Chapter 25: Urinary

Which region of the kidney is characterized by the presence of cone-shaped pyramids? Select from letters A-D.

Which letter represents the most superficial region of the kidney? Select from letters A-D.

Which pressure is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane of the glomerulus?

Which of the three parts of the renal tubule is formed by cuboidal epithelial cells bordered by dense microvilli?

The __________ collect(s) urine, which drains continuously from the papillae; the urine is then emptied into the __________.

Each nephron contains a __________, which is a tuft of capillaries, and a __________.

The renal corpuscle is made up of ________.

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.

Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate?

Having a kinked ureter is called renal ptosis.

In what part of the renal tubule does parathyroid hormone (PTH) promote the reabsorption of calcium ions?

Which statement best describes the effect diuretics have?

Under normal conditions, the large renal arteries deliver one-fourth of the total cardiac output (about 1200 ml) to the kidneys each minute.

What arteries branch off the arcuate arteries?

Which vessel is present in the arterial pathway as blood flows into the kidney but NOT present in the venous pathway exiting the kidney?

Which vessels supply the cortical tissue of the kidney with blood?

What two structures constitute the renal corpuscle?

Which of the three parts of the renal tubule is formed by cuboidal epithelial cells bordered by dense microvilli?

In which kidney region are all renal corpuscles located?

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the cortical nephrons?

Where does the efferent arteriole of the juxtamedullary nephron carry blood to?

Which capillary bed produces filtrate?

What is the function of the macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)?

Where is filtrate produced in the nephron?

What vessel directly feeds into the glomerulus?

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

Hydronephrosis may be caused by all EXCEPT which of the following?

Which of the following is the most likely to cause pyelonephritis?

Which of the following is the functional unit of the kidney?

The __________ is an outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidney and the adrenal gland to surrounding structures. The __________ prevents infections in surrounding regions from spreading to the kidneys.

The __________ collect(s) urine, which drains continuously from the papillae; the urine is then emptied into the __________.

What arteries branch off the arcuate arteries?

Which vessel is present in the arterial pathway as blood flows into the kidney but NOT present in the venous pathway exiting the kidney?

Which vessels supply the cortical tissue of the kidney with blood?

In which kidney region are all renal corpuscles located?

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the cortical nephrons?

What is the function of the macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)?

Which of the following is NOT a cause of anuria?

What type of capillaries make up the glomerulus?

Overall, which of the following pressures is ultimately responsible for glomerular filtration?

Which hormone(s) is/are required for facultative water reabsorption in the collecting ducts?

A nonfasting urine sample from an individual who has previously ingested donuts and a soft drink showed the presence of sugar (glucose). Which of the following statement explains the presence of the glucose in the urine?

Where in the nephron does most solute reabsorption occur?

Approximately 80% of the energy used for active transport is devoted to the reabsorption of __________.

Upon reaching what point in the nephron is reabsorption (1) dependent upon the body's needs at the time, and (2) regulated by hormones?

Chemicals that enhance urinary output are called __________.

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane.

The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to both solutes and water.

The leading cause of chronic renal disease is hypertension.

Which of the following is the volume of filtrate formed each minute by all of the glomeruli of the kidneys?

Calculate the net filtration pressure if blood pressure in the glomerulus is unusually high, around 68 mm Hg.

What hormone promotes active tubular secretion of potassium ions in the late distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting ducts?

In what part of the renal tubule are aquaporins scarce or absent so that water CANNOT be reabsorbed?

Which of the following promotes the formation of dilute urine?

Where does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) exert its effects to promote water reabsorption?

What is the largest component of urine by weight, other than water?

When renal calculi obstruct a ureter, pain is perceived to radiate from the lower back to the anterior abdominal wall on the same side. This is an event that ______.

Urinary incontinence may occur if a person has ______.

Which of the following is NOT a major urine formation process?

Which urinary structure serves as the temporary storage site for urine?

The __________ keeps the urethra closed when urine is not being passed from the bladder and prevents leaking between voiding.

Which of the following is NOT one of the things that must happen for micturition to occur?

What region of the male urethra runs through the urogenital diaphragm, extending about 2 cm from the prostate to the beginning of the penis?

