GLY 1880 Midterm

According to the theory of plate tectonics, old oceanic crust is destroyed:

A ____________ is a zone along which plates slide past one another and crust neither produced nor destroyed.

As young seafloor moves away from a spreading ridge:

______ was comprised of South America, Africa, Madasgascar, India, Australia, and Antartica

Plate tectonics is driven by:

Continental landmasses merged into this single large landmass prior to the evolution of dinosaurs:

The discovery of these features from the ocean basins was the key to the seafloor spreading hypothesis and unlocking the secrets of plate tectonics:

The Himalayan Mts. And Tibetan Plateau were formed by collision of the

Oceanic _______ are the deepest regions of the ocean basins

This feature is where the North America Plate is sliding laterally past the Pacific Plate (transform plate boundary):

______ is viewed as the developer of the theory of continental drift.

What is the study of the Earth's magnetic history called?

Major zones of earthquakes occur near trenches where a zone of dipping shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes defines a __________of seismicity

Earthquakes and volcanoes are more common around the Pacific than the Atlantic because of the subduction of lithosphere into trenches

The primary reason continental drift theory was initially (prior to 1968) rejected was:

Sediment thickness decrease away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and reaches minimum thickness along the adjacent continental margins:

A _______ continental margin is one away that is not near a plate margin

The ________is the rigid outer layer from the earth's surface down to the asthenosphere.

A __________ is where new crust is created as plates move apart

The magnetic stripes (anomalies) of the seafloor:

The eastern boundary of the North American Plate is:

Oceanic ridges such as the Mid-Atlantic ridge:

_________ refers to the force imparted on a tectonic plate by the gravity-driven subduction of a cold dense slab of lithosphere surrounded by warmer asthenosphere, thus puling the rest of the plate along as it descends into the asthenosphere.

The vast majority of all seismic energy occurs near _____

Each whole number increase in the Ritcher magnitude scale represents a _____times increase in the earthquake wave amplitude

Ocean ridge earthquakes tend to be shallow and weaker than subduction zone earthquakes

The location of an earthquake can be determined by the arrival times of P and S-waves from a minimum of __ seismographs

Rocks can undergo ductile deformation where they deform permanently without fracturing or losing cohesion

The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale measures

When the stress exerted on rocks exceeds their strength or natural resistance to being deformed, they can lose their internal cohesion and fracture

The ____ is the source of a given set of earthquake waves, generally in the subsurface of the Earth. It represents the point of origin for the earthquake.

This earthquake scale measure the size of an earthquake based on what happened at the source rather on the amount of ground movement at distance from its point of origin:

More of the most deadly earthquakes (4 of the top 10) in history occurred in this country:

A measure of the intensity and concentration of the applied force on a given area is:

Brittle deformation occur more commonly in rocks at depth from the subsurface rather than near the surface

Which each increase of one unit on the Richter scale there is an approximately how many fold increase in the energy released:

Very strong earthquakes do not occur in the interior of tectonic plates

The response of strain in rocks depends on:

As with the motion of sound waves, these earthquake waves move by alternately pushing (compessing) and pulling (dilating) the rock:

The geologic study of earthquakes is called:

The amplitude of seismic wave arrivals as marked on a seismograph is a function of the intensity of the earthquake

The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale measures earthquake intensities in what range?

Love waves and Rayleigh waves are:

When the earthquake hit the morning of November 1st, many of Lisbon's catholic citizens were in church marking:

his person was responsible for overcoming the non-humanitarian earthquake response of the church to provide for Lisbon earthquake victim relief and assist in the rebuilding of the city:

The rebuilding of Lisbon employed the first earthquake resistant building techniques.

The Lisbon earthquake was felt in:

More estimates of the Richter magnitude of the Lisbon earthquake range between:

Tsunami caused by the Lisbon earthquake created a great deal of destruction along the shores of this river that enters into the ocean at Lisbon:

This event was instrumental in permanently diminishing the political influence of the church and cemented secular control over western political power:

Lisbon did not have history of earthquake prior to the one discussed herein.

Influenced by the Lisbon earthquake, Voltaire challenged the "Optimism" view of the world in his dark satire:

Geologists believe there may have been two epicenters for the Lisbon earthquake, one offshore and another:

The Lisbon earthquake was the strongest historic earthquake in Europe.

During what year did the Lisbon earthquake occur?

Outside of Lisbon, the largest loss of life from the Lisbon earthquake induced tsunami was where:

Lisbon is near the boundary between the African and European tectonic plates.

The Lisbon earthquake generated a vigorous and prolonged debate on the nature of the natural world and its relation to God. Opposite sides of this debate were defended by the great philosophers:

After the Lisbon earthquake, as much damage was done to the city by fire as was done by the earthquake.

The New Madrid earthquakes mostly occurred when?

How many New Madrid earthquakes are thought to have had moment magnitudes of between 7 and 8?

