. The urine remaining in the bladder after an individual has completed urination is termed their post-void residual. A post-void residual of less than 30cc is normal. Stress urinary Overflow Urge Functional

__________ incontinence occurs secondary to other diseases that affect motility and cognition. Urge Overflow Stress urinary Functional

Treatment for urinary incontinence depends on the cause. Treatment for stress urinary incontinence generally requires a surgery that reestablishes the proper anatomical angle(s) of the __________. ureter renal pelvis bladder and urethra kidney

Urge incontinence due to bladder spasm is generally treated by using medications that blocks the __________ stimulation to the detrusor muscle and increases __________ stimulation to the internal urethral sphincter. parasympathetic; sympathetic sympathetic; parasympathetic visceral afferent; parasympathetic somatic; parasympathetic

If the urethra becomes blocked, urine will initially back up into the portion of the urethra proximal to the obstruction; it will then backup into the __________, followed by a backup into the __________. Ultimately the backup may be into the renal pelvis and then the calyces, contained within the __________ and causing a condition, termed hydronephrosis. kidneys; urinary bladder; ureters ureters; urinary bladder; kidneys urinary bladder; kidneys; ureters urinary bladder; ureters; kidneys

__________, also known as renal calculus or renal lithiasis, are solid crystalline structures that are formed in the renal system. Males are affected __________ times more common than females. Kidney stones; 2 Bile duct stones; 4 Kidney stones; 4 Kidney stones; 8

A stone formed in the kidney may dislodge and pass first into the __________, then down the __________ and into the __________. urinary bladder; renal pelvis; ureter ureter; renal pelvis; urinary bladder renal pelvis; urinary bladder; ureter renal pelvis; ureter; urinary bladder

Part complete The most common kidney stones consist of __________. calcium oxalate uric acid struvite cysteine

Cysteine kidney stones form in individuals with a hereditary disease called __________. thyroid disease Tay-Sachs cystic fibrosis cystinuria

Most kidney stones form when two factors occur; one factor is a high mineral concentration in the urine, and the other is __________. decreased fluid intake low protein intake increased fluid intake high fiber intake

Diets high in __________ and low in __________ influence kidney stone formation. protein; fiber protein; lipid lipid; protein cellulose; meat

__________ and __________ intake can assist in preventing kidney stone formation. __________ water intake can also help avoid kidney stone formation. Citrate; high protein; Low Calcium; magnesium; High Citrate; magnesium; High Citrate; magnesium; Low

A(n) __________ is one diagnostic tool used to diagnose kidney stones. bronchogram colonoscopy ECG X-ray

One treatment method that breaks up large kidney stones without surgery is __________. nephrolithotomy extracorporal shock wave lithotripsy ureteroscopy nephrectomy

Very large kidney stones may be surgically removed by __________. extracorporal shock wave lithotripsy ureteroscopy nephrolithotomy nephrectomy

__________ failure involves a progressive and irreversible loss of kidney structures, leading to a progressive loss of renal function. __________ failure is a sudden loss of kidney function. Acute renal; chronic renal Urinary bladder; acute renal Urethral; chronic renal Chronic renal; acute renal

In __________, the glomerular filtration rate decreases to less than 5%. chronic renal failure glomerulonephritis end-stage renal failure acute renal failure

the selective transport of molecules from the lumen of the renal tubules to the interstitial fluid outside the tubules. __________ is the selective transport of molecules from the peritubular fluid to the lumen of the renal tubules. Glomerular filtration; Secretion; Reabsorption Reabsorption; Glomerular filtration; Secretion Glomerular filtration; Reabsorption; Secretion Secretion; Glomerular filtration; Reabsorption

The __________ is the volume of the plasma filtered per unit time; it is normally around 125 ml/min. When the rate of this filtered volume drops to less than 5%, due to irreversible kidney problems, it is termed end-stage renal failure. renal plasma flow filtration fraction renal blood flow glomerular filtration rate

The two forces at the renal corpuscle that promote filtration (a push of protein-free plasma into Bowman's capsule) are the __________ pressure and the __________ pressure. glomerular capillary hydrostatic; glomerular osmotic Bowman's capsule hydrostatic; glomerular capillary hydrostatic Bowman's capsule hydrostatic; glomerular osmotic glomerular capillary hydrostatic; Bowman's capsule osmotic

