Geology Exam 2

a) location of the earthquake b) the star at depth is the place where the earthquake is generated c) the star at depth is the hypocenter d) the star on the surface is the epicenter e) All of the Above All of the Above is the answer

transform boundary

a) it is near a subduction zone b) the shallow earthquakes will be closer to the trench than the deeper ones c) the depth pattern of earthquakes can be used to determine which way the slab is inclined d) this area has the potential for large eaarthquakes e) all of the above All of the above

they compress and then expand the rock in the direction the wave travels

P-Waves arrive first, followed by S-Waves

the fault suddenly uplifts or downdrops the seafloor

oceanic trench

all types faults can generate earthquakes

a) P-waves cannot travel through the cor b) some P-waves are refracted upward before they reach this zone c) some P-waves are refracted inward through the core before they reach this zone d) the P-waves travel curved paths and are prevented from reaching the core-mantle boundary e) both b and c Both B and C

Braided river at C and delta at D

lake at E

a) dissolution b) thermal expansion c) oxidation d) hydrolysis e) reaction with acids from decaying plants Thermal Expansion

a) transport of the clasts over long distance b) working of clasts by waves on a beach c) steep slopes in a mountain d) dunes formed by wind steep slopes in a mountain

a) the size of the clasts increases b) the clasts become more rounded c) a and b The clasts become more rounded

a) occurence of a discrete event like a flood b) a change in the strength of the current c) a change in the supply of sediment d) a change in climate of the region e) all of the above are ways to form layers All of the above are ways to form layers

a) a change in mineral composition b) a change in grain size c) a change in color d) a sharp contact between two rock types e) all of the above are ways that can define layers in sedimentary rocks all of the above are ways that can define layers in sedimentary rocks

a) cement b) salt c) sand and gravel d) coal e) petroleum sand and gravel

a) near-surface fracturing b) frost wedging c) prying by plant roots d) thermal expansion e) oxidation oxidation

a) ductile behavior b) brittle deformation c) growth of new minerals d) re crystallization of minerals e) metamorphism brittle deformation

compression, tension, and shear

left lateral

compression

syncline

a) if the stress is very high, the rock will be unchanged b)stress can cause a rock to be displaced but not rotated c) if a rock has strained, then it has changed its size or shape d) a rock can be displaced or strained but not both at the same time if a rock has strained, then it has changed its size or shape

a) ductile behavior b) brittle deformation c) fracturing d) only minor changes in minerals e) none of the above ductile behavior

a) heating by magma b) subduction c) a change in stress d) shearing at depth e) any of the above can cause metamorphism any of the above can cause metamorphism

a) at shallow levels of the crust, the rocks become stronger with depth b) deep in the crust, the rocks weaken and can flow in the solid state c) both a and b both a and b

a) millions of layers of light- and dark-colored sediment that record yearly cycles b) rates of seafloor spreading compared to the width of the Atlantic Ocean c) a 4-billion-year age on a rock in Canda d) thousands of isotopic ages measured by different methods e) all of the above all of the above

for half of the parent atoms to decay into daughter items

2 half lives

older rocks are tilted, eroded, and overlain by younger rocks

Precambrian

the layers on bottom

a) fossils that are large and distinctive b) fossils that are widely distributed across c) a and b only

a) a great thickness of oceanic sediment trapped within the central lift b) very smooth topography as a result of the sedimentary cover c) melting of the entire thickness of the asthenosphere to produce magma d) compression that buckles the crust forming the ridge e) none of the above none of the above

oceanic trenches

a) mid-ocean ridges b) abyssal c) oceanic trenches d) continental shelves continental shelves

a) shallow seas that are relatively free of suspended sediment b) the area offshore of northeastern Australia c) the Caribbean d) islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean e) shallow, clear waters off Iceland shallow, clear waters off Iceland

a) submarine canyons b) turbidity currents c) submarine landslides d) all of the above all of the above

a) a compass needle would point south b) the magnetic signal of seafloor formed with this polarity would be weaker compared to adjacent areas of the seafloor c) a and b only a and b only

the thickness of continental crust

heating the crust and mantle

a) normal faulting that thins the crust b) erosion c) cooling of the crust d) all of the above all of the above

a) passive margin b) in front of a fold and thrust belt c) along a strike-slip fault d) at high elevations e) basins can form in all these settings basins can form in all these settings

parts of the continent have been added by the accretion of tectonic resources

a) formation of a curved continental outline along two rifts b) localization of a river and delta along the failed arm of the rift c) a thick accumulation of basalt and other volcanic rocks d) a region that is high in elevation relative to adjacent arts of the continent e) all of the above all of the above

a) Gondwana b) Laurasia c) Pangea d) Rodinia e) Tethys Tethys

a) flexing and bending of the oceanic plate into the subduction zone b) flexing of the continent by weight of the thrust sheets c) a and b only a and b only

tidal flat at E

piling of sediment down the front of a dune or ripple

a) fracturing of bedrock that results in angular pieces b) breaking of round cobbles as they are transported c) scouring and abrasion of bedrock along rivers d) decomposition of granite into quartz grains and clay e) all of the above all of the above

a) liquefy unconsolidated sediments, causing destruction of buildings on top of them b) generate a tsunami c) trigger landslides d) cause rigid buildings to collapse e) all of the above all of the above

a) have many new buildings be made of rigid concrete or masonry b) keep 72 hours' worth of food and water in an easily-carried backpack c) have hospitals install computerized earthquake warning systems that will shut down natural gas systems and turn on back-up generators d) require that new buildings be built to flex easily e) all of the above would be a good idea all of the above would be a good idea