Sociology Exam 2 example #34490

What is role conflict? when an individual possesses a role she finds objectionable when one individual has multiple roles that are in conflict when a role comes with contradictory expectations that lead to conflict within an individual when an individual possesses a role that requires him to constantly challenge others, resulting in a great deal of conflict when an individual possesses a role that generates a great deal of controversy and conflict within her social circle

Television is both a powerful and a covert agent of socialization. True False

Sociologists have often wondered about financial collapses, like those of the 1930s, in which rumors of insolvency, when believed by enough depositors, resulted in bank failures. What sociological concept describes this phenomenon? expressions given off the Thomas theorem dramaturgy the generalized other the dual nature of the self

In the psychoanalytic theory developed by Sigmund Freud, which component of our personalities is responsible for representing culture within us and serving as the moral component of our personalities? the id the ego the superego the libido the unconscious

How does an individual come to possess an achieved status? An individual is born with an achieved status. An achieved status is earned. An achieved status is physically located in the body. An achieved status is unalterable, so it's always present. An achieved status is inherited from an individual's parents.

Which of the following agents of socialization has the most enduring, lifelong impact on the individual? family peers media school none of the above

One of the most striking contrasts in restaurants is between the demeanor of cooks and servers. Cooks are, by tradition, loud, vulgar, insensitive, boorish, and rude. Servers, on the other hand, are paid to be nice, pleasant, and courteous. What is the part of a server's job called that does not apply to a cook? interactional context emotion work the social construction of emotions socialization being an agent of socialization

According to Charles Cooley, there can be no sense of self without society. True False

If a college student plans to go to graduate school because she thinks of herself as having excellent critical thinking skills and a brilliant mind, where would Charles Cooley's theory of the looking-glass self suggest that she got these ideas? Cooley would argue that these ideas are mostly genetic, part of the structure of her personality that she was born with. Cooley would argue that she got the ideas as a child. Cooley would argue that these ideas came from fellow students and teachers expressing admiration. Cooley would argue that these ideas came from the ease with which she understood new ideas. Cooley would argue that these ideas came from the inherent confidence that comes with truly exceptional mental abilities.

According to sociologists, an individual's genetic makeup will determine what kind of personality and character traits he develops in life. True False

Churches usually teach their members rules, often codifying these rules into formal commandments to be followed. In that they are at all successful, churches would be called: dramaturgists. part of the media. closer to nature than nurture. total institutions. agents of socialization.

Appearance, manner, style of dress, race, gender, and age are all elements of: role strain. an individual's personal front. setting or region. expressions given. the superego.

In 2000 Campbell's Soup Company launched an ad campaign that showed prepubescent boys offering soup to prepubescent girls. The girls declined because they were concerned about their calorie intake, but the boys explained that "lots of Campbell's soups are low in calories," which made them okay for the girls to eat. The ads were pulled after parents expressed concern. Why were parents worried? The ads seemed to tell boys that it was okay to be fat. The calorie count was deceptive. Soup isn't a part of a healthy diet. The ads taught girls to worry about their weight and negatively affected their body image. Even if they are low in calories, soups are packed full of preservatives and sodium, which is very bad for the skin.

When a college professor begins to lecture and the class at least pretends to take notes, what are the students doing in terms of impression management? cooling the mark out observing the self from the inside socializing the professor interacting with their peers supporting the self that the professor is trying to project

According to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead, a distinct sense of self is developed in play through a process of "role-taking," where young children learn the guidelines and expectations associated with a variety of roles. True False

Erving Goffman was considered to be a cynic. True False

How do sociologists define the self? the part of an individual that is displayed to other members of a society only the private innermost parts of the mind, those that are not usually shown to others the experience of a real identity, distinct from other people the unconscious parts of the mind, especially the id the parts of the human mind that are created through interactions with parents or guardians

Which of the following statements is true? The family as an agent of socialization has only recently risen to the role of the most significant source of socialization. Peers as an agent of socialization have only recently risen to the role of the most significant source of socialization. School as an agent of socialization has recently risen to the role of the most significant source of socialization. Mass media as an agent of socialization has recently risen to the role of one of the most significant sources of socialization. Consumerism as an agent of socialization has recently risen to the role of the most significant source of socialization.