Part complete The two forces at the renal corpuscle that oppose glomerular filtration are __________ pressure and __________ pressure. Bowman's capsule hydrostatic; glomerular capillary hydrostatic glomerular capillary hydrostatic; glomerular osmotic Bowman's capsule hydrostatic; glomerular osmotic glomerular capillary hydrostatic; Bowman's capsule osmotic

Two diseases that are common causes for chronic renal failure are __________ and __________. Both of these diseases can adversely affect renal vasculature, thus affecting glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure. gallbladder disease; thyroid disease arthritis; hypertension thyroid disease; hypertension diabetes; hypertension

The two main treatments for end-stage renal disease are __________ and __________. dialysis; ureteroplasty intravenous pyelogram; kidney transplant dialysis; cystoscopy dialysis; kidney transplant

__________ is a treatment that filters the blood by using a semipermeable membrane that allows small solutes to exchange freely between two liquids. __________ is a possible cure, but available kidneys fall short of demand. Kidney dialysis; Kidney transplant Kidney dialysis; Cystoscopy Kidney dialysis; Ureteroplasty Intravenous pyelogram; Kidney transplant

The __________ fluid can be adjusted in accordance with the filtration needs. The adjustment process uses the principles of diffusion and osmosis using various solute and solvent gradients. bilirubin plasma blood dialysate

Which of the following statements correctly explains why the glomerular capillaries in the kidney favor filtration along the entire length? They favor filtration only on the afferent arterial end, and the venous end favors reabsorption from the tubules. The high pressure in the system maintains a stable hydrostatic pressure along the entire length, and the filtration membranes prevent changes in the osmotic pressure. The net filtration pressure at the arterial and venous ends is the same because the osmotic pressure increases as the hydrostatic pressure decreases.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the kidneys? The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs. At rest, the kidney receives up to 20% of cardiac output. Each kidney is connected to the urinary bladder via the urethra. The smallest functional subunit of the kidney is the nephron.

If a scientist injected a purple dye (which consisted of a substance that could not be reabsorbed) into the thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle, __________. View Available Hint(s) The dye would pass through the Bowman's capsule on its way out of the nephron. The dye would impact glucose reabsorption. The dye would pass immediately into the collecting duct of the nephron from where it was injected. the urine leaving this nephron would be purple

Which of the following accurately pairs the renal structure with its function? vasa recta; delivers blood to the afferent arteriole renal corpuscle; renin secretion efferent arteriole; delivers blood to the peritubular capillaries collecting duct; filtration

Which of the four Starling forces is the major determinant of glomerular filtration pressure (GFP)? Bowman's capsule osmotic pressure hydrostatic pressure of the glomerular capillaries hydrostatic pressure of the Bowman's capsule glomerular capillary osmotic pressure

Part complete What do you predict would happen if the resistance in the efferent arteriole were significantly decreased? Net glomerular filtration rate would be increased. Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure would be decreased. Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure would be increased. Bowman's capsule osmotic pressure would be increased.

Part complete Which of the following is true regarding tubuloglomerular feedback? Increased glomerular filtration rate leads to paracrine secretion from the macula densa. The stretching of the afferent arteriole walls leads to increased constriction of the afferent arteriole. Activation of the macula densa cells leads to an increased glomerular filtration rate. Tubuloglomerular feedback is an extrinsic control mechanism.

If Na+/K+ pumps were inactivated from the basolateral membrane of the renal tubule, blood volume would __________. unchanged decrease increase

If Na+/K+ pumps were inactivated from the basolateral membrane in the renal tubule, glucose clearance would __________. increase decrease

Doctors have injected a patient with a freely filtered substance that can be neither reabsorbed nor secreted. What is an example of such a substance? insulin urea inulin glucose

Part complete In evaluating a male patient's medical records, you notice that the level of creatinine present in his urine in a 24-hour period is 1500 mg. Should you be concerned? no yes

If the clearance of a substance is greater than the glomerular filtration rate, that substance was __________ by the renal tubules. excreted filtered reabsorbed secreted

Micturition __________. involves relaxation of smooth muscle and no involvement of skeletal muscle involves urine movement from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder via the ureter is regulated by a spinal reflex that cannot be overridden by voluntary control involves contraction of smooth muscle and relaxation of skeletal muscle

Part complete Which of the following could cause urinary incontinence? hyperactivity of the motor neurons that innervate the external urethral sphincter hyperactivity of the stretch receptors that initiate the micturition reflex hyperactivity of the sympathetic neurons that innervate the internal urethral sphincter damage to the parasympathetic neurons that innervate the detrusor muscle

