A&P Ch.26 Urinary System

25 July 2022
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The kidneys, urinary bladder, _____________, and _____________ are organs of the urinary system.
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Urethra, ureters
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What is the hollow muscular organ that lies just posterior to the symphysis pubis?
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Urinary bladder
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Other than excretion, the major functions of the kidneys include:
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- Regulation of blood solutes - Regulation of blood volume - Regulation of red blood cell production
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Place the kidneys and the structures associated with the kidneys in order from deepest to most superficial.
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1. Kidneys 2. Renal capsule 3. Adipose tissue 4. Renal fascia
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Describe the location of the kidneys.
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- The kidneys are located behind the peritoneal membrane - The kidneys are near the lateral psoas major muscles
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The major excretory organ of the body is the ________________
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Kidney
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Almost any molecule less than ______________ nm can be freely filtered from the blood through the filtration membrane.
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7
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Place the following events of the renin pathway in chronological order.
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1. Renin is secreted by the kidneys. 2. Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. 3. Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II 4. Secretion of aldosterone 5. Increased Na+ and Cl- reabsorption 6. Increased H2O reabsorption
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Identify the components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
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juxtaglomerular cells, mascula densa
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Place the statements in the correct order to illustrate the role of ADH in regulating extracellular volume.
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1. Blood pressure greatly increases 2.. ADH secretion is inhibited 3. Reabsorption of water in kidney tubules is decreased 4. Urine volume is increased 5. Blood pressure and extracellular fluid volume is decreased.
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Positively charged ions
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Pass freely into the filtrate
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Most blood cells
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Cannot pass into the filtrate
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Proteins less than 7nm
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Small amounts may enter the filtrate but will ultimately be reabsorbed
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Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the kidney?
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Regulation of white blood cell production
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The filtrate which forms urine is composed of _______________ waste, toxic ________________ and excess ions.
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metabolic, molecules
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Identify the layers of the filtration membrane:
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- Visceral layer of glomerular capsule - Basement membrane - Endothelium of glomerular capillaries
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The portion of the look of Henle located closest to the nephron and the proximal convoluted tubules is the ____________ limb
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descending
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The micturition reflex is initiated by the _______________.
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Stretching of the walls of the urinary bladder
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The structure indicated on the figure is the _______________.
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glomerulus (RED)
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The negative feedback loop triggered when blood osmolality _____________, results in a decrease in urine output.
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increase
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The Bowman capsule is composed of:
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- an inner layer called the visceral layer - an outer layer called the parietal layer
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Which parts of the nephron does ADH act on to regulate water reabsorption?
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Collecting duct, distal tubules
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Place the events of the micturition reflex in chronological order.
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1. Urine in the bladder stretches wall of the urinary bladder. 2. Action potentials transmitted from stretch receptors along pelvic nerves to the sacral region of the spinal cord 3. Action potentials transmitted from the spinal cord to the urinary bladder by pelvic nerves 4. Contraction of destrusor muscle of the urinary bladder
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50 mm Hg outward
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Glomerular capillary pressure
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10 mm Hg inward
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Capsular hydrostatic pressure
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30 mm Hg inward
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Blood colloid osmotic pressure
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The water channels through which water passes by osmosis are called __________________.
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aquoaporins
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The fibrous connective tissue that encloses the kidney is the renal _______________.
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capsule
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Which statements are true regarding the role of the basement membrane and podocytes of the nephron?
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- Contain negatively charged glycoproteins - Repel negatively charged blood proteins
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The afferent and efferent arterioles in the kidney are lined by _______________ muscle.
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smooth
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The _______________ nephrons are located close to the renal medulla and have nephron loops that extend very deep into the medulla.
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juxtamedullary
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What is the primary function of the urethra?
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Transport urine to outside the body
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Filtration is a process where blood components and molecules are separated by
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size, charge
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Which of the following structures are located in the renal cortex?
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- Proximal convoluted tubules - Distal convoluted tubules - Renal corpuscles
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The ureters and the urinary bladder are lined by ___________ cells.
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Transitional epithelial
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The outer layer of tissue indicated on the figure is the _____________ _______________.
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Renal Capsule
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The ___________________ urinary sphincter controls the flow of urine through the urethra.
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external
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The organs that can eliminate waste products from the body include the kidneys, ____________, _____________, ____________ and ________________.
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skin, liver, lungs, intestine
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Which statement regarding the urinary system is true?