When an individual can internalize the expectations of other specific people, she has learned to: sublimate the urges of the id into something constructive. overcome the looking-glass self. take the role of the particular or significant other. take the role of the generalized other. follow the rules of games.

In How Emotions Work, the sociologist Jack Katz examined how drivers, especially in places like Los Angeles, become "pissed off" and experience road rage. He argues that there are several features of both cars and typical highway traffic that can cause extreme anger in a wide range of people; this is an example of: social atomism. the social construction of emotions. emotion work. dramaturgy. expressions given off.

Men and women are about equally likely to commit crimes. True False

Traditionally, most of the sociological literature on deviance focuses on: crime. mental illness. political corruption. the extremely wealthy. the emotional appeal of deviant acts.

Martha Stewart was convicted of obstruction of justice after lying to the FBI during an investigation of her sale of ImClone Systems stock, whose value dramatically fell immediately after she sold it. Her conviction was unusual, as this sort of white collar crime is much more likely to be dealt with in civil, rather than criminal, court. How does the tendency to deal with white collar criminals in civil court bias our understanding of the demographics of crime? It causes us to underestimate the number of property crimes committed each year. It encourages us to equate cash register honesty with real honesty. It leads us to overestimate the relationship between poverty and crime. It creates a false relationship between gender and crime. It leads us to underestimate the extent of desistance.

The idea that individuals learn to be deviant by interacting with others who are already deviant is called: conflict theory. self-fulfilling prophecy. secondary deviance. differential association theory. labeling theory.

What did Robert Merton call a prediction that came true only because the prediction was made? a defining prophecy a Thomas prediction a self-fulfilling prophecy a sociological prediction a labeling prophecy

An individual who works at a bookstore routinely takes home ballpoint pens and Post-it notes, uses the copy machine to make personal copies, and makes long-distance phone calls on the store's line. However, he would never consider stealing money from the cash register, even if he knew he could get away with it. What is this attitude called? business nonconformity property trespass cash register honesty partial deviance misdemeanor deviance

As Eliza Doolittle says in George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion, "The difference between a lady and a flower girl is not how she behaves, but how she's treated." Which theory of deviance also refers to this dynamic? structural strain theory conflict theory passing the self-fulfilling prophecy secondary deviance

What do we call norm violations that are codified into law? crimes taboos violent crimes mores statutes

In his book Streetwise, Elijah Anderson argues that young African American men are more likely to be arrested because: they commit more flagrant crimes. they are more likely to engage in deviant behavior. their acts of deviance more often involve drugs, which are considered especially deviant by contemporary society. they are more likely to be poor. both police and community members perceive them as more criminal than others.

In the 1960s Timothy Leary famously advised everyone to "turn on, tune in, and drop out," and, although he insisted that it meant more, most people assumed he was telling them to "get stoned and abandon all constructive activity." How would Robert Merton's structural strain theory classify someone who took this advice? as a member of a counterculture as a conformist as a retreatist as an innovator as a rebel

Deviance is an objective or unchanging phenomenon that transcends culture, history, and situational context. True False

According to labeling theory, why were none of the pseudopatients in David Rosenhan's "On Being Sane in Insane Places" discovered? They all were really mentally ill, at least to some extent. They were too "clean-cut" to be considered mentally ill. They were well coached in the symptoms real patients would experience. Psychiatry is not a real science. Once a person has been labeled "mentally ill," it is very hard for anyone to see past the label.

The parents of a deviant child often want to find some way to excuse their offspring's behavior, and it's common to hear them say, "He just fell in with a bad crowd." Which symbolic interactionist theory of deviance does this explanation most closely resemble? differential association labeling theory self-fulfilling prophecy structural strain theory in-group orientation

Many people, especially young women, worry about maintaining a tan. Sometimes, if they don't have the time to tan naturally, they go to a tanning salon or use chemicals to simulate a tan. In some cultures, this might seem bizarre, which can help us realize that: the line between beauty and deviance is fluid and changes across time and place. Americans are very, very deviant. there are some types of body modification that are never tolerated anywhere. the rest of the world is not yet as normal as the United States and keeps backward practices and superstitions. people who get fake tans are deviant.

