What is the source of energy for giant tube worms and clams that live at hydrothermal vents?
answer
Bacteria that break down H2S
question
A dense mixture of water and sediment that flows downslope underwater is called a __________.
answer
turbidity current
question
Match the seafloor feature with the description of its formation.
answer
Seamount
Submarine volcanic eruptions.
Trench
Downwarping of an oceanic plate as it plunges beneath another plate.
Mid-ocean ridge
Well-defined rift found at divergent boundaries.
question
Which of the following statements describes black smokers?
answer
Form mineral deposits rich in copper and zinc.
Form sulfide-rich chimneys.
Form along mid-ocean ridges.
question
Order the steps in atoll formation from first on top to last on bottom.
answer
A volcanic island forms, establishing a shoreline for the construction of a fringing reef.
An island subsides, forming a barrier reef some distance from the shoreline.
A central, shallow lagoon forms surrounded by a ring of coral and other carbonate material.
question
Rock units beneath the sea floor can be imaged with sound waves using a method called ______.
answer
Seismic-Reflection Profiling
question
Match the name of the reef type with its correct setting.
answer
Atoll
Curved reef surrounding a shallow lagoon.
Barrier reef
Forms at the edge of a continent.
Fringing reef
Surrounds and/or may be attached to an island.
Carbonate platform
Forms a broad, shallow platform.
question
Manganese nodules form on the deep seafloor as manganese and other metals precipitate from _________.
answer
seawater
question
What are the characteristics of natural salt deposits?
answer
Very soluble in water
Can flow to form domes
Deposited in layers
question
How water, metals, and sulfur discharge from ___________ vents (also known as black smoker) at mid-ocean ridges.
answer
hydrothermal
question
Oceanic plateaus form from basaltic volcanism originating from ___________.
answer
hot spots
question
Salt is a weak rock that can flow; therefore, it forms _______. (all that apply)
answer
Salt glaciers
Domes
A slip plane for thrust faults
question
Which conditions promote the growth of coral reefs?
answer
Clear water
Shallow water
Warm water
question
Match the spreading ridge with its characteristic shape.
answer
Mid-Alantic Ridge
Well-defined central rift valley.
East Pacific Rise
Broad and lacking a central rift.
question
Order the events in the history of the Carribean Basin beginning with the oldest event at the top and the most current event at the bottom.
answer
North America split from Africa and South America through continental rifting.
Seafloor spreading moved North America farther from Africa and South America.
An island arc and oceanic plateau collided with Florida near Cuba.
question
Match the location on the map with the plate-tectonic boundary that occurs there.
answer
Cayman Trough - Transform Boundary
Lesser Antilles - Subduction of the North American plate.
Central America - Subduction of Cocos plate
question
Magma that erupts at mid-ocean ridges forms pillow ____________.
These are pushed away from the ridge crest covered with clay-rich ___________.
answer
basalt
sediment
question
Order the steps in the formation of seamount form the first event at the top to the last event at the bottom.
answer
A conical basaltic volcano forms an island.
The volcanic mountain cools and subsides.
The top of the volcano flattened by wave erosion and continues to subside.
The flat-topped volcano is buried by sediment.
question
The abrupt change from thinned, faulted continental crust to oceanic crust occurs at the _________.
answer
continental slope
question
The continental collision of the Eurasian and Arabian plates formed the __________.
answer
Persian Gulf
question
What happens to the crust behind a migrating island arc as it moves along with a subducting slab?
answer
A back-arc basin forms.
A spreading center develops.
The crust thins and a rift forms.
question
What do the areas shown in red on the map have in common?
answer
They formed adjacent to deep trenches.
They are all island arcs.
question
The direct source of heat for the water emitted by black smokers at mid-ocean ridges comes from _______.
answer
magma
question
In the diagram, match the letter with the name of the feature present on the continental margin.
answer
A (lower ocean floor)
Continental rise
B (underwater slot canyon)
Submarine canyon
C (upper ocean floor)
Continental shelf
D
Continental slope
question
Order the processes that formed Monterey Canyon along its length from onshore to the deep sea, with the first event at the top and the last event at the bottom.
answer
The canyon was carved by rivers above sea level
The canyon was cut below sea level by turbidity currents
Sediment deposits built up a submarine fan
question
Monterey Canyon is a _________ canyon in the continental slope eroded by turbidity currents.
answer
submarine
question
Which sea was a lake prior to being flooded by the ocean at the end of the Ice Age?
answer
Black Sea
question
A fan-shaped sediment deposit on the continental rise formed by turbidity currents is called a ________ ________.
answer
submarine fan
question
Island arcs form in association with what type of tectonic setting?
answer
Subduction zones
question
The modern continents originated from a supercontinent called ________ and all modern oceans from one large ocean that existed about 200 million years ago.
answer
Pangaea
question
Using the map determine where the sediment cover is the thickest on the seafloor.
answer
Along the continental margins.