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The urinary system has two ureters and one urethra
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Identify the structures that are part of the filtration membrane.
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- Basement membrane - Podocytes of the Bowman capsule - Fenestrae of the glomerular capillary
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Within the renal corpuscle, several layers form the ___________ through which fluid is filtered.
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filtration membrane
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The filtration membrane is _________________ permeable than a typical capillary.
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more
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The myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback are two preocesses involved in
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autoregulation
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The blood vessel that drains blood from the kidney into the inferior vena cava is called the ___________ _________________.
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renal vein
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The filtration membrane prevents blood cells and proteins from entering the Bowman capsule of the basis of:
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Charge, size
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The ___________ nephrons are located close to the kidney surface and have relatively short nephron loops
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Corticol
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When the macula densa of the juxtaglomerular apparatus detect changes in filtrate flow, they send a signal to the juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole. These cells constrict the afferent arteriole as needed. This process of autoregulation is called
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tubuloglomerular feedback
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Identify the primary hormones involved in regulating urine concentration.
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Renin, Aldosterone, ADH
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Which of the following describes tubular secretion?
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Substances are moved from the blood to the tubular fluid
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Identify substances that are impermeable to the filtration barrier.
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Blood cells, Proteins
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Aldosterone and ADH both play a primary role in regulating:
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Urine Concentration
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The filtration membrane filters blood components that enter the lumen of the Bowman capsule on the basis ____________ and ____________.
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size, charge
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Identify the structures that are part of the filtration membrane.
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- Podocytes of the Bowman capsule - Basement membrane - Fenestrae of the glomerular capillary
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Smooth muscle cells in the nephron arterioles respond to changes in blood pressure. This process is called the _______________.
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myogenic mechanism
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Place the statements in the correct order to illustrate the role of ADH in regulating extracellular volume.
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1. Blood pressure greatly increases 2. ADH secretion is inhibited 3. Reabsorption of water in kidney tubules is decreased 4. Urine volume is increased 5. Blood pressure and extracellular fluid volume is decreased
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Renal pyramids are part of the renal ______________.
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medulla
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Urine is directed from the kidney to the urinary bladder by the ____________.
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Ureter
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Identify substances that are actively secreted by the kidney tubules.
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Drugs, hydrogen ions, potassium
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The hormone, erythropoietin, secreted by the kidneys regulates the production of:
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Red blood cells
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The blood vessel that supplies blood to the kidney is called the ____________ _________________.
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renal artery
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Identify the structures of the nephron that maintain the high solute concentration in the medullary region of the kidney.
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Loop of Henle, Vasa recta
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When considering all of the pressures occurring within the renal corpuscle, is the NET PRESSURE into or out of the glomerular capillaries?
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Out of
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The movement of water, ions, and small molecules through the filtration membrane is called _________________.
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filtration
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The small antery that feeds into the glomerular capillary bed is called the ______________ arteriole.
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afferent
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What is the function of the urinary bladder?
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Storage of urine
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Renin is secreted in response to:
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- Decreased sodium concentration in filtrate - Reduced stretch of the afferent arteriole
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The pressure due to the accumulation of filtrate within the Bowman capsule that promotes the movement of fluid from the Bowman capsule into the glomerular capillaries is the __________ pressure.
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capsular hydrostatic
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The structure indicate by the arrow lettered A in the figure is the ________________ ___________________.
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renal fascia
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One of the primary functions of the kidney is regulating the concentration of major ions such as:
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-Chloride -Phosphate -Sodium -Bicarbonate
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The kidneys influence blood pressure by:
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altering the volume of urine output
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The process in which the nephron returns water and some filtered molecules to the blood is
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tubular reabsorption
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The filtration pressure in the glomerulus is determined by the balance of which two pressures?
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blood hydrostatic, colloid osmotic
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Within the renal corpuscle, the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is a pressure drawing fluid into what?
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glomerular capillaries
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The substance produced by the process of filtration that will layer become urine is called __________________.
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filtrate
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Identify the substance activated by the kidneys that aid in the absorption of calcium.
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Vitamin D
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The structures or tissues responsible for keeping urine from prematurely flowing outside the urinary bladder are:
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- elastic connective tissue - smooth muscle
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Place the arteries of the kidneys in their proper order.
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1. Renal artery 2. Segmental artery 3. Interlobar artery 4. Arcuate artery 5. Interlobular artery
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The kidneys are organized into two major regions: an outer __________ and an inner ___________.