Sociological evidence proves that if the punishment is more severe, people are less likely to commit the crime. True False

Sociologists who study deviance tend to focus only on the most extreme and obvious forms of deviance. What is this approach sometimes called? the outsider's approach the Marxist approach the structural functionalist approach the nuts and sluts approach the hyperphagous approach

In the early 1950s, many Americans became interested in riding motorcycles as a hobby. At the same time, "bikers" were beginning to develop their modern reputation as antisocial thugs, criminals, and outlaws. One official of a national motorcycle organization argued that a few bad apples shouldn't be allowed to ruin all motorcyclists' reputations and that it was only 1 percent of motorcyclists who were really bad. After this interview was published, some bikers started wearing a "one percenter" patch on their leather jackets, a gesture Erving Goffman would call: antisocial behavior. passing. overt deviance. deviance avowal. in-group orientation.

According to Erving Goffman, stigmatized individuals who don't believe that they should have to change or conceal their identities to make "normal" people more comfortable have: deviance plus. in-group orientation. self-esteem. desistance. out-group orientation.

In the United States today, many people are bothered by "double dipping," or dipping food you have already taken a bite of into a sauce others are using. Mythbusters examined double dipping and found that the risk of sharing germs is negligible. Is double dipping still deviant? Now that the myth has been debunked, double dipping is no longer deviant. Double dipping is still deviant whenever it receives a negative reaction. Double dipping is always, under all circumstances, a deviant act. Double dipping is still a deviant act, as it's considered rude even if no one cares about it or reacts to it. Even though many people still get angry about double dipping, it was never really deviant because it's harmless.

The looking-glass self explains: why it is so difficult to see ourselves as others do. how we develop a self-concept based on our perceptions of others' judgments of us. how young children come to realize that they have a separate identity. the process of a self-fulfilling prophecy why we respond to the generalized other.

Churches usually teach their members rules, often codifying these rules into formal commandments to be followed. In that they are at all successful, churches would be called: dramaturgists. part of the media. closer to nature than nurture. total institutions. agents of socialization.

Young army recruits arriving at boot camp are about to enter which of the following? a total institution an orientation course an open institution a technical course a partial institution

Sigmund Freud once said that the id was like a wild horse, and the ____________ was like a rider astride the horse, struggling to keep it under control. ego-ideal libido neurosis ego superego

The University of California, Santa Barbara, is located near the Pacific Ocean, and many students live within walking distance of the beach. Although it feels perfectly normal to wear a bathing suit while at the beach, most students put on a cover-up or wrap themselves in a towel to make the short walk back to their apartments. The beach, unlike the street, is a(n) ____________ that makes it seem normal and acceptable to be wearing nothing but a bathing suit. agent of socialization front generalized other looking-glass self superego

Which part of the minds of feral children would Sigmund Freud expect to be most fully developed? the psychosexual side the superego the id the ego the conscience

Given that we try to understand how others have defined situations, why might expressions given off seem like more trustworthy guides than expressions given? Expressions given off are easy to use in deceptive ways. It is harder to manipulate expressions given off. Expressions given are almost never intentional. Expressions given off are almost always verbal and intentional. Expressions given are meant to communicate something, whereas expressions given off are sometimes accidental.

Some people are disturbed by Goffman's work, because it seems to suggest that no one is ever being honest about who they are. What would Goffman say to this? He would argue that, while people are always trying to deceive, they are rarely successful, and that deception isn't worth worrying about. He would say that regardless of who an individual feels herself to "really" be, she must still present that self; it is never self-evident. He would largely agree with this conclusion, suggesting that people are constantly seeking to deceive others in order to gain some advantage. He would argue that there are actually many circumstances when a person does not have to worry about presentation of self, and when others can tell what sort of person he is. He would suggest that people are almost never dishonest in their presentation of self.

The term "total institution" applies to which of the following? colleges prisons families workplace movie theaters

Why are adults not considered to be completely socialized? Most people eventually enter a total institution, which requires them to learn a whole new set of norms. There will always be new situations and new roles to learn. People are spending more and more time in school. The family and school do a poor job of socializing children. Adults tend to watch more television than adolescents.

Sociology has developed a single comprehensive theory about how the self develops. True False

Many people are afraid of hitchhikers. Imagine that, to get a ride, a hitchhiker makes a suitcase out of a gasoline can, so it looks like he's a stranded motorist rather than a hitchhiker. A sociologist would say that he was working on: emotion work. impression management. meta-analysis. role strain. socialization.

