Ch 15 MADM 431--leadership--TB

1. Which statement is true about women and leadership? A. women are less effective leaders compared with men B. women are not in high level leadership positions C. women are underrepresented in elite leadership positions D. women all lead differently than men

2. Women occupy what approximate percentage of all management and professional positions in American organizations? A. 10percent B. 25percent C. 50percent D. 70percent

3. Women hold approximately how many Fortune 500 CEO positions ______. A. 5percent B. 15percent C. 25percent D. 35percent

4. The number of women of color in U.S. Congress is ______. A. higher than White males B. lower than White females C. higher than all males D. 50percent of all women in Congress

5. In which of the following ways does empirical research support small differences in leadership styles and effectiveness between men and women? A. women are less effective in leading than men, regardless of industry type B. women are slightly more effective than men in education and social service positions C. men use more democratic styles than women D. men use more participatory styles than women

6. A global phenomenon whereby women are disproportionately concentrated in lower-level and lower authority leadership positions is the definition of ______. A. the leadership jungle gym B. the global gender gap C. the human capital gender gap D. the gender gap in leadership

7. Which statement describes the pipeline of women in the workforce? A. women lack the training and human capital that prepares them for upper management B. men are obtaining college degrees at a far higher rate than women C. women have the training and human capital that prepares them for upper management D. training and education are not relevant to the leadership labyrinth

8. Which is true of human capital differences that affect the labyrinth? A. women assume more responsibility for domestic duties than men B. men are assuming fewer domestic duties and child-rearing roles C. women are less interested in leadership roles D. men leave leadership roles often to take on more domestic duties

9. The gender leadership gap occurs because ______. A. women choose the "mommy track" B. women using flexible time are often marginalized C. women are not in the pipeline D. women do not possess the right leadership skills

10. Women who are promoted to leadership positions that place them in precarious situations with greater risk are in positions called the ______. A. glass ceiling B. glass labyrinth C. glass window D. glass cliff

11. In a meta-analysis by Eagly and Johnson, women were found to lead ______. A. in a more interpersonal style than men B. in a less task-oriented style than men C. in a more democratic style than men D. in a more egalitarian style than men

12. When women use a more masculine manner of leadership, ______. A. their leadership was devalued B. their leadership was viewed positively C. their leadership was viewed as ineffective D. their leadership was viewed as effective

13. When studying gender differences in transformational leadership, which statement is true? A. men use more transformational leadership B. women using transformational leadership are highly valued C. women engage in more contingent reward than men D. men are devalued when using transformational leadership

14. In middle management positions where communal interpersonal skills are highly valued, ______. A. men were seen as more effective than women B. men and women were seen as equally effective C. women were seen as more effective than men D. effectiveness was not determined

15. High level of interpersonal skills in mid-level management is consistent with the principles in which leadership model? A. Katz's Skills Model B. Blake and Mouton's Leadership Grid C. the Practical Authentic Leadership Model D. the Full Model of Transformational Leadership

16. Women were found to be more effective than men ______. A. when in gender neutral leadership roles B. when in middle-management positions C. in military leadership positions D. in masculine role leadership positions

17. A barrier to women's advancement in leadership positions is ______. A. women's lack of interest in assuming high level leadership positions B. women have less motivation to lead C. women are more likely than men to view their roles as workers as secondary to their roles as parents and partners D. women are less likely to promote themselves for leadership positions

18. Common gender stereotypes in the leadership gender gap are ______. A. men take care, women take charge B. women take care, men take charge C. women do not support other women D. women use more power-oriented leadership styles

A. stereotypes B. prejudices C. ethnocentrism D. agentics

20. "Men just seem to be naturally better at leadership than women; that's just a fact!" This statement is an example of ______. A. prejudice B. gender egalitarianism C. institutional collectivism D. diversity

21. Which of the following is a communal characteristic? A. sensitivity B. confidence C. assertiveness D. rationality

22. Gender-biased prejudice is defined as ______. A. bias based on known fact about gender differences B. bias based on the typically male gender leadership roles C. bias based on the typically female gender leadership roles D. bias based on gender stereotypical characteristics

23. When we use gender stereotypes in interactions with others ______. A. females benefit B. males benefit C. it often leads to biased judgments D. we solve gender-based problems using facts

