Sociology chapter 2 culture

Herbert Spencer's cultural ecological perspective maintained that humans have remained similar even on different continents because they have adapted to change in the environment through the use of culture. They have an inherent fear for change. They have an instinct for survival. Their superior physical ability allows them to control the force of nature.

Children displaying improper table manners violate a ______ of American culture. folkway mores law taboo

Which of the following statement does NOT apply to the concept of culture. Culture is learned behavior. Culture is biologically inherited. Culture is a feature of all human societies. Culture provides a fundamental basis for our decision making. Human being developed culture to adapt to the natural environment but human culture also destroy the environment on which they rely to survive.

Norms that are strictly enforced because they are essential to the core values of a society are called: folkways mores taboos beliefs

The assumption stating that language shapes people's thinking and perception is known as _________________. symbolic system the Sapir-Wholf hypothesis normative dimension cognitive dimension

________________ is the use of one's own culture as the yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies. ethnocentrism Cultural relativism culture shock counterculture

_______________ is trying to understand people in the framework of their own culture. counterculture culture shock cultural relativism ethnocentrism

Which statement is true regarding ethnocentrism according to sociological study? Ethnocentrism is always dysfunctional in societies. Ethnocentrism is functional to society because it promotes patriotism. Ethnocentrism may be causes for group segregation and discrimination. Social cohesion could grow out of ethnocentrism. All of them are true except a.

One sociologist studies a motorcycle gang knows as the Devil's Disciplines. He concludes that this group of men have a system values that connects masculinity with violence. Consequently, rape and murder are not foreign to members of the group. In this explanation, he is using the ______ analysis. differential association social bonds subculture labeling theory

The element of culture that includes symbols, language, and a society's beliefs, values, norms and understandings of reality is categorized as _____________. subculture counter culture material culture nonmaterial culture

According to ___________, behaviors such as incest avoidance may be genetically programmed in human beings. social Darwinism sociobiology cultural evolution theory subculture

The practice that When the most powerful groups and institutions control the means of producing beliefs about reality through religion, education, and the media to dominate people's mind, is termed as __________. social construction of reality socialization ideological hegemony total institution

Material culture changes fast but the nonmaterial culture such as beliefs, and values still resist to change, the term to describe this maladjustment is ____________. cultural diffusion culture lag culture relativism culture diversity

When a society's mores has been breached, a clearly defined punishment called a _____________ is often employed to ensure conformity. negative sanction folkway norm law

Culture and types of social structure emerge and change as a result of human being's adaptation to _____, as the cultural ecological perspective sees it. social control norms the environment laws

The value of freedom standing side by side with the value of racism is an example of value cluster value contradiction value system core values

The term __________ refers to the values, beliefs held by a group or society, together with their norms, language, and the material goods they create. social structure culture ethnocentrism cultural hegemony

Which types of society witnesses a decline in the importance of kinship ties and family values, and greater importance of the individual. pastoral society industrial society agrarian society horticultural society

Which one of the following is the correct sequence in societal/technology development? horticultural, hunter-gatherer, industrial, agrarian. Hunter-gatherer, horticultural, agrarian, industrial, post-industrial. Industrail, horticultural, post-industrial, agrarain. Post-industrial, industrial, agrarian, horticultural.

According to the sociological study of different types of societies, among the reasons that males enjoy greater power and prestige than females in pastoral/horticulturalsocieties is which of the following? Religions formed by these societies dictate male dominance. the myth system of the societies requires male leadership. Higher technology leads to greater surplus which results in wealth differentials, raiding and warfare, carried on by males. The women are usually slaves in pastoral societies.

Professor Zarkov has been a member of the faculty for over fifteen years, yet he still does not fully trust the computer. For every rough draft he produces, he makes a hard copy that he methodically files away in his every increasing number of file cabinets. The professor is suffering what William Ogburn would refer to as _________. cultural shock cultural diffusion cultural leveling cultural lag

A male student walking into class without a shirt on is violating variations of norms called a ___________, while in the same class, a female student who walk into class topless is violating a _________ . taboo, folkway folkway, taboo folkway, more taboo, folkway

A large group of people who live together in a specific area and share a culture is known as a cultural grouping. megacity. territory. society.

