Stress Management Final Exam

What percentage of people in the United States identify themselves as having no religion at particular? a) about 12 % b) about 1.5% c) about 30% d) about 5%

Spirituality can function _____ a) on as a primary control b) as neither primary nor secondary control c) as either primary or secondary control d) only as secondary control

Prayer that seeks divine intervention either to prevent an occurrence or help overcome it is known as ____ a) intercessory prayer b) primary prayer c) regulatory prayer d) secondary prayer

_____ helps an individual improve their leadership, interpersonal skills, and self confidence (life skills) a) primary control b) volunteerism c) forgiveness d) secondary control

At the stress reduction clinic of Jon Kabat Zinn patients use ____ to learn to live in the moment and become acutely aware of feelings, thoughts, and sensations a) mindfulness meditation b) guided imagery c) massage d) reflection

true or false, deferring refers to an individual begging god or other forces of nature to intervene in a situation and resolve it

what percentage of people in the US identify themselves as Jewish? a) about 10% b) about 30% c) about 5% d) about 2%

a condition in which people are living a "life story" that is inconsistent with their beliefs and values is called_____ a) moral disease b) spiritual disease c) soul disease d) hypocrisy

true or false, secondary control refers to attempts to change a situation

a persons view of lifes meaning, direction, purpose, and connectedness of other things, other people, and the past and future is known as_____ a) salvation b) spirituality c) intercession d) religion

which of the following is related to the definition of spiritual health? a) adherence to constitutional policies and rules b) adherence to societal norms c) ability to discover and express ones purpose in life d) ability to interpret circumstances scientifically

true or false, studies have shown that forgiving oneself has a strong positive effect upon ones health

which of the following is an example of a spiritual question? a) why am i here? b) all of these are correct c) where am i headed? d) who am i?

true or false, spiritual and religious people do not tend to be healthier than those who are not spiritual or religious

what percentage of people in the US identify themselves as atheist? a) about 30% b) about 1.5% c) about 5% d) about 12%

research has hypothesized that volunteering is associated with_____ a) healthier habits b) all of these c) better physical conditioning d) social support

true or false, when people believe that something will help them, they often report that it actually does help them

which of the following is a benefit of forgiving others a) spiritual well-being b) lass back pain c) lower levels of anxiety d) all of these

true or false, volunteering can give you a sense of control over your life

an individual who takes the "god helps those who help themselves" approach is ______ a) collaborative b) deferring c) pleading d) self-directing

true or false, research has found that meditators are less anxious than people who do not meditate

true or false, when practicing meditation, its a good idea to try meditating in a noisy environment to see if you really know how to relax under pressure

_____ refers to the use of a word as the object of focus during meditation a) koan b) nadam c) pranayama d) mantra

true or false, meditation increases blood flow to the brain and decreases blood flow to the legs and arms

true or false, trying a relaxation technique for less than one week may not give you adequate practice to know if its a technique that is effective for you

true or false, meditation has been shown to be effective in treating drug addiction

in the context of physiological effects of meditation, ______ is another name for trophotropic response a) sympathetic response b) relaxation response c) parasympathetic response d) endorphin response

true or false, one of the essential prerequisites for meditation is a quiet environment

true or false, one of the key processes of meditation is learning to separate mind and body

true or false, when meditating you should set an alarm to alert you when 20 minutes has passed

true or false, regardless of the type of meditation one of the two approaches is used opening up of attention (allowing all in the environment to enter your consciousness) or focusing of attention on one specific object

true or false, there have been no scientific studies on the effects of meditation only psychological studies

which of the following is a relaxation technique for cognitive issues? a) none of these b) yoga c) autogenic training d) progressive training

_____ refers to a zen practice that involves counting breaths as the object of focus during meditation a) pranayama b) mantra c) anapanasati d) nadam