Which of the following accurately pairs the portion of the renal tubule with the appropriate anatomical modification? proximal tubule; extensive surface area for absorption proximal tubule; "tight" tight junctions collecting duct; lack of aquaporins distal tubule; large amount of mitochondria relative to other areas of the renal tubule

Which part of the nephron is sensitive to hormones such as ADH (vasopressin)? distal tubule and collecting duct renal corpuscle proximal convoluted tubule loop of Henle

When dialysis patients have edema, the technicians can increase the protein content of the dialysis solution in order to decrease the patient's plasma volume. In a healthy kidney, this is similar to an increased __________. glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure glomerular capillary osmotic pressure Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure Bowman's capsule osmotic pressure

The selective transport of molecules from the lumen of the renal tubules to the interstitial fluid outside the tubules is known as which of the following? reabsorption glomerular filtration excretion secretion

In which portion of the nephron are glucose and amino acids reabsorbed? proximal tubule ascending limb of the loop of Henle distal tubule descending limb of the loop of Henle

Which of the following would increase the filtered load of a given substance X? increased Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure increased mean arterial pressure decreased plasma concentration of substance X decreased glomerular filtration rate

What are the two main parts of the nephron? glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule the glomerulus and the proximal convoluted tubule the efferent and afferent arteriole

Which of the following describes the order in which blood flows through the nephron? afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, glomerulus efferent arteriole, glomerulus, afferent arteriole afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole glomerulus, afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole

Part complete Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys? exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the tissues maintenance of acid-base balance of the blood maintenance of plasma osmolarity maintenance of electrolyte balance in the body

Which of the following should NOT be found in the filtrate in the Bowman's capsule? sodium glucose potassium white blood cells

Which structures form the filtration membrane in the nephron? afferent arteriole and the glomerular capsule glomerulus and the glomerular capsule efferent arteriole and the glomerular capsule afferent arteriole and the efferent arteriole

Which of the following resulted in an increase in glomerular filtration rate? decreasing the efferent arteriole diameter and increasing the afferent arteriole diameter increasing the efferent arteriole diameter and increasing the afferent arteriole diameter decreasing the afferent arteriole diameter increasing the efferent arteriole diameter decreasing the efferent arteriole diameter and decreasing the afferent arteriole diameter

Which of the following resulted in a decrease in glomerular capillary pressure? increasing the efferent arteriole diameter increasing the efferent arteriole diameter and decreasing the afferent arteriole diameter increasing the afferent arteriole diameter decreasing the afferent arteriole diameter decreasing the efferent arteriole diameter and increasing the afferent arteriole diameter

Part complete What is the normal range for glomerular filtration rate? 20 - 40 ml/min 80 - 140 ml/min 1 - 5 ml/min 200 - 250 ml/min

What is(are) the driving force(s) for filtration in the nephron? hydrostatic pressure gradients hydrostatic pressure gradients and osmotic pressure gradients osmotic pressure gradients

The functions of the nephron include all of the following EXCEPT _______. tubular secretion glomerular secretion tubular reabsorption glomerular filtration

In this activity, we will explore the effect of _______. dehydration on glomerular filtration rate blood pressure on glomerular filtration rate breathing on glomerular filtration rate excessive waste products in the blood on glomerular filtration rate

Part complete What is the name for the "ball" of capillaries found in the renal corpuscle? glomerulus peritubular capillaries efferent arteriole afferent arteriole

As the pressure in the beaker was increased, which of the following occurred? Glomerular filtration rate decreased, and urine volume increased. Glomerular filtration rate increased, and urine volume decreased. Glomerular filtration rate decreased, and urine volume decreased. Glomerular filtration rate increased, and urine volume increased.

Part complete The pressure in the left source beaker simulates _______. blood pressure capsular pressure osmotic pressure glomerular hydrostatic pressure

With the valve between the collecting duct and the urinary bladder closed, _______. the glomerular pressure decreased the glomerular pressure increased the glomerular filtration rate was zero urine volume was zero

With the valve between the collecting duct and the urinary bladder closed and with the pressure increased, _______. the glomerular filtration rate increased and the glomerular pressure decreased the glomerular filtration rate increased and the glomerular pressure increased the glomerular filtration rate increased the glomerular pressure decreased the glomerular pressure increased

Altering the radii of the afferent and efferent arterioles provides for _______. blood pressure homeostasis glomerular hydrostatic pressure homeostasis glomerular filtration rate homeostasis and glomerular hydrostatic pressure homeostasis blood pressure homeostasis and glomerular filtration rate homeostasis glomerular filtration rate homeostasis