What is another way to refer to culture? a way of life our actualized self who we are, but not what we are a collection of objects

Jewelry, cars, homes, and boats would be considered what aspect of culture? material nonmaterial superficial disposable

Where does nonmaterial culture exist? in the clothes that we wear in the world of thoughts and ideas in the physical world in objects that people make

Which sociologist coined the term cultural lag? Emile Durkheim William Ogburn Robin Williams Robert Merton

The Internet has made it possible for most people to order all of their clothing online. While this may be a preference for some people, most people still go to shopping malls and stores to purchase their clothing. People might give a variety of reasons for not wanting to use the Internet exclusively. What likely accounts for the difference in preference? Many people are not knowledgeable about how to order clothing online. There is a cultural lag between having the Internet and using the technology to its full capacity. Many consumers don't have their own personal computer which makes online shopping difficult. There is fear, often generated by advertisers, discouraging consumers from making online purchases.

What is the difference between a more and a folkway? Mores are more strictly enforced than folkways. They are similar and can be used interchangeably. Folkways are more severe than mores. Violating a folkway may lead to public shame.

What is the key concept underlying the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? Language allows for the easy translation of words from one culture to another. Languages affect how their speakers think and behave. Some cultures have evolved to have more sophisticated language than others. New words and concepts are rarely developed and have remained stable over time.

What perspective emphasizes micro-level interactions? functionalist conflict feminist symbolic interactionist

The mass media typically represents and reflects which type of culture? ideal culture dominant culture counterculture subculture

Margie was learning about the Maasai tribe in Africa from her teacher. Her teacher was telling the class about the circumcision rituals that boys undergo at about the age of 10 when they are ready to become warriors. At this time, the boys paint their faces white and dress in black. Margie commented that this sounded like a very odd ritual and that she could not understand why anyone would want to be a part of this tribe. What was Margie exhibiting? multiculturalism cultural relativism cultural devaluing ethnocentrism

When Luther traveled to South America, he visited many different countries and experienced a variety of cultures. He tried different foods, witnessed some rituals that he had never encountered, and heard different languages spoken. He found that even though this was very different from his way of life, he could appreciate the richness of what he saw and tried to understand how those traditions might work for the people who lived there. What is Luther practicing? cultural relativism ethnocentrism assimilation cultural modeling

Ethnocentrism is all negative and should be eliminated from human society. T or F

Kissing is a cultural universal phenomena. T or F

Success is always clustered together with good education, good fortune and high social economic status. T or F

Cultural lag refers to inconsistencies in a cultural system, especially between technologies and nonmaterial culture. T or F

The relativist fallacy refers to the encouragement and respect to cultural differences. T or F

A Horticultual society is a society that depends for its livelihood on domestic animals. T or F

Conflict perspective looks at culture as a symbolic system. T or F

Cultural hegemony refers to the domination of cultural industry by elite groups in a society. T or F

Post-industrial society is characterized by industrial and manufactural jobs. T or F

Information technology and service industry characterize the post-industrial stage of social evolution. T or F

The first revolution human societies went through was the industrial revolution. T or F

Value contradiction could be a major cause for social change. T or F

Which one is an example of material cultural and which is non-material? baseball cap national flag table manner Christmas freedom hug polo shirt pizza religion privacy

Select ONE of these options (can be used more than once) for each number: mores, folkway, taboo, or law Table manner Honesty Cheating in exams Noisy Adultery Speeding Drunk-driving Incest Responsible for your family Greeting Hold the door for people behind you Work ethic Domestic violence

Businesses in this country can profit from recognizing the cultural diversity of the U.S. population.

Culture refers to the values, beliefs, behavior, and material things that form a way of life.

An example of nonmaterial culture would be the types of vehicles people use to get around.

For at least 12,000 years, humans have used culture as a strategy for survival.

Symbols refer to anything that carries meaning that is recognized by people who share a culture.

The emergence of computer-based instant messaging shows how new symbols are being created all the time.

Symbols allow people to make sense of their surroundings.

The gesture we commonly call "thumbs up" is used in most of the world's societies to signify that something is very good.

The Sapir-Whorf thesis states that the language we use shapes the reality we perceive.

Values are standards that serve as broad guidelines for living.

Most people in the United States share the value that everyone should not only have equality of opportunity, but also equality in all aspects of social standing.

Cultural values in the United States always go together—they are all consistent with one another.

Mores are norms that have great moral significance.

Gerhard Lenski used the concept "sociocultural evolution" to refer to how technological innovation changes the shape of societies.

Hunting and gathering societies generate a material surplus.

The subordination of women by men is clearly evident in hunting and gathering societies.

Agrarian societies typically have dramatic social inequality.