Why might socialization change, not just between families, but also within the same family over time? The family is rapidly becoming the least significant agent of socialization. Parents have no experience when their first child is born, so every subsequent child is socialized according to what has been learned with older siblings. In certain historical periods, the family had very little influence on the socialization process. The type of socialization the family carries out is ultimately dependent on schools. Parents socializing children have no true, essential selves.

Parents often buy their children gender-specific toys. Boys get action figures that encourage active and aggressive play, while girls get dolls and toy ovens that encourage domesticity. This is part of what process? expressions of behavior personality socialization social isolation status conflict

According to the sociological explanation of emotions, which of the following would be true of grief? Both the experience of and the expressions of grief are universal. Neither the experience nor the expressions of grief are universal. Expressions of grief are universal, but some groups of people don't experience grief. Neither the experience of grief nor the expressions of grief have any social component. The experience of grief is universal, but expressions of grief are cultural.

The vast majority of crimes come to the attention of the police in response to citizen complaints. If citizens don't think a crime is serious enough or feel that nothing can be done, they don't usually bother to inform the authorities. This means that there might be serious bias in the: symbolic interactionist theory of deviance. way conflict theorists understand deviance. definition of cash register honesty. value of punishment for deterrence. Uniform Crime Report.

What is one reason imprisonment was such a rare type of punishment before the nineteenth century? Earlier societies did not have sufficient resources to operate prisons. Earlier societies believed that physical punishments like branding were more likely to deter future crime. Earlier societies were crueler and therefore more accepting of harsh physical punishment. Earlier societies believed that punishments like shunning and banishment were more humane. Earlier societies had much less crime and so did not require any particular system of punishment

Which of the following is NOT considered a violent crime by the Uniform Crime Report? burglary rape aggravated assault robbery murder

The sociologist David Matza argues that sociologists who study deviance must try to avoid moral judgments, no matter what sort of individuals or situations they encounter. True False

Although branding is no longer used as a form of punishment in the United States, some subcultures have adopted it as a form of body art. This demonstrates that: branding must still really be a form of punishment. what is considered deviant changes over time. many people find punishment desirable. some acts are simply inherently deviant. deviant acts of the past become mainstream acts of the future.

Nowhere to Grow by Les Whitbeck and Dan Hoyt explored the lives of homeless and runaway teens in the Midwest. The authors found that "associating with deviant peers" had a dramatic effect on a wide range of deviant behaviors, including increasing "the likelihood of serious substance abuse almost 32 times." What theory of deviance considers the way such interpersonal relationships help to predict deviant behavior? self-fulfilling prophecy deviance avowal retreatism differential association labeling theory

According to conflict theory, why are vagrancy laws passed? to improve public health by preventing the spread of disease to prevent the sort of crime that is often associated with vagrant populations to ensure that someone is paying attention to the homeless so they receive help and assistance from the government because the working poor demand them, as their communities are the most likely to have vagrant populations as a way of targeting groups who threaten society's elites

The labor, gay rights, and environmental movements have all run the complete course of social movement stages. True False

According to a study published in Conservation Letters, a research team led by the biologist Brian MacKenzie ran computer models of the population dynamics of the bluefin tuna that suggest that, even if fishing were banned immediately, the population of bluefin in the Atlantic and Mediterranean Oceans will most likely collapse. This is a serious issue for sushi lovers everywhere, and some sociologists call it: technological diffusion. ecoterrorism. a tragedy of the commons. a public goods dilemma. a fad.

Both Woodstock 1999 and the Seattle World Trade Organization protests illustrate how collective behavior can turn into a riot. True False

Until it was canceled due to safety concerns in 2009, thousands of UCLA students used to gather several times a year for an "undie run" as a way of relieving stress during finals. What is this an example of? emergent norms a public goods dilemma the tragedy of the commons collective behavior contagion theory

The World Church of the Creator, founded by Matt Hale, wants to stop both religious and racial integration of America. This makes his movement a(n): emergent norm. tragedy of the commons. postmodern movement. voluntary simplicity movement. regressive social movement.

Why is the "decline" phase of social movements interesting? After a movement declines, it always perishes. After a movement declines, it is possible that the movement changes and continues. Social movements never decline. The coalescence phase comes right afterward. Social movements always decline very quickly after they begin.