24. Applying role congruity theory, which is true about women in leadership roles? A. their stereotypical agentic leadership results in more promotion to leadership roles B. their stereotypical communal leadership results in prejudice against female leaders C. males' stereotypical communal leadership results in prejudice against female leaders D. males' stereotypical agentic leadership is inconsistent with female leadership promotion

25. A tendency for a group to reproduce itself in its own image is the definition of ______. A. homosocial reproduction B. gender stereotyping C. agentic behavior D. communal behavior

26. Taking gender stereotypes into account, women in leadership roles face a cross-pressure to ______. A. appear more masculine than feminine B. appear masculine, but not too manly C. appear feminine and communal D. only associate with other women

27. Which is not a stereotype of gender influences on leadership? A. females are sometimes too masculine B. females are sometimes not feminine enough C. males have more communal characteristics D. males have more agentic characteristics

28. Women respond to the gender-based leadership stereotype by ______. A. decreasing use of communal characteristics B. using more agentic characteristics C. decreasing use of power over followers D. avoiding conflicts in the workplace

29. Responses women have to gender-based stereotypes depend on which of the following factors? A. degree to which the followers engage in emotionally intelligent behaviors B. the followers' self-efficacy C. the power the leader holds D. experience the leader has in dealing with gender bias

30. When women experience multiple gender-based threats, they are likely to respond with ______. A. self-efficacy B. stereotype-countering behaviors C. reactance D. deleterious vulnerability

31. Supportive mentoring and networking for women are helpful in ______. A. reducing the gender pay gap B. increasing female leadership power C. reducing the need for women to take maternity leave D. reducing the leadership gap

32. What is one difficulty women have in achieving higher-level leadership positions? A. lack of ability to run their own businesses B. negotiating for valued positions C. using too many communal characteristics D. using too many agentic characteristics

33. Approximately what percentage of all privately owned businesses are owned by women? A. 10percent B. 20percent C. 30percent D. 40percent

34. Many of the difficulties women face in navigating the labyrinth stem from ______. A. male dominance behaviors B. the incongruity in gender roles and the leadership role C. a lack of education and experience D. women's inability to be successful at upper-leadership roles

35. The double standard women face in leadership roles is ______. A. they must be competent and appropriately feminine B. they must be competent and appropriately masculine C. they must be educated and communal D. they must be educated and agentic

36. Which style of leadership is beneficial for women to use if they want to successfully navigate the leadership labyrinth? A. authentic B. servant C. transformational D. team style in the Leadership Grid

37. When women use negotiation tactics to promote themselves in obtaining leadership positions, ______. A. they typically get fired B. they face greater social costs than men C. they are viewed positively by men D. they are typically successful

38. A strength of studying the research on gender and leadership is ______. A. the inequity in gender pay is a significant factor keeping women from elite leadership roles B. contemporary notions of effective leadership styles are now more feminine C. contemporary notions of effective leadership styles are now more androgynous D. the inequity in female-owned private businesses clearly impacts the gender leadership gap

39. Research has found that gender bias and leadership ______. A. is overt B. is subtle C. is predominantly masculine D. is predominantly feminine

40. A criticism of the gender and leadership discussion is ______. A. the research on gender stereotypes is focused on males B. the research on gender stereotypes is focused on females C. there is little research about stereotypes between the genders D. studying the gender demographic alone limits the understanding of leadership in other diversity demographics

41. Research on gender and leadership has been conducted primarily in ______. A. Western contexts B. the United States of America C. Eastern European contexts D. Southeast Asian contexts

42. What is not a result found by meta-analyses on characteristics and behaviors of female and male leaders? A. women devalued when they worked in male-dominated environments. B. women devalued when the evaluators were men. C. women evaluated favorably when they used directive or autocratic styles. D. women led in a more democratic style than men.

43. A meta-analysis comparing the effectiveness of female and male leaders found all of these except ______. A. overall, women and men were equally effective leaders B. women and men were more effective in leadership roles congruent with their gender C. men were more effective than women in government and education organizations D. women led in a more democratic style than men

44. In the area of human capital differences, what is not true for women? A. They have fewer responsibilities in the same jobs as men. B. They confront greater barriers to establish mentor relationships. C. They occupy more than half of all management and professional positions. D. They tend to self-select themselves out of leadership tracks.