A postindustrial society has information technology and service industry dominte much of the economy.

Cultural relativism means using your own cultural standards to evaluate another culture.

Sociobiology explores how human biology has shaped today's culture.

The United States is the most (blank) of all countries. multicultural culturally uniform slowly changing nonmaterial

What is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that together make up the way of life for a group of people? social structure social system culture society

As a part of human culture, religion is an example of: material culture. nonmaterial culture. culture shock. human nature.

The intangible world of ideas created by members of a society is referred to as: high culture. material culture. norms. nonmaterial culture.

Cars, computers, and iPhones are all examples of which of the following? high culture material culture norms nonmaterial culture

Looking all around the world, what we find everywhere is: the same ideas about what is right. people enjoying the same sports. people creating diverse cultural systems. the same standards that define what is beautiful and ugly.

Among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that: relies on culture to ensure survival. has patterned ways of living. has biological instincts. makes use of tools.

The term (blank) refers to a shared way of life, and the term (blank) refers to a political entity. culture; society country; nation nation; culture culture; nation

Sociologists define a symbol as: anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture. any material cultural trait. any gesture that conveys insult to others. social patterns that cause culture shock.

The Sapir-Whorf thesis states that: language involves attaching labels to the real world. people see the world through the cultural lens of their language. most words have the same meaning if spoken in different languages. every word exists in all known languages.

Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called: folkways. norms. mores. values.

While one dominant value of U.S. culture is the right to equal opportunity and freedom, another is: equality of condition. material comfort. racism and group superiority. belief in tradition.

Key values of U.S. culture: always fit together easily. change quickly, even from year to year. are shared by absolutely everyone in a society. are sometimes in conflict with one another.

Low-income countries have cultures that value: economic survival. equal standing for women and men. self-expression. individualism

(blank) are rules about everyday, casual living; (blank) are rules with great moral significance. Mores; folkways Folkways; mores Proscriptive norms; prescriptive norms Prescriptive norms; proscriptive norms

(blank) distinguish between right and wrong; (blank) distinguish between right and rude. Mores; folkways Taboos; mores Folkways; mores Prescriptive norms; proscriptive norms

An act of kindness, such as opening the door for an elderly man, illustrates conforming to: mores. taboos. folkways. proscriptive norms.

Elements of social control in everyday life include shame, guilt, and: ideal culture. real culture. sanctions. material culture.

The fact that some married men and married women are sexually unfaithful to their spouses is an example of (blank) culture, while the fact that most adults say they support the idea of sexual fidelity is an example of (blank) culture. high; low low; high ideal; real real; ideal

What is the term for the application of cultural knowledge to the task of living in an environment? real culture ideal culture cultural transmission technology

According to Gerhard Lenski, which of the following has the greatest power to shape a society? technology social conflict human ideas human desire for change

According to Lenski, the term "sociocultural evolution" refers to: changes brought about by new ways of thinking. changes created by ideas coming from other societies. change that results from social conflict. changes that occur as a society acquires new technology.

In hunting and gathering societies the: population is small and nomadic. population is large and live in villages. population is small and they raise crops and animals. population is large and most people are farmers.

The social standing of women and men in hunting and gathering societies is: unequal, with men controlling farming. fairly equal, with men and women each making a vital contribution to survival. unequal, with women raising the young while men secure food. equal, because both men and women perform the same tasks.

Horticultural societies are those in which people: are nomadic. hunt animals and gather vegetation. have learned to raise animals. use simple hand tools to raise crops.

The first type of society to generate a material surplus was: hunting and gathering. horticultural and pastoral. agrarian. industrial.

What type of society engages in large-scale farming based on the use of plows drawn by animals or more powerful energy sources? hunting and gathering horticultural pastoral agrarian

Which of the following types of society has the most productive specialization? hunting and gathering horticultural and pastoral agrarian industrial

Which type of human society has existed only since about the year 1750? industrial societies agrarian societies horticultural and pastoral societies hunting and gathering societies

Subculture refers to: a part of the population lacking culture. people who embrace popular culture. cultural patterns that set off a part of a society's population. people who embrace high culture.

Multiculturalism is defined as: efforts to encourage immigration to the United States. efforts to establish English as the official language of the United States. a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions. the idea that the United States should have a single, dominant culture.

Counterculture refers to: people who differ in some small way. popular culture. high culture. cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held.