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cortex; medulla
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The external urinary sphincter is comprised of ____________ muscle.
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skeletal
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Identify the major processes essential to urine production.
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- Tubular secretion - Filtration - Tubular reabsorption
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The tissue layer of the Bowman capsule pictured in the figure is the _____________ layer.
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visceral
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The arrow in the illustration is pointing to the renal _____________.
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medulla
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Which of the following would lead to an increase in urine formation?
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- Body fluid solute concentration decreases in response to a decrease in aldosterone - Increased blood pressure in response to increased blood volume
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The urethra is lined with stratified or pseudostratified ____________ _____________ cells.
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Columnar Epithelium
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Several minor calcyes merge to form the __________________.
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major calyx
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The basic components of the nephron include:
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- Distal convoluted tubule - Loop of Henle - Renal corpuscle - Proximal convoluted tubule
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List in order the path of urine flow starting with the renal papillae of the kidneys.
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1. Minor calcyces 2. Major calcyces 3. Renal pelvis 4. Ureters 5. Urinary bladder 6. Urethra
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What is the structure indicated in the figure?
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Hilum
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The paired ____________ connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
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ureters
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The funnel-like structure into which the renal papillae extend is called a ______________ ____________________.
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minor calyx
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List the tissue layers of the urinary bladder from the most interior cell type or tissue layer to the final exterior layer.
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1. transitional epithelium 2. lamina propria 3. muscular coat 4. adventitia
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The functional unit of the kidney is the ______________.
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nephron
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The process by which blood pressure forced fluid through the glomerular capillary walls into the glomerular capsule is called glomerular __________________.
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filtration
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The arrow labeled B indicates which of the major forces involved in filtration pressure?
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Capsular hydrostatic pressure
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ADH is produced by the ____________ and secreted by the ______________.
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hypothalamus; posterior pituitary
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The internal urinary sphincter is comprised of ________________ muscle.
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smooth
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The deep part the loop of Henle is highly permeable to what substance?
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Water
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The first step in the formation of urine is the crude separation of the molecules and cells by
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size
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Identify the organs that are capable of eliminating waste from the body.
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Lungs, skin, intestines
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The superior end of the ureter expands to form a funnel-shaped renal
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pelvis
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Rank the following segments of the nephron from greatest to least based on their reabsorption of water from the filtrate.
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1. Proximal convoluted tubule 2. Descending limb of the loop of Henle 3. Ascending limb of the loop of Henle
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The renal fraction is:
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the portion of the cardiac output that flows through the kidneys
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Which parts of the nephron does ADH act on to regulate water reabsorption?
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Collecting duct, distal tubules
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The kidneys can alter their excretion of _______________ ions, thus regulating extracellular fluid pH.
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hydrogen
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Identify the common function of the skin, liver, and lungs.
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Elimination of waste
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Filtration pressure favors a net outward pressure in a normal kidney because ____________ overrides other pressures.
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glomerular capillary pressure
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The cortex region of the kidney is labeled _______________ in the figure.
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B
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The hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman capsule averages about: (*renal pelvis is about 0 mm hg)
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10 mm Hg
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The inner region of the kidney that surrounds the sinus is called the renal _______________.
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medulla
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Normal filtrate that eventually forms urine is composed of:
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- toxic molecules - excessive ions - metabolic waste
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The process of urination is also called ______________.
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micturition
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Place the events of the micturition reflex in chronological order.
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1. Urine in the bladder stretches wall of the urinary bladder. 2. Action potentials transmitted from stretch receptors along pelvic nerves to the sacral region of the spinal cord. 3. Action potentials transmitted from the spinal cord to the urinary bladder by pelvic nerves. 4. Contraction of detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder
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What is the location of the ureters? :
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Extending inferiorly and medially from the renal pelvis to the bladder
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The portion of the loop of Henle which connects to the distal convoluted tubule is the ____________ limb
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ascending
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Identify substances that are impermeable to the filtration barrier.
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Blood cells, proteins
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Muscle cells in which part of the heart secrete the atrial natriuretic hormone?
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Right atrium
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The small artery that carries blood leaving the glomerulus is the _________________ arteriole.
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Efferent
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The external urinary sphincter surrounds the ____________ and extends through the pelvic floor.
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urethra
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What is the blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)?
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The inward pressure due to osmotic force of plasma proteins on the glomerular capillaries
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The combined amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys is the _____________ _________________ rate.