45. Research on transformational leadership did not find that ______. A. all four components of transformational leadership are positively related to leadership effectiveness. B. men tend to engage in more contingent reward behavior than women. C. women tend to engage in more contingent reward behavior than men. D. men's styles tend to be less transformational than women's.

46. Which of the following leadership traits or skills is more likely to belong to men than to women? A. intelligence B. initiative C. persuasiveness D. authoritativeness

47. According to research, when a woman leader encounters gender-leader stereotypes, her likely response ______. A. is to ignore it if it is an isolated gender stereotype threat. B. is to push back more strongly if the threats are combined. C. is to seek support from a more powerful leader in the organization. D. is to display a vulnerable response if the threats are combined.

48. According to research, one way women can advance in leadership is ______. A. by blending individualized consideration with inspirational motivation B. by strongly resisting stereotype threats C. by acting masculine and assertive and not in feminine ways D. by leading in a more democratic manner than men

49. Due to researchers identifying problems with the term glass ceiling, an alternative metaphor now used is ______. A. glass escalator B. leadership labyrinth C. whirlpool effect D. corporate cupboard

50. Which of the following is not a cited reason for women's underrepresentation in leadership roles? A. human capital B. gender differences C. prejudice D. intelligence

51. In the "promoting leadership effectiveness" model, what is a listed goal at the interpersonal level? A. decreasing gender stereotypes B. organizational changes C. using effective leadership styles D. gender equity in domestic responsibilities

52. In 2017, approximately what percentage of privately owned businesses were women owned? A. 75percent B. 15percent C. 30percent D. 50percent

53. Which of the following statements is false? A. women are showing a greater presence in top leadership positions B. men earn more bachelor's degrees than women C. women still have less employment continuity than men D. organizations with women heading them have more financial success

54. Human capital considerations outlined in the leadership labyrinth include all the following except ______. A. developmental opportunities B. work-home conflict C. self-promotion D. education

55. What scholar(s) used meta-analysis to research gender and leadership style? A. Eagly and Carli B. Heilman C. Bowles and McGinn D. Powell and Vecchio

56. Norma and Joel work in a legal firm. They both are aware of a potential promotion coming up soon. In the last project they did, Joel put most of the paperwork on Norma, and she gladly took on the extra workload. However, when their boss was complimenting the project, Norma let Joel take the credit and acted as if they both did the same amount of work. This is an example of what advancement barrier for Norma? A. gender stereotypes B. work experience C. developmental opportunities D. self-promotion

57. Which of the following statements is true? A. Men earn more bachelor's degrees than women. B. More than 30percent of the US Congress is made up of women. C. Women make up about 50percent of people in managerial/professional positions. D. Women have as much work experience and job continuity as men.

58. Dora is in charge of the third-shift cashiers at a 24-hr superstore. She has worked there for 5 years and recently found out there is an opportunity to make more money if she can move to the stock room and manage the employees there. Dora goes to her boss, Gary, and asks if she can be considered for the transfer and promotion. Gary tells Dora, "Sorry, we really need someone that can lift and throw stock around, so I'm going to give it to one of our guys." What advancement barrier is Dora facing? A. developmental opportunities B. gender stereotypes C. style and effectiveness D. negotiation

59. Which of the following is not listed as a gender difference in the leadership labyrinth? A. self-promotion B. cross-pressures C. style and effectiveness D. commitment and motivation

60. According to the leadership labyrinth, which of the following is a characteristic of prejudice? A. work-home conflict B. cross-pressures C. style and effectiveness D. work experience

61. In what decade did researchers start paying attention to issues of gender and leadership? A. 1960s B. 1970s C. 1980s D. 1990s

62. What characteristic is considered a gender stereotype of women? A. independence B. rationality C. decisiveness D. helpfulness

63. According to research, which of the following is not a described level of promoting leadership effectiveness? A. interpersonal level B. organizational level C. governmental level D. individual level

64. One cultural change organizations can make to reduce the leadership gap for women is ______. A. challenging the assumption of work-family separation B. requiring annual performance reviews C. allowing more homosocial reproduction in selection for elite leadership positions D. promoting college education so women can reach educational parity with men