Cultural integration refers to the fact that: U.S. society contains many cultural patterns. European cultural patterns dominate U.S. society. change in one cultural pattern is usually linked to changes in others. everyone in the United States shares most cultural values.

The term "cultural lag" refers to the fact that: the rate of cultural change has been slowing. some societies advance faster than others do. some people are more cultured than others. some cultural elements change more quickly than others.

A good example of cultural lag is: gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns in humans before understanding the possible social consequences of doing so. a slowing in the rate of invention in the computer industry. older people trying to make younger people respect tradition. virtual culture replacing traditional culture.

The spread of cultural traits from one society to another is called: immigration. cultural transmission. popular culture. diffusion.

A person who criticizes the Amish farmer as being "backward" for tilling his fields with horses and a plow instead of using a tractor is displaying: ethnocentrism. cultural relativism. cultural diffusion. cultural integration.

The practice of understanding another culture on its own terms and using its own standards is called: ethnocentrism. cultural relativism. cultural diffusion. cultural integration

Which theoretical approach states that the stability of U.S. society rests on core values shared by most people? the structural-functional approach the social-conflict approach the symbolic-interaction approach the sociobiology approach

Cultural universals are elements of culture that: have always been part of U.S. culture. have diffused from the United States to other countries. have come to the United States from elsewhere. are part of every known culture.

Which theoretical approach is linked to the philosophical doctrine of materialism? the structural-functional approach the social-conflict approach the symbolic-interaction approach the sociobiology approach

A theory that explains how schooling helps prepare young people for the work they will do as adults represents the: structural-functional approach. social-conflict approach. symbolic-interaction approach. sociobiology approach.

A Marxist analysis of U.S. culture suggests that our competitive and individualistic values reflect: the values of the "founding fathers." trends in Western European history. this nation's capitalist economy. this nation's family system.

The theoretical approach that highlights the link between culture and social inequality is the: structural-functional approach. social-conflict approach. symbolic-interaction approach. sociobiology approach.

A feminist theoretical analysis of language in the U.S. suggests that cultural patterns support: gender inequality. gender equality. a capitalist economy. the family system.

Which theoretical approach gives an evolutionary explanation of why the sexual "double standard" is found around the world? the structural-functional approach the social-conflict approach the symbolic-interaction approach the sociobiology approach

If you were to attend a New York Ballet performance, you would be experiencing: high culture. popular culture. cultural transmission. virtual culture.

The basic idea of the symbolic-interaction approach is that society is ________ A) an arena of conflict between categories of people. B) the product of people interacting in countless everyday situations. C) a system that operates to benefit people. D) a system that generates social inequality.

Sociology is defined as the systematic study of human society. Question 2 options: A) True B) False

Which concept is used to describe relatively stable patterns of social behavior A) Social structure B) Manifest functions C) Social functions D) Social dysfunctions

By stating that the sociological perspective shows us "the strange in the familiar," the text argues that sociologists ________ A) focus on the bizarre elements of society. B) reject the familiar idea that people simply decide how to act in favor of the initially strange idea that society shapes our lives. C) believe that people often behave in strange ways.

A social-conflict approach to sports would be an analysis of ________ Question 5 options: A) the way in which sports help encourage competition. B) the importance of physical ability in success. C) how sports reflect social inequality. D) the different meanings people attach to games.

Rarely are people aware of all the functions of any social structure. Question 6 options: A) True B) False

A theory is required to explain a phenomena, but a hypothesis can simply describe the relationship between two or more variables. Question 7 options: A) True B) False

Many sociologists divide sociology into macro and micro theory levels, placing such approaches as structural-functional and social-conflict on the macro level and symbolic-interaction on the micro level. Question 8 options: A) True B) False

A sociologist might choose one theoretical approach over another based upon applicability: for example, for some sociologists gender-conflict theory might seem to explain sexual discrimination better than structural-functional approach. Question 9 options: A) True B) False

Which theoretical approach claims that it is not so much what people do that matters as much as what meaning they attach to their behavior? A) Structural-functional approach B) Social-conflict approach C) Symbolic-interaction approach D) Social-exchange approach

Subculture is more at odds with dominant culture than counterculture. Question options: A) True B) False

Cultural relativism means using your own cultural standards to evaluate another culture. Question options: A) True B) False

Culture acts as a constraint, limiting human freedom because ________ Question options: A) much culture is habit, which members of a society repeat again and again. B) humans cannot create new culture for themselves. C) culture always discourages change. D) culture forces us to make choices.