The U.S. government believes this region may potentially cause "the highest economic losses due to a natural disaster in the United States," and predicted that a 7.7 magnitude or greater could produce "widespread and catastrophic" damage across eight states:

In 1983, seven states established the Central United States Earthquake Consortium (CUSEC) to:

This member of the U.S. Geological Survey made the first detailed study of the regional damage caused by the New Madrid earthquake in 1912:

The subsurface structural boundaries of the ancient rift in the New Madrid seismic zone called the:

Mr. Jared Brooks constructed his own instruments capable of detecting vertical and horizontal ground motion

The New Madrid seismic zone is thought to be a failed rift, called an:

The San Francisco earthquake of 1906 was felt over a larger than the New Madrid earthquakes.

Mr. Jared Brooks of this city recorded the number and "intensity" of the New Madrid earthquakes:

George Morgan obtained the land for the founding of New Madrid from Spanish authorities in what city?

Sand blows in the New Madrid Seismic zone were not accompanied by the expulsion of quantities of water.

Which earthquake was accompanied by the more extensive development of uplifts and sunklands?

Thousands of earthquakes have occurred in the New Madrid seismic zone during the last 35 years.

The U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) issued a warning about this are saying that it could cause "the highest economic losses due to a natural disaster in the United States." What area were they referencing?

How man earthquakes Jared Brooks recorded during the New Madrid earthquake episode:

The New Madrid earthquakes occur at what type of tectonic plate boundary?

Sand blows appear to be more common closer to the epicenters of the New Madrid earthquakes

The New Madrid seismic zone occupies this region:

What happened to the original New Madrid?

Paleoseismic studies of the New Madrid seismic zone have discovered:

he two largest cities in proximity to most of the New Madrid earthquake epicenters were:

During New Madrid earthquakes, some islands in the Mississippi River:

The Louisiana Territory was _______ control from 1762 until the Treaty of San Ildefonso ceded it to the French and Napoleon Bonaparte in 1800. Shortly after coming into French ownership, the United States bought the Louisiana Territory, signing a treaty on April 30th, ______

Mr. Sloan found through his study of earthquake and rail disturbances how many epicentral regions of earthquakes in the Charleston region?

Another earthquake the size of the Charleston earthquake and in the same area would likely cause a greater loss of life and property than any hurricane could possibly accomplish

The shortening of rails can be a sign of crustal shortening or compression

Paleoseismic studies found that the average time between major earthquakes in the Charleston region is about:

Charleston is on the ____________,a wide swath or almost flat-lying, thick sedimentary rocks that dip or slope gently toward the shore and beyond to the continental shelf margin

Charleston received very little federal assistance in the aftermath of the earthquake

Dutton (1889) found the greatest concentration of sand blows in the epicentral regions of the Charleston earthquakes

South Carolina disaster preparedness tends to focus on:

Most earthquake deaths in Charleston were from crushing injuries from falling walls, gables, comices, etc

In the aftermath of the earthquake, the entire city of Charleston was destroyed by fire.

The longest southwest-northeast Woodstock fault was offset by a spate fault. Located in 2004, running 20 degrees to the northwest, the offset fault runs down the Sawmill Branch of the Ashley River. The offset fault is named ________________

Brick and masonry structures of Charleston did experienced less damage than wooden structures

Earthquake magnitude intensities were measured for both the New Madrid and Charleston earthquakes using seismographs

How widely was the Charleston earthquake felt?

The vital infrastructure resources were built in one of the epicenter regions of the Charleston earthquakes:

Modern seismic studies have found the faults likely responsible for the Charleston earthquakes are located:

Charleston was founded when?

Older brick buildings in Charleston used mortar composed of ground:

A goal of Dutton and his group's investigation of the Charleston earthquakes was to determine the distribution of relative intensity by way of isoseismals which are:

The Charleston earthquake took place in what year?

"Mad land" is more susceptible to liquefaction than most dry natural land

The Charleston earthquake was the first great natural disaster to face a metropolitan citizenry in the United States

Most of the Charleston earthquake recovery funds were raised from:

Can the pattern of brick-laying and the type of mortar make any difference in the strength of walls, according to Charleston post-earthquake structural studies:

What types of disturbances were noted in the Charleston region as a consequence of the earthquakes?

A precursor earthquake was felt in this nearby town prior to any tremors in Charleston:

Many problems with the earthquake recovery of Charleston were because of the inexperience of its citizens with disaster:

Sedimentary rocks younger than the formation of the Atlantic Ocean are how thick near Charleston?

Modern seismic studies have identified a subsurface South Carolina seismic zone named the:

Approximately twenty years after the Charleston earthquakes, another earthquake in this city caused it to look to Charleston from how to best to respond in the aftermath of an earthquake:

The U.S.G.S. inaccurately predicted earthquakes along the San Andreas Fault near what city?