Near river mouths
question
The yellow areas on the map indicate that the process of __________ is occurring in the Gulf of California, in addition to seafloor spreading.
answer
Transform faulting
question
Match the name of the sea with the process that formed it.
answer
North Sea
Rifting and normal faulting.
Baltic Sea
Enlarged river valley scoured by glaciers, then filled by the sea.
Red Sea
Seafloor spreading at a divergent boundary.
Black Sea
Isolated from a larger sea, reduced in size, and flooded during sea-level rise.
question
Place the formation of each section of the Atlantic Ocean in order.
answer
Central Atlantic Ocean (first)
South Atlantic Ocean
North Atlantic Ocean (last)
question
A submarine landslide commonly forms ________.
answer
Distinctive lumps on the seafloor.
A ragged scar on the slope above.
question
What information can be determined directly by analyzing seafloor drill cores?
answer
The type of sediment on the seafloor.
The type of rock on the seafloor.
The rate of sediment deposition.
question
Hot spots form linear island chains because _______.
answer
the plate moves relative to the underlying hot spot.
question
The sequence shown here with alternating coarser and finer sediment formed by successive turbidity currents is called ________ ________.
answer
graded beds
question
Why are reefs located between 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south of the equator?
answer
Clear water is present in this zone.
Warm water is present in this zone.
question
Geologists can learn about past environments and climates by collecting cylinder-shaped drill _______ from the seafloor.
answer
cores
question
Match the part of the Atlantic Ocean with the continents that split to form it.
answer
Central Atlantic Ocean
North America and Africa
South Atlantic Ocean
Africa and South America
North Atlantic Ocean
North America and Europe
question
Put the processes that first occur when oceanic plates spread apart at the mid-ocean ridge in order.
answer
Basaltic lava erupts from the rift.
Blocks of oceanic crust are downdropped in normal faults.
Sediment settles onto new basalt.
Oceanic crust has a smooth surface covered by layered sediment.
question
The shallower, eastern part of the Bering Sea is underlain by _________ crust,
whereas the deeper, western part is underlain by ________ crust.
answer
continental
oceanic
question
The ________ Sea was formed by the enlargement of a river valley that was scoured by glaciers and then filled in by the sea.
The ________ Sea was isolated from a larger sea, was reduced in size, and was flooded during sea-level rise.
answer
Baltic
Black
question
Use the map to determine what types of plate motion are occurring in the Gulf of California today.
answer
Seafloor spreading
Transform faulting
question
Hot spots, indicated by the red dots on the map, coincide with _________.
answer
volcanically active island chains
question
The Indian Ocean began to form about ________ million years ago.
answer
120
question
Which describe how marine salt deposits form?
answer
From restricted water flow in a marine basin.
From evaporation of seawater.
question
The ______ ____ was isolated from the ocean and became a lake until the Ice Age ended and the Mediterranean Sea flooded, returning it to a small sea.
answer
Black Sea
question
Magmas that are intermediate in composition form island arcs with explosive _______ volcanoes made of andesite.
answer
composite
question
Which statements correctly explain why the Atlantic Ocean is presently growing in size, whereas the Pacific Ocean is shrinking?
answer
The Atlantic Ocean does not have major subduction.
The Atlantic Ocean has a spreading center.
question
In the Phillipine Sea, seafloor spreading is forming a __________, and one can observe submerged ridges indicating that different episodes of spreading have occurred.
answer
back-arc basin
question
In most cases, salts are concentrated by _______ in marine basins or on land to form salt deposits.
answer
evaporation
question
Which locations contain modern coral reefs?
answer
Phillipines
Bahamas
Polynesia
question
Movement of the trench away from the island arc is called trench ___________.
answer
rollback
question
The bumps and pits on the seafloor in the Gulf of Mexico, shown in the diagram, are cause by __________.
answer
the subsurface flow of salt
question
The Sea of Japan formed as a deep basin between Asia and Japan because ___________.
answer
of back-arc seafloor spreading
question
The __________ Plateau and the __________ Plateau are oceanic plateaus that formed over 100 million years ago.
answer
Ontong Java
Kerguelen
question
Which are true statements describing the near geologic future of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans?
answer
The Atlantic Ocean will grow in size.