In what way has Bhutan resisted the forces of globalization? Shopping is only allowed between 9:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. The country has no electricity. Internet merchants are banned. The country has a very low infant mortality rate. In the capital city, there are no chain stores.

The Shriners are a fraternity based on the Masonic principles of brotherly love, relief, and truth. They have roughly 375,000 members and 191 temples in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The Shriners support Shriners Hospitals for Children, a system of 22 hospitals dedicated to improving the lives of children by providing specialty pediatric care. Why are the Shriners not a social movement? It's very hard to imagine membership in the Shriners transforming anyone's life. They aren't dedicated enough to their work. They do not seek to alter the status quo. They aren't organized enough. They don't have an ideological commitment.

he protests in Seattle during the World Trade Organization meetings were directed against: police brutality. election fraud. the war in Iraq. globalization. mass marketing.

When a large number of people either collectively or individually engage in similar behaviors, sociologists call it: collective behavior. riots. mass behavior. contagion. a social movement.

The use of in vitro fertilization solved a specific problem, but it seems to have created a wide range of ethical dilemmas and problems that were not anticipated when it was first invented. This is an instance of: technological determinism. cultural leveling. cultural imperialism. dystopia. cultural lag.

Many have noticed that the U.S. economy seems increasingly focused on producing and managing information, rather than on making things. What term or concept could describe this shift? postmodernism social movements technological determinism emergent social movements mass behavior

Sociologists who focus on how practical constraints and opportunities can help or hinder a social movement are using: relative deprivation theory. resource mobilization theory. technological determinism. activist politics. reactionary theory.

Not all social movements challenge the norms or values of the dominant culture. True False

In Lincoln, Nebraska, in the summer of 2009, two groups held rallies about health care, one supporting and one opposing legislation proposed to overhaul America's health-care system. At one point, the two groups went beyond holding signs and shouting slogans, and tempers flared. Objects were thrown, shoving matches broke out, and the police had to step in to break up the: social movement. riot. rally. march. peaceful assembly.

"An agglomeration of men presents new characteristics very different from those of the individuals composing it. The sentiments and ideas of all the persons in the gathering take one and the same direction, and their conscious personality vanishes. A collective mind is formed, doubtless transitory, but presenting very clearly defined characteristics. The gathering has thus become what, in the absence of a better expression, I will call an organized crowd. . . . It forms a single being . . ." Which theory describes this quote? public goods dilemma tragedy of the commons mass society theory contagion theory emergent norm theory

The kind of government that a person lives under has very little effect on his ability to join a social movement. True False

What is the process called by which societies lose their uniqueness and begin to resemble one another? cultural lag research mobilization cultural leveling cultural imperialism cultural modernity

What do large numbers of people form when they come together? a social movement a collective behavior group a riot a fad a crowd

The transformation of culture over time is called: social revolution. cultural evolution. social iteration. social change. cultural translation.

Increasingly over the second half of the twentieth century, people in every nation came to watch more of the same movies. What would your text call this phenomenon? a fad an incipient social movement primitivism cultural leveling technological lag

People who believe that the government is not doing enough about climate change have gotten fed up and are starting to organize, which means they are starting to: achieve their goals. become part of the mainstream. take notice of a situation but refuse to define it as a problem. coalesce. bureaucratize.

"Buy Nothing Day" might best be described as a: regressive social movement. progressive social movement. conservative social movement. radical social movement. incipient social movement.

How does a fad differ from fashion? Fads can mark you as belonging to a certain social group, while fashion is widespread in society. Fashion changes, while fads are stable if only among a small group of people. Fads become very popular for short periods of time, while fashions are widespread styles of behavior that may last for longer periods of time. Fads and fashions are the same thing. Fads do not catch on with the general public, while fashions do.

Most social institutions began as social movements. True False

The relatively short-lived enthusiasm for leg warmers during the 1980s was an example of a: social dilemma. riot. fad. virtual community. public goods dilemma.

A public goods dilemma occurs when: individual actions that may be rational by themselves lead to a collective disaster. individuals must give something to a collective resource without necessarily taking anything in return. an individual tries to cheat the system by getting more than her fair share of the commons. individuals encourage others to participate in a social movement. individuals do not contribute to a public good but benefit from the efforts of others who do.

According to the text, when someone listens to public radio but never contributes during pledge drives, that person would be considered by sociologists: a backslider. a parasite. a social tragedy. a community malcontent. a free rider.