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Glomerular filtration
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The typical volume of urine production per day is:
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0.6- 2.5 liters
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Contraction of the _______________ muscle forces urine out of the urinary bladder.
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detrusor
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The pressure gradient in the renal corpuscle which forces the formation of filtrate is the _________________ pressure.
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filtration
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Renal autoregulation is the ability of the kidneys to maintain a relatively stable _____________ in spite of changes in arterial blood pressure.
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GFR
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Kidneys filter ______________, produce filtrate and ultimately excrete urine.
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blood
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Most reabsorption occurs in ______________.
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the proximal convoluted tubule
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As fluid is filtered from the blood in the glomerulus, the fluid has to pass through a series of layers called the _______________ ______________ to reach the renal capsular space.
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filtration membrane
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Within the renal corpuscle, blood ______________ pressure is the pressure forcing fluid into the glomerular capsular space.
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hyrostatic
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The structure indicated by the arrow in the figure is the renal ______________.
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corpuscle
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What is the function of angiotensin-converting enzyme?
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It converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II.
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List the tissue layers of the urinary bladder from the most inferior cell type or tissue layer to the final exterior layer.
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1. transitional epithelium 2. lamina propria 3. muscular coat 4. adventitia
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The unit formed by a glomerulus enclosed in a glomerular capsule is a renal ____________.
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corpuscle
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Which gender lacks a functional internal urinary sphincter?
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Females
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Tubular reabsorption is the movement of water and solutes:
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from the filtrate into the blood
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The ____________ _______________ is a layer of connective tissue which surrounds the adipose tissue of the kidneys and helps anchor the kidneys.
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renal fascia
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The movement of nonfiltered substances from the blood into filtrate is called tubular _____________.
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Secretion
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Renal arteries diverge to form _____________ arteries.
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segmental
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A hollow area within the kidney that contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels and urine-collecting structures is called the renal:
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sinus
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Explain why the kidneys typically produce 180 L of filtrate each day but only 1-2 L of urine each day. The majority of the filtrate is:
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reabsorbed into the blood
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Which of the following are caused by an increase in aldosterone?
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- Decrease in water volume lost to urine - Increased absorption of Na+ and Cl-
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Within the kidney, filtraiton of blood occurs at the capillary bed called the _____________.
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glomerulus
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The blood vessel that supplies blood to the kidney is called the ____________ _______________.
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Renal artery
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The substance produced by the process of filtration that will later become urine is called ____________________.
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filtrate
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How much of the filtrate produced becomes urine?
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<1%
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Which of the following structural elements enable the distention of the urinary bladder?
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- The wall of the urinary bladder is folded - The lining of the urinary bladder is composed of transitional epithelial tissue - The wall of the urinary bladder is made up of stretchable smooth muscle tissue
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Most plasma proteins are retained in the glomerular capillaries because:
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they are larger than the 7nm pore size of the filtration membrane
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Identify the substances that may be used to easily calculate renal plasma flow.
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PAH, Hematocrit
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Without renal autoregulation, if mean arterial pressure increases, GFR would _______________.
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increase
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When considering the balance of inward and outward forces that determine net filtration, glomerular hydrostatic pressure within a glomerulus (blood pressure) acts as an ____________ force.
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outward
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Within the nephron loop, tubular fluid flows first through the ___________ limb of the nephron loop, then through the __________ limb.
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Descending; ascending
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Glomerular capillary pressure results from blood pressure that promotes movement of fluid and solutes from the ______________.
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Glomerular capillaries into the Bowman capsule
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Which statements describe the atrial natriuretic hormone mechanism?
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- ANH results in increased urine production - ANH is released with rising blood pressure - Receptors are located in the heart walls
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Identify the characteristics of cortical nephrons.
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-Aid in urine production - Comprises the majority of nephrons
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The portion of the loop of Henle located closest to the nephron and the proximal convoluted tubule is the ______________ limb.
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descending
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Juxtaglomerular cells constrict the afferent arteriole in response to
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Increased blood pressure, Increased filtrate flow
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Which statement about the linings of the bladder and ureters are most correct?
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Transitional epithelium cells line both the ureters and the urinary bladder.
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What are the functional and anatomical reasons why the wall of the urinary bladder is thicker than the walls of the ureters?
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- The contraction of the detrusor muscle forces urine from the urinary bladder. - The urinary bladder consists of layers of smooth muscle called the detrusor muscle and epithelium tissue
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Which of the following are functions of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?
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- Transport of sodium and chloride ions - Reabsorption of water