65. A developmental experience that helps women rise to top leadership positions is ______. A. servant leadership B. nepotism C. inclusion in key networks D. college education

66. Research shows that women in management roles have ______. A. less education than men B. a lack of human skills C. less inclusion in key networks D. more likelihood to quit their job

67. Some researchers have suggested replacing the metaphor "glass ceiling" with a "labyrinth" because ______. A. a labyrinth suggests an easy way forward for women in the professional workplace B. a glass ceiling was considered a racist term and fell out of favor in the 1990s C. ceiling implies a single common barrier whereas a labyrinth connotes a more complex journey D. male managers were also facing barriers at work and wanted to change the terminology

68. Women who take advantage of workplace leave policies and flexible work programs are often ______. A. unmarried women B. marginalized when they return C. promoted when they return D. seen as role models by powerful men

69. Jenna is a firefighter who was promoted to chief last year. Her subordinates, who are mostly male, recently completed an evaluation of her leadership. According to research, it is most likely that her evaluation results will show that she is ______. A. about to be promoted B. relationship-oriented C. authoritative D. devalued 70. Research conducted on U.S. populations has shown that compared to men, women ______. A. are more likely to self-promote B. are less likely to serve as social facilitators C. more drawn to roles such as "facilitator" instead of "leader" D. are less likely to have an advanced degree

71. Research has shown that, compared to self-promoting men, self-promoting women are viewed as ______. A. more effective B. less socially attractive C. role models by lower-level men D. more attractive to hiring managers

72. What are two types of responses women have when they face gender-based leadership stereotype? A. fight and flight behaviors B. vulnerability and stereotype-countering behaviors C. homosocial reproduction and negotiating D. navigation and inspirational motivation

73. Agentic characteristics include ______. A. assertiveness B. warmth C. sensitivity D. conscientiousness

74. One reason females face impediments to the leadership domain is ______. A. Incongruity between the leadership role and the female gender role B. Women are not in the workplace pipeline to a large enough volume C. Women have been shown to be less effective leaders compared to men D. Women are less committed to their jobs than men are

75. Which of the following is most accurate about women and law degrees? A. women earn about 10percent of all law degrees in the U.S. B. women and men earn law degrees and rise to partner positions in law firms at equal rates C. a woman is only about half as likely to graduate with a law degree than a man is D. women earn about half of all law degrees but comprise less than a quarter of law firm partners

76. As it relates to values held by men and women in leadership roles, which of the following has been found by researchers? A. women tend to focus more on social values that promote others' welfare more so than men B. male CEOs tend to focus more on a servant leadership approach C. male and female leaders hold the same personal values D. women in leadership roles tend to focus on the passive version of management by exception

77. Research has found all of the following gender differences that advantage men for leadership roles except ______. A. men associate power with fewer negative outcomes B. men place more importance on power-related goals C. men are earning advanced degrees at a far higher rate D. men are more likely to take advantage of opportunities for advancement

78. Recent research has shown that when looking to hire their replacements, males leaders who prefer group hierarchies in society show strong preference for ______. A. the advancement of women in elite leadership roles B. gender equal leadership contexts C. men and women of color in leader roles D. leaders who are White and male

79. Considering women of color in leadership positions, which of the following is most accurate? A. no research has been conducted in this area B. recent studies have shown that Black women experience bias differently than White women C. black women have the same experience with bias as do Black men D. decades of study on this topic reveal that no differences exist among women of various races

True/False 1. Men earn more master's degrees than women.

2. The number of women who successfully navigate the labyrinth is on the rise.

3. The majority of organizational research applies equally well to people of all colors, abilities, and sexual orientations.

4. The research on female and male leadership has generally tended to focus on establishing differences between women and men.

5. Research data suggests the gender gap in leadership is starting to close.

6. Developing and promoting women leaders is in the best interest of employers.

7. Meta-analyses show that women and men leaders have many similarities.

8. When both genders use an autocratic, directive leadership style, females are evaluated differently than men.

9. Studies have shown that men are less effective than women when they supervise a higher proportion of male subordinates.

10. Many studies have shown that organizations often have higher standards of performance and effort for women.