A company that dumps toxic waste in a river to keep costs down will likely never get caught by environmental regulators. According to Garrett Harden, we can best understand the costs of this action in terms of: a public goods dilemma. a relative deprivation. by thinking of it as an unintended consequence. a social dilemma. a tragedy of the commons.

What is the uneven distribution of technology called between different parts of a society or of the world? the digital divide technological determinism postmodern technology technological qualification cultural imperialism

Which of the following people would be most likely to join a social movement? a young woman who attends college and is involved in campus government and volunteers for local and state political campaigns a disaffected loner taking lots of math classes but without a real social life or a good outlet for making friends or forming romantic relationships an average student who spends a lot of time smoking marijuana and switches majors several times a young man from the lower class who gets a job in a campus cafeteria and notices how well off the students he serves are a single mother who works nights as a stocker at a grocery store and has relatives both in the Deep South and on the West Coast

Why would a political campaign NOT qualify as a social movement? It isn't organized enough. Its participants do not want to change their society. It has no central leadership. It does not have an ideological commitment to promoting social change. It is not protesting anything.

What is the relationship between deliberate social action and consequences? Deliberate social actions are those that cause intended consequences. Deliberate social action causes no unintended consequences. Deliberate social action can have intended and unintended consequences. Deliberate social action rarely leads to social change due to the complexity of social life. Deliberate social action takes decades to result in intended social change.

MoveOn.org was one of the first groups to successfully organize a large number of people around issues like partisan bickering and the power of corporate lobbies in Washington, in large part because it used innovative technology to locate, recruit, and organize supporters. This is exactly what ____________ theory would predict. mass society relative deprivation emergent social movement resource mobilization regressive

All successful social movements are eventually incorporated into institutions. True False

The World Church of the Creator, founded by Matt Hale, wants to stop both religious and racial integration of America. This makes his movement a(n): emergent norm. tragedy of the commons. postmodern movement. voluntary simplicity movement. regressive social movement.

Sometimes the motivations for large protests organized by college activists are criticized. Protests in Washington, D.C., are seen as "spring break" for activists, who take part more for the pleasure of belonging to something than for anything else. What theory would support this critique? public goods theory postmodernism the global village theory mass society theory resource mobilization theory

In 1968 Garrett Hardin described the tragedy of the commons. The classic example of the commons is a pasture where any community member can graze his livestock. What would be the modern equivalent of the commons? mass public entertainment, such as the circus and rock concerts natural resources, like water, air, forests, and plants the Internet jobs shopping malls and retailers

According to Armand Mauss, what happens in the second stage of a social movement's development? The public takes notice of the situation and defines it as a problem. The social movement becomes incorporated into institutions. The social movement turns into a bureaucracy. The social movement declines and disappears from view. Like-minded individuals begin to organize.

In 2007 Jason Fox and the Hood Presidents, a hip-hop group, uploaded a video of their song "Aunt Jackie" to YouTube, and almost instantly people started imitating the dance moves seen in the video. What is this an example of? a public goods dilemma mass behavior a crowd contagion theory an emergent norm

When activists begin to amass the things they need to sustain their movement—including volunteers, money, and office space—they are engaging in: resource mobilization. bureaucratization. individual behavior. coalescence. reactionary movements.

The Information Revolution is transforming Western society from: traditional to modern. traditional to postmodern. modern to postmodern. postmodern to modern. modern to traditional.

According to Armand Mauss, what happens in the "incipient" stage of a social movement? The social movement begins to fade away. The movement is absorbed by the very bureaucracies and institutions that it initially challenged. The public just begins to take notice of an issue and define it as a problem. Members of the social movement begin to organize and select leaders. The social movement actively struggles with more powerful institutions within society.

According to relative deprivation theory, why do people join social movements? They are filling a psychological need to belong to something. Social movements are a necessary part of a system of social stratification. Joining a social movement is a rational response to inequality or oppression. They are ordered to do so by the government. Social movements are good places to meet people and network.

The "bureaucratization" stage of a social movement: always happens at the beginning. has not yet happened for the gay rights movement. in the U.S. labor movement happened when the AFL and the CIO merged. happened for the environmental rights movement with the release of the film An Inconvenient Truth. happened during the gay rights movement with the Stonewall riot.