Geology Chapter 7 Test

sediment and sedimentary rocks

physical and chemical weathering

loose sediment hardens into sedimentary rock

The sediment gradually settles to the bottom

steep gradients and are confined by bedrock canyons

the processes and sediment of streams and rivers

braided river at C and delta at D

delta at D

lake at E

mountains at A and glaciers at B

lake at E

a) topography b) local geology c) amount of water ---d) all of these

tidal flat at E

beach at A

coral reef at C

deep seafloor at D

the lagoon B and deep seafloor D

fine dust and the remains of single-celled organisms

turbidity currents

reefs

barrier islands

thermal expansion

oxidation

a) fracturing of bedrock that results in angular pieces b) breaking of round cobbles as they are transported c) scouring and abrasion of bedrock along rivers d) decomposition of granite into quartz grains and clay -----e) all of these

quartz rich rock

other locations

its size decreases

faster

quartz

well sorted

they have been transported a significant distance

a weak current

steep slopes on a mountain

clasts become more rounded

size of the clasts

a wide range in the size of the clasts

steep slopes

loose fragments of rocks and minerals

sediment size

the size range of clasts in sediment

well-sorted

a) Steepness of slope b) Sediment supply c) Strength of current d) Agents of transport -----e) All of these

metamorphism

a) calcite -----b) pyroxene c) silica d) iron-oxide minerals

the shape of the clasts Conglomerate has larger clasts

a) breccia b) conglomerate -----c) shale d) sandstone e) siltstone

a) Clasts in a conglomerate or breccia can be different rock types or can be all the same rock type. b) The amount of pore space decreases as a sand is compacted into sandstone. c) Siltstone is coarser than shale. ALL TRUE

water containing dissolved materials

rock salt and other evaporate materials

evaporation of water in a lake or sea

Limestone

Coal

accumulation of microscopic organisms composed of calcium carbonate

accumulation of silica rich organisms or mixing of seawater and groundwater

precipitation from seawater early in Earth's history

a) salt - evaporation of water b) gypsum - evaporation of water -----c) coal - deep-sea organic-rich black shale d) chert - accumulation of tiny silica-rich creatures e) chert - mixing of seawater and groundwater

Chalk

plant material

by the wind or a water current

debris flow

a) debris flow b) landslide c) steep mountain front -----d) meandering river e) glacier

braided river

high

a short distance

by a river

sand dunes

river

beach next to a sea

deep water turbidity currents

open ocean away from land

turbidity currents along a continental slope

Deposited on land and exposed to air

deposited by wind in dunes

a turbidity current

by waves at the beach

channel of a braided river

a) soft slopes covered by small, loose chips b) slopes covered by loose debris from overlying rocks c) valleys and other low areas carved into the landscape d) badlands -----e) all of these

fine grained (smaller than sand)

easily eroded

one of the places where clay is deposited is very widespread (the seafloor)

commonly subject to a dissolution

a) limestone b) travertine c) dolostone -----d) shale e) a rock formed from a coral reef

a) sinkholes b) fractures widened by dissolution c) caves d) outcrops with pits or holes ------e) all of these are common in carbonate landscapes

a) coral reefs b) deposition of calcite near springs c) some lakes d) accumulation of the remains of microscopic organisms -----e) all of these are environments in which limestone forms

a) Gray or yellowish in color b) Commonly includes shells c) Forms in water from various processes d) Is known as a carbonate -----e) All of these statements are correct

-----a) nearshore environments b) fluvial environments c) deep-sea environments d) swampy environments

the area was experiencing a regression

a) the seas move out, uncovering more land b) sand dunes and river sediments can be deposited over marine deposits -----c) marine sedimentary facies move toward the land d) all of these

a) the seas move in, covering more land -----b) sand dunes and river sediments can be deposited over marine deposits c) marine sedimentary facies move toward the land d) erosion surfaces on land can be covered by beach sand e) all of these

The area was experiencing a transgression

transgression

regression

a) Fossils indicate that sediment was deposited in water. b) Large cross beds in well-sorted sandstone usually indicate deposition by wind. c) Mudcracks are formed at the surface d) Large, angular, poorly sorted clasts reflect a very short transport. -----e) All of these.

the current flowed from right to left

the lowest red sandstone

both layers of tan sandstone

the environment in which the rocks were deposited

cement

a) cement b) salt -----c) sand and gravel d) coal e) petroleum

a) how environments shifted in location through time b) past changes in climate c) past events, such as landslides and earthquakes d) migration of deserts and advances of the sea -----e) all of these

-----a) Groundwater mostly resides in the pore spaces between grains and in fractures. b) Oil and natural gas migrate down until they are trapped at depth. c) Coal forms from the burial of deep-water organic shale. d) The most important component of cement comes from siltstone. e) Uranium does not commonly occur in sandstone.