_____ refers to the use of imagined sounds as the object of focus during meditation a) mantra b) pranayama c) nadam d) koan

true or false, it is easy to relax in a cold environment because the blood readily travels to cold extremities

true or false, acupuncture while anecdotally useful has not been scientifically shown to be effective in pain reduction

true or false, nerve muscle relaxation is induced through the progressive relaxation technique

progressive relaxation has shown to effectively treat chronic headaches

other names for_____ are jacobsonian relaxation and neuromuscular relaxation a) progressive relaxation b) reactive relaxation c) reflexive relaxation d) whitley relaxation

autogenic training uses the bodily sensations of heaviness and warmth to relax than expand this relaxed state to the mind through the use of ____ a) imagery b) telekinesis c) hormones d) medication

autogenics has been shown to benefit all of the following types of people except_____ a) people with MS b) people with restless leg syndrome c) migraine sufferers d) women with chest pain

in the context of autogenic training meditation, visualization of relaxing images starts by_____ a) rotating the eyeballs inward and upward b) picturing yourself on a calm beach c) contracting and relaxing the facial muscles d) breathing in and out while counting to ten bachwards

true or false, the ability to block out the external environment is a prerequisite to autogenics

_____ is a technique that involves contracting and relaxing muscle groups throughout the body a) regressive relaxation b) progressive relaxation c) autogenic relaxation d) autohypnotic relaxation

using as many sense as you can during imagery will____ a) make the image as real as possible b) cause a feeling of stress instead of calm c) decrease the relaxation experience d) cause the body to feel overloaded

identify a similarity between autogenic training and progressive relaxation a) both produce a hypnotic state through relaxation b) both follow a six stage relaxation process c) both focus primarily on relaxing the mind than the body d) both relax the mind by relaxing the body

an_____ in alpha brain waves a sign of mental relaxation occurs as a result of autogenics a) decrease b) increase c) contingency d) flat line

true or false, EMG biofeedback is effective in treating conditions requiring muscle control

the proper order of the three steps to repetitive prayer according to Dain is____ a) peaceful state, quieting the mind, breathing b) peaceful state, breathing, quieting the mind c) quieting the mind, breathing, peaceful state d) breathing, peaceful state, quieting the mind

living with and caring for a pet can do all of the following except____ a) help people recover from heart attacks b) improve mood and well being c) help prevent accidents d) protect the heart and blood vessels

a massage technique that massages a "reflex zone" in the foot in which damage to the body parts is thought to be manifested is called_____ a) reflex command b) quieting reflex c) zoning d) reflexology

pressing down on point of the body where knots or bands of muscle tension frequently occur is called____ a) shiatsu b) quieting reflex c) petrissage d) mindfulness therapy

true or false, pet owners tend to have higher HR and BP levels than those who do not own a pet

a relaxation technique that searches for relaxed body parts and transports that sensation to less relaxed areas is called____ a) progressive stretching b) shiatsu c) body scanning d) reflexology

true or false, research has shown that biofeedback is effective in treating menstrual pain

true or false, breathing is an important aspect of body scanning

which of the following relaxation techniques is quickest in its effect? a) tai chi b) body scanning c) quieting reflex d) instant calming sequence

true or false, slow tempo music synchronizes brain waves thereby resulting in lower respiratory and heart rates

____ refers to focusing your attention on the present moment to relax a) thoughtfulness b) mindfulness c) balanced thought d) concentration

Jack suffers from trait anxiety he follows a relaxation technique whose primary objective is to learn to live in the moment and ignore anxiety inciting thoughts of the past and future. Jack is most likely practicing_____ a) mindfulness b) tai chi c) biofeedback d) autohypnosis

a____ is an example of a biofeedback instrument a) pedometer b) basal body thermometer c) telephone d) odometer