When an earthquake releases strain on one segment of a fault it can actually increase the probability of an earthquake on another region of the same fault

Currently the U.S.G.S. earthquake prediction goal is being able to specify a high probability of an earthquake on particular fault within a particular year

Which country would have an older written record of its earthquake activity?

Which of the following do the Chinese have the most success with in predicting earthquakes?

Since 2001 the U.S.G.S. has successfully predicted four earthquakes within 24 hours of their occurrence

If an earthquake of identical magnitude and identical local geology occurred in a equally populated area of the United States and China, the United States population would likely suffer more damage and loss of life

Which of the following sometimes have been observed as earthquake precursors?

his sub discipline of geology studies pre-historic earthquakes from the geologic record:

The government agency is responsible for studying earthquakes and making earthquake risk assessments:

Lava of what composition is thicker or more viscous and has higher silica content?

The eruptions of this volcano were basaltic:

What happened to people of Santorini when the cataclysmic eruption occurred?

What is the name of the subduction zone along the Adriatic margin of Italy?

Increasing atmospheric aerosols can cause a decrease in rainfall:

Most of the eruptions of Mt. Vesuvius are of what eruptive style?

The collapse of Plinian eruption columns can cause pumice-rich __________to rapidly inundate the flanks and surrounding regions of a stratovolcano

Vesuvius, Laki, and Santorini, are all considered active volcanoes:

Volcanoes with magma of high silica content are generally more explosive than those with magmas of low silica content:

This national park features a lake within a caldera:

Most of the volcanic material that buried Pompeii and Herculaneum was :

Were it not for the cold Swiss summer following the Tambora eruption, John William Polidori may not have introduced this genre of creatures to the world:

The Volcanic Explosively Index ranges from 0 to 8. What was the index of the last major prehistoric eruption of Yellowstone?

Basaltic flow tops with a ropy appearance are known by the Hawaiian name:

Dates for the Santorini eruption are provided by:

Which type of volcano is characterized by gentle slopes of less than 15 degrees and is generally basaltic in composition?

Extinct volcanoes are ones that have not been active or shown any signs of activity in the form of gas emissions, geothermal activity, earthquakes, or ground subsidence and uplift during the past how many years?

What was the name of the commander of the Roman fleet at Misenum who died on a rescue mission to Stabiae near Pompeii?

A particular type of mudflow or debris flow composed of mixture of pyroclastic material and water, which flows rapidly down volcanic slopes with tremendous force, is called a:

Melting ice in contact with magma makes for quiet non-explosive volcanic eruptions:

As many as 200,000 people live in the caldera on the Bay of Naples:

Mary Shelley began this famous book while the guest of Lord Byron during the cold Swiss summer following the Tambora eruption:

Most of the erupted Laki material was by:

A tsunami, contemporeaneous with the Santorni eruption, hit Crete and probably was caused by:

Livestock deaths are often reported because of fluorine poisoning near he sites of volcanic eruptions:

The Pillars of Hercules as described in antiquity is a reference to what?

A volcanic ash horizon from the eruption of this volcano is important for the alignment of the eastern Mediterranean archeology record of the second millennium BC:

This individual, the Lieutenant-Governor of Java, provided a great deal of information about the Tambora eruption through his History of Java and memoirs:

The Laki eruption occurred in which country?

Subduction into this trench is responsible for the volcanism at Krakatau and Tambora:

Mt. Vesuvius is on this body of water:

A book titled "The last great subsistence crisis in the Western World" refers to the period after the Napoleonic Wars and the climate problems caused by the eruption of:

Does the post-Minoan eruption and volcanic history of Santorini indicate that it is still an active volcano?

Indonesia has approximately how many volcanoes?

"Dry fog" is:

The agricultural disaster caused by global cooling after the eruption of this volcano caused what has been called the last great subsistence crisis in the Western World:

Unlike large rhyotolic and andesitic eruption, basaltic eruptions are incapable of causing temporary global cooling:

Pyroclastic flows move much faster than basalt flows:

An increase in atmospheric aerosols can cause the atmosphere to cool:

This volcanic rock is similar to pumice but produced by basaltic eruptions:

No trace has ever been found of the village of Tambora, buried by the eruption:

The volcanic activity at Tambora is a consequence of subduction into what nearby trench?

The last eruption of Vesuvius was how many years ago?

What tectonic plate is being subducted beneath the South Aegean Subplate of the Eurasian Plate?

Subglacial eruptions can melt massive amounts of ice causing flash floods called:

Animals killed by "tainted air", less than twenty years prior to the burial of Herculaneum and Pompeii, probably were killed by gaseous emissions from fumaroles:

Lava once poured from the Laki fissures at a rare comparable to 85 percent of the discharge rate of this major river:

More people died from indirect effects of Tambora (disease and starvation) than form immediate direct affects (pyroclastic flows and lava flows):

Icelandic fissure eruptions often are characterized by lava fountaining:

Tambora's last large eruption occurred what year?