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________. A) loop of Henle B) glomerular filtration membrane C) collecting duct D) distal convoluted tubule

Urine passes through the ________. A) renal hilum to the bladder to the ureter B) pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra C) glomerulus to ureter to renal tubule D) hilum to urethra to bladder

Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle? A) a podocyte B) a vasa recta C) a fenestrated capillary D) an efferent arteriole

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________. A) decrease in the production of ADH B) increase in the production of ADH C) increase in the production of aldosterone D) decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma

The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium. A) transitional B) simple squamous C) stratified squamous D) pseudostratified columnar

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________. A) when the peritubular capillaries are dilated B) when the pH of the urine decreases C) by a decrease in the blood pressure D) when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10

Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system? A) helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of blood B) regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones C) maintains blood osmolarity D) eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat

Which gland sits atop each kidney? A) adrenal B) thymus C) pituitary D) pancreas

The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney. A) lobar B) arcuate C) interlobar D) cortical radiate

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________. A) has a basement membrane B) is impermeable to most substances C) is drained by an efferent arteriole D) has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems

the descending limb of the loop of Henle ________. A) is not permeable to water B) is freely permeable to sodium and urea C) pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule D) contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla

Select the correct statement about the ureters. A) Ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine. B) The epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch. C) The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract. D) The ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only.

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________. A) ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently B) stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position C) is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys D) produces vitamin D

The renal corpuscle is made up of ________. A) Bowman's capsule and glomerulus B) the descending loop of Henle C) the renal pyramid D) the renal papilla

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for ________. A) the secretion of drugs B) the secretion of acids and ammonia C) reabsorption of organic molecules, vitamins, and water D) regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure

Which of the following statements describes the histology of the ureters? A) They are trilayered (mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia). B) They are actually an extension of the visceral peritoneum. C) They are made up of several layers of endothelium. D) They are made up entirely of muscle tissue because they need to contract in order to transport urine efficiently.

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? A) The male urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive systems at the same time. B) The male urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive systems but at different times. C) The male urethra is longer than the female urethra. D) The male urethra is a passageway for both urine and semen.

Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)? A) the stretching of the bladder wall B) motor neurons C) the pressure of the fluid in the bladder D) the sympathetic efferents

The filtration membrane includes all except ________. A) glomerular endothelium B) podocytes C) renal fascia D) basement membran

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. A) active transport B) osmosis C) solvent drag D) cotransport with sodium ions

Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. A) not Tm limited B) in the distal convoluted tubule C) hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments D) completed by the time the loop of Henle is reached

The macula densa cells respond to ________. A) aldosterone B) antidiuretic hormone C) changes in pressure in the tubule D) changes in solute content of the filtrate

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? A) Na+ B) K+ C) glucose D) creatinine

The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________. A) glucose B) hormones C) electrolytes D) plasma protein

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________. A) is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells B) increases the rate of glomerular filtration C) increases secretion of ADH D) inhibits the release of ADH

The function of angiotensin II is to ________. A) constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure B) decrease the production of aldosterone C) decrease arterial blood pressure D) decrease water absorption

A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is ________. A) diabetes mellitus B) diabetes insipidus C) diabetic acidosis D) coma

An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________. A) 1.041-1.073 B) 1.001-1.035 C) 1.030-1.040 D) 1.000-1.015

Select the correct statement about the nephrons. A) The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium. B) The glomerulus is correctly described as the proximal end of the proximal convoluted tubule. C) Podocytes are the branching epithelial cells that line the tubules of the nephron. D) Filtration slits are the pores that give fenestrated capillaries their name.

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal? A) Net filtration would increase above normal. B) Net filtration would decrease. C) Filtration would increase in proportion to the increase in capsular pressure. D) Capsular osmotic pressure would compensate so that filtration would not change

What type of epithelial tissue forms the mucosa layer of the urinary bladder?

Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? A) granular cells B) macula densa C) podocyte cells D) mesangial cells

Tubular reabsorption ________. A) includes substances such as creatinine B) by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient C) by passive processes requires ATP to move solutes from the interior of the tubule to the blood D) is a way for the body to get rid of unwanted waste

Which of the following is not a reason why substances are either not reabsorbed or are incompletely reabsorbed from the nephron? A) They lack carriers. B) They are not lipid soluble. C) They are too large to pass through the fenestrations. D) They are extremely complex molecules.

Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________. A) facilitated diffusion B) passive transport C) countertransport D) secondary active transport

Which of the choices below is a function of the loop of Henle? A) form a large volume of very concentrated urine or a small volume of very dilute urine B) form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine C) absorb electrolytes actively with an automatic absorption of water by osmosis D) none of these

Fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because ________. A) fetuses do not have any waste to excrete B) there are no functional nephrons until after birth C) the placenta allows the mother's urinary system to clear the waste from fetal blood D) there is no way a fetus could excrete urine until the seventh month of development

Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)? A) Kidney function remains the same throughout life, regardless of age. B) Only about 3% of older adults have any loss of kidney function. C) Only obese and diabetic older adults have any kidney dysfunction. D) Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy.

The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________. A) colloid osmotic pressure of the blood B) glomerular hydrostatic pressure C) capsular hydrostatic pressure D) myogenic mechanism

f the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________. A) be actively secreted into the filtrate B) be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells C) appear in the urine D) be reabsorbed by secondary active transport

If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean? A) The glucose molecule is too large to be filtered out of the blood. B) Most of the glucose is filtered out of the blood and is not reabsorbed in the convoluted tubules. C) Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed. D) The clearance value of glucose is relatively high in a healthy adult.

Polycystic kidney disease always affects both kidneys instead of only the right or left kidney because ______.

Excretion of dilute urine requires ________. A) relative permeability of the distal tubule to water B) impermeability of the collecting tubule to water C) transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the descending loop of Henle D) the presence of ADH

Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH? A) by secreting hydrogen ions into the filtrate B) by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate ions C) by producing new bicarbonate ions D) by secreting sodium ions

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the ________. A) thin segment is freely permeable to water B) thick segment is permeable to water C) thin segment is not permeable to sodium and chloride D) thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption

Which of the choices below does not describe the importance of tubular secretion? A) disposing of substances not already in the filtrate, such as certain drugs B) eliminating undesirable substances such as urea and uric acid that have been reabsorbed by passive processes C) ridding the body of bicarbonate ions D) ridding the body of excessive potassium ions

Which statement is correct? A) Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled. B) Normal filtrate contains a large amount of protein. C) Most of the water passing through the kidney is eliminated as urine. D) The excretion of sodium ions is one of the mechanisms that maintains the pH balance of the blood.

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? A) help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys B) help regulate blood pressure and the rate of excretion by the kidneys C) help regulate urea absorption by the kidneys D) help regulate water and electrolyte excretion by the kidneys

Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron? A) macula densa B) principal cell C) vasa recta D) loop of Henle

Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption? A) ADH B) thyroxine C) aldosterone D) atrial natriuretic peptide

Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method? A) renal autoregulation B) neural regulation C) electrolyte levels D) hormonal regulation

Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion? A) angiotensin II and ADH B) angiotensin II and aldosterone C) angiotensin I and epinephrine D) angiotensin I and atrial natriuretic peptide

Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate? A) juxtaglomerular cells B) mesangial cells C) macula densa cells D) podocytes

Incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition.

Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?

Select the correct statement about urinary system development.

The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal.

The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron.

The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct

The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.

Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron?

Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________.

What is the most direct function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

If the GFR is too low, needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine.

Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process.

In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water.

The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH.

Urea is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle.

Tubular secretion is effective in controlling blood pH.

Obligatory water reabsorption involves the movement of water along an osmotic gradient.

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________.

The function of angiotensin II is to ________.

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?

Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________.

The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________.

Excretion of dilute urine requires ________.

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the ________.

Angiotensin II is a substance made by the body to lower blood pressure during stress.

Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water.

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________

Which of the following is not true regarding tubular reabsorption?

If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________.

Which of the choices below is the least important role of tubular secretion?

Blood in the urine may be a symptom of bladder cancer.

An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________.

Both the male and female urethras serve the urinary and the reproductive systems.

The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.