The Pacific Ocean will continue to shrink.
question
What were the key methodologies used to gain an understanding of the undersea geology of the Gulf of Mexico and the Carribean, in order to reconstruct the region's history?
answer
Seafloor mapping and geophysical surveys conducted for petroleum exploration.
question
Which can be extracted from drill cores to determine the numeric age of the sediment on the seafloor?
answer
Minerals from volcanic units
Fossils
question
Most oceanic measurements made from satellites are of ocean surface properties rather than deep-ocean properties.
answer
True
question
What process thins the continental crust before it meets the oceanic crust at the continental slope
answer
Normal Faulting
question
Salt is a weak rock that can flow; therefore it forms _____.
answer
Salt glaciers
Domes
A slip plane for thrust faults
question
Match the technique that geologists use to study the seafloor with its characteristics of being either a direct or remote method of study.
answer
----Direct----
Drilling into the seafloor
Visiting with manned subs
----Remote-----
Observing with satellites
Mapping with sonar
question
Order the location of the seafloor regions by elevation with highest at the top and the lowest at the bottom
answer
Mid-ocean Ridge
Abyssal Plain
Oceanic trench
question
Turbidity currents can erode rock underwater and deposit ____
answer
Graded Beds
Submarine fans
question
Match the seafloor with its descriptions
answer
Seamount - Isolated mountain
Abyssal plain Deep seafloor with smooth topography
Oceanic trench- Deepest part of the ocean
question
On the map shown, R has the youngest oceanic crust because it is at a ____
answer
Spreading center
question
Baseball-sized spheres that precipitate out of seawater and fall to the seafloor are called manganese
answer
nodules
question
Coral _____ form in shallow, tropical seas with clear water.
answer
reefs
question
Which areas shown on the map have the shallowest seafloor depth?
answer
(P) passive continental margins
question
Match the seafloor feature with its description:
answer
Seamount:
Isolated mountain
Abyssal Plain:
Deep seafloor with smooth typography
Oceanic Trench:
Deepest part of the ocean.
question
What method produces images of the materials beneath the seafloor using waves?
answer
Seismic-reflection profiling
question
_____ reefs protect the coastline from waves and storms because they occur just offshore from the mainland, whereas _____ reefs are attached to a shoreline or are just offshore, surrounding an island.
answer
barrier, fringing
question
The largest organic buildup on Earth is the ______ ______ Reef in eastern Australia. The corals in the reef have grown upward in response to sea-level rise following the last Ice Age.
answer
Great Barrier
question
A(n) _____ forms from hot spot volcanism, as a submarine volcano is created and rises above sea level but then eventually is eroded and subsides beneath the sea.
answer
seamount
question
The hot water emitted by _____ at mid-ocean ridges is actually recycled seawater that flows into the subsurface and is heated by a magma source.
answer
black smokers
question
what do the island chains of Hawaii, Tahiti, and Tristan da Cunha have in common?
answer
The formed from hot spots.
question
Sediments in a submarine farm have graded beds because they are deposited by _____ currents
answer
turbidity
question
The Pacific plate is subducting around its edges, forming the _____ _____ showing in red on the map.
answer
island arcs
question
About 120 million years ago, the _____ Ocean began to form, as India separated from Australia and Antartica.
answer
Indian
question
Why are island arcs curved?
answer
They form next to trenches on a spherical Earth.
question
The seafloor east of Papua New Guinea has small basins, trenches, and island arcs.
True/False: This area is considered one of the least complex areas of oceanic crust.
answer
False
question
Submarine canyons transport sediment from the continental shelf to the continental ______.
answer
rise
question
The CCD, or _______ compensation depth, is the depth at which calcite disappears in the ocean.
answer
Carbonate
question
Put the following phrases in the correct order to describe the formation of the salt deposits underlying the Gulf of Mexico. Put the first step on top.
answer
1. Salt was deposited during the Mesozoic era
2. Salt was buried causing it to flow upward and sideways
3. The moving salt created folds and domes in the overlying rocks
4. Oil and gas were trapped in the folded sedimentary rocks
question
Island arcs have a curved shape because there is ______ surface area on the outside of the plate than at depth.
answer
More
question
The volcanic rocks on oceanic islands are ______ to intermediate in composition.
answer
Mafic
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