Mary works as a manger in zene inc. her work is monotonous and stressful she consults a clinical psychologist to cope with her stress the clinical psychologist teachers her a 5 step relaxation technique that involves uninterrupted breathing, smiling, balanced posture, relaxation, and mental control. Mary is most likely learning____ a) tai chi b) quieting reflex c) instant calming sequence d) body scanning

in the context of behaviour change and stress perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cue to action, and confidence are constructs of____ a) goal setting theory b) stages of change theory c) the health belief model d) none of these

true or false, health behaviours are defined as all of the activities in which people engage

in the context of the health belief model, ones opinion of how effective the recommended health behaviour is in reducing the risk of seriousness of a condition, disease, or illness is called: a) perceived behaviours b) perceived benefits c) perceived severity d) perceived susceptibility

Syed, who is on a strict diet program relies on his friend for helpful tips to continue the diet program. which of the following methods of decreasing stressfull behaviours is best exemplified in these case? a) professional help b) self monitoring c) social support d) material reinforcement

variables associated with the goal setting theory include: a) self efficacy and perceived importance of foal achievement b) the amount of effort required to achieve a goal c) the establishment of proximal (short range) and distal (long range) d) all of these

which of the following aspects of health and lifestyle behaviour change is best exemplified by the statement "i can take charge of my own health" a) perceived severity b) barrier to action c) perceived susceptibility d) locus of control

in the context of methods of decreasing stressful behaviours______ is best defined as the process of observing and recording behaviour a) material reinforcement b) social reinforcement c) self monitoring d) tailoring

true or false, using some type of reward increases the likelihood that healthy behaviours will be repeated

in the context of the stages of change theory, who among the following is in the action stage a) kyler who is exercising every other day b) kurt who is unaware of the need to exercise more c) karl who is planning a new exercising schedule d) kristen who is thinking about exercising more but has not taken any action to do so

Jack decides he will not watch his favourite show for a month because he did not meet his goal of not smoking cigarettes for a week, which of the following methods of decreasing stressful behaviours does this scenario exemplify a) self contracting b) social support c) social enforcement d) mirroring

which of the following is an example of a barrier to action a) a heavy work schedule for a new volunteer b) all of these c) a series of rainy days for a new jogger d) a shelf full of baked goods for a new dieter

in the context of the health belief model, ones opinion of the likelihood of getting a condition if the recommended health behaviour is not adopted is known as: a) perceived severity b) perceived benefits c) perceived susceptibility d) perceived barriers

in the context of the stages of change theory someone who is unaware of a problem or need to change is in the_____ a) decision stage b) contemplation stage c) precontemplation stage d) action stage

true or false, an individual uses contracting with a significant other as a method for decreasing a stressful behaviour. it is necessary that the significant other lives under the same roof with the individual

_____ a method for decreasing a stressful behaviour, offers you a way to maximize your success in a behaviour change program by allowing you to fit the change into your particular circumstances a) imaging b) modeling c) tailoring d) mirroring

in the context of methods of decreasing stressful behaviours, something as simple as a smile from another person is a form of: a) social reinforcement b) modeling c) self contracting d) self monitoring

Jane begins an exercise program which involves exercising for 20 minutes 3 days a week. she gradually increases the workload each week. in this scenario which of the following methods is Jane adopting a) material reinforcement b) mirroring c) infiltration d) shaping

in the context of the stages of change theory who among the following is in the contemplation stage a) kurt who is unaware of the need to exercise more b) kyler who is exercising every other day c) kristen who is thinking about exercising more but has not taken action to do so d) karl who is planning a new exercising schedule

true or false, goal setting theory states that health behaviour is a function of ones perception

according to goal setting theory when does the highest level of effort occur a) when a goal is very easy b) none of these c) when a goal is very difficult d) when a goal is moderately difficult

the number of years between when a person is expected to live and the age of death, a measure of premature death, is known as: a) life expectancy b) years of potential life lost c) mortality rate d) morbidity rate

true or false, in the US gay men smoke at higher rates than men in the general population

which of the following statements best defines ethnicity a) refers to a group of people who have a common heritage, such as common customs, characteristics, language, and history b) refers to a group of people who share a common religious background c) refers to a group of people with similar physical traits, blood types, genetic patterns, and inherited characterisitcs d) refers to a group of people who belong to the same socioeconomic status