Because the alteration of the afferent or efferent arteriole occurs within the nephron, we refer to this mechanism as _______. extrinsic compensatory independent intrinsic

Which of the following would decrease glomerular filtration rate? increasing the efferent arteriole radius and/or decreasing the afferent arteriole radius increasing the afferent arteriole radius and/or decreasing the efferent arteriole radius decreasing the efferent arteriole radius decreasing the afferent arteriole radius increasing the efferent arteriole radius

In this activity, the drain beaker (second beaker in the flow) simulates the _______. peritubular capillaries renal vein renal artery vasa recta

When the beaker pressure was lowered, which of the following decreased? glomerular pressure, glomerular filtration rate and urine volume glomerular filtration rate urine volume glomerular pressure and glomerular filtration rate glomerular pressure

When blood pressure increases, what changes can occur to maintain glomerular filtration rate? constriction of the afferent arteriole dilation of the efferent arteriole dilation of the efferent arteriole dilation of the afferent arteriole constriction of the afferent arteriole and dilation of the efferent arteriole dilation of the afferent arteriole

When the efferent arteriole constricts, _______. the glomerular filtration rate decreases the back pressure in the Bowman's capsule increases urine volume decreases the glomerular capillary pressure increases

Interstitial fluid is located in the _______. tubule lumen spaces surrounding the kidney tubule glomerulus peritubular capillaries

Secretion of ADH would _______. decrease glomerular filtration rate increase glomerular filtration rate decrease urine output increase urine output

The reabsorption of water and solutes _______. is passive is into the peritubular capillaries depends on concentration gradients is passive, depends on concentration gradients and is into the peritubular capillaries is passive and is into the peritubular capillaries

When ADH is present in the filtrate, _______. urine output increases urine concentration increases urine concentration decreases urine concentration decreases and urine output increases urine concentration increases and urine output increases

What happened to the urine volume when the solute gradient in the interstitial space was increased? The urine volume stayed the same. The urine volume decreased. The urine volume increased. The urine volume went to zero.

What happened to the urine concentration when the solute gradient in the interstitial space was increased? The urine concentration went to zero. The urine concentration stayed the same. The urine concentration increased. The urine concentration decreased.

What will happen to the urine volume if ADH is NOT added to the collecting duct? The urine volume will decrease. The urine volume will go to zero. The urine volume will increase. The urine volume will stay the same.

Part complete Glucose is reabsorbed _______. through transmembrane proteins by facilitated diffusion by secondary active transport into the peritubular capillaries All of the above are correct.

Part complete Glucose reabsorption occurs in the _______. glomerular capsule collecting duct descending limb of the loop of Henle proximal convoluted tubule

Glucose is transported _______. through the basolateral membrane by secondary active transport through the basolateral membrane by facilitated diffusion through the basolateral membrane by cotransport with sodium through the apical membrane by facilitated diffusion

As the number of glucose carriers increased, the concentration of glucose in the _______. distal tubule increased distal tubule decreased and bladder decreased bladder decreased distal tubule increased and bladder decreased distal tubule decreased

At which concentration of glucose carriers was the glucose concentration reduced to zero? 300 200 100 400

When the glucose transport maximum is reached, _______. not all of the glucose is reabsorbed glucose is excreted in the urine and all of the glucose is reabsorbed glucose is excreted in the urine all of the glucose is reabsorbed glucose is excreted in the urine and not all of the glucose is reabsorbed

ADH is produced in the _______. anterior pituitary adrenal cortex posterior pituitary hypothalamus

The secretion of aldosterone is directly stimulated by _______. angiotensin II renin a change in body fluid osmolarity angiotensin I

Part complete The secretion of ADH is directly stimulated by _______. renin angiotensin II angiotensin I a change in body fluid osmolarity

The addition of aldosterone _______. resulted in no change in urine volume decreased the urine volume increased the urine volume decreased the urine volume to zero

Part complete With ADH added but in the absence of aldosterone, _______. urine volume decreased the potassium concentration increased the potassium concentration decreased and urine volume decreased the potassium concentration decreased the potassium concentration increased and urine volume decreased

The urine was the most concentrated _______. with aldosterone without ADH without both ADH and aldosterone with both ADH and aldosterone with ADH but without aldosterone

Which hormone had the greater effect on urine volume? Both ADH and aldosterone had an equal effect on urine volume. aldosterone ADH Neither ADH nor aldosterone affected urine volume.