Jake a caucasian assaults mark an african american because of ethnicity, which of the following types of crimes is best exemplified in this scenario a) larceny b) false pretense c) hate crime d) inchoate crime

which of the following potential stressors is likely to be the most stressful for international students in the US a) language skills b) financial issues c) homesickness d) none of these

true or false, minorities report lower levels of stress than white adults

true or false, parents usually acculturate faster than their children

which of the following statements is true of lesbian women when compared to heterosexual women a) lesbian women are more likely to drink heavily b) lesbian women are more likely to smoke c) all of these are correct d) lesbian women are at a significantly higher risk for developing breast cancer

true or false, prostate and breast cancer death rates are higher among african americans than whites

in a study conducted by the commonswealth fund the stressor found to be higher for minorities than for whites concerned: a) mistreatment of a family member b) money c) fear of crime d) a spouse or parnter

Latinos have demonstrated to other Americans the: a) concept of holism b) values of social and family support c) values of an individualistic culture d) practice of homeopathy

when compared to people living at poverty levels, families belonging to a higher socioeconomic status report more divorces

_____ is an adverse stress reaction to work with psychological, physiological, and behavioural components a) burden b) entitlement mentality c) burnout d) perfectionism

true or false, women are no longer predominantly employed in traditional women roles

a perception intervention could include all of the following steps except: a) looking for the humour in your stressors at work b) distinguishing between need and desire c) trying to see things for what they really are d) linking your self worth with the task at hand

according to the occupational stress model, thwarted ambition is a source of stress that is related to____ a) relationship at work b) ones role in an organization c) career development d) the structure of an organization

in 2007 how often did workers call in sick when they were not sick a) more than 66% b) less than 20% c) 20-36% d) 40-50%

according to the occupational stress evaluation grid, stressors such as poor air, climate, noise exposure, fall under the____ a) physical/environmental context b) sociocultural context c) work-setting context d) biological context

american workers take fewer vacation days than do workers in other developed countries

when workers lack training, education, skills or experience to accomplish a job, its known as____ a) role ambiguity b) role overload c) role conflict d) role insufficiency

variables associated with job satisfaction such as working on stimulating tasks, being recognized for work well done is known as a) coping factors b) motivational factors c) physical factors d) environmental factors

according to the centers for disease control and prevention, which of the following statements is true of health promotion programs a) they increase employee abenteeism b) they lower health insurance and worker compensation costs c) they decrease employees focus and function while at work d) they increase out of pocket expenses related to medication and hospitalization for employees

in the context of the 3 phased parent child relationship_____ is a teen phase a) bonding b) reunion c) integration d) detachment

in the US_____ children and youths under 20 commit suicide every day a) 7 b) 2 c) 5 d) 4

the first state supreme courts in the US to rule bans on gay and lesbian marriages unconstitutional were those of: a) hawaii and texas b) hawaii and washington c) hawaii and alaska d) hawaii and massachusetts

true or false, the decrease in cohabitation among younger women suggests a decreasing trend in premarital cohabitation in recent years

in 2009 what percentage of adult population was married and living with a spouse a) 78% b) 35% c) 49% d) 64%

in the US_____ children are killed by abuse or neglect everyday a) 7 b) 2 c) 5 d) 4

in the context of cohabitation the national survey of family growth found that: a) women between 25 and 29 are least likely to be currently cohabiting b) women were increasingly likely to cohabit with a partner as a first union rather than to marry directly c) women between 20 and 24 are least likely to be currently cohabiting d) younger women were less likely to cohabit with a partner which suggests a decreasing trend in premarital cohabitation in recent years

true or false, in 2012 the number of americans who lived in multi generational family households was half the number of those who lived in such households in 1980

in the US the cost of raising a child through age____ is $245, 340 for a middle income family a) 20 b) 18 c) 17 d) 21

true or false, the divorce rate continues to raise in the US

what does primary control attempt to change?

what does secondary control attempt to change?

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