Geology Ch 8-11

Metamorphism involves the transformation of pre-existing rocks by _____.

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

Do metamorphic rocks look like the preexisting rock from which they form?

What is foliation?

How will foliation in continental metamorphic rocks formed during subduction be oriented?

What would you call a granite that has undergone metamorphism and now exhibits foliation?

Which of the following metamorphic rocks could have a parent rock (protolith) of shale?

Which of the following is associated with the metamorphic rock phyllite?

Which of the following factors describe the conditions at a zone where low-grade regional metamorphism is occurring?

Which of the following describes the orientation of the long axes of rocks and mineral grains in relationship to the stress applied?

Which of the following factors describes the conditions at a zone where contact metamorphism is occurring?

What is a metamorphic aureole?

How is quartz sandstone metamorphosed into quartzite during contact metamorphism?

Which of the following best describes confining pressure and the location in which it occurs?

What do we call a metamorphic rock that has microscopic to very fine-grained texture, breaks into slabs or sheets and is dull on the surface?

What do we call a metamorphic rock that has a coarse-grained texture, is dominated by mica, and contains no other notable minerals?

What do we call a metamorphic rock that has coarse-grained texture, minimal amounts of mica, and contains minerals that are segregated into bands?

Working in the field, you encounter a metamorphic rock that lacks foliation and reacts to hydrochloric acid. How should this rock be classified?

Working in the field, you encounter a metamorphic rock that lacks foliation and is composed primarily of interlocking sand-sized grains that will scratch glass. How should this rock be classified?

Which of the following statements describes a mylonite?

Which of the following phrases describes brittle deformation?

What would the presence of a fault breccia tell you about the history of an area?

During metamorphic process, the rock essentially remains a _____.

Metamorphism can lead to changes in _____.

Which principle or law of geology states that in a sequence of undeformed sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than the one above?

What term describes an erosional surface bounded above by flat-lying sedimentary rocks and below by igneous or metamorphic rocks?

The fact that sedimentary rocks are almost always deposited in a horizontal position reflects which law or principle of geology?

While working in the field, you encounter an outcrop in which sandstone, shale, and limestone have been intruded by a basaltic dike. You know that the basaltic dike is younger than the sedimentary rock by applying which law or principle?

In the field you encounter a sequence of sedimentary rocks that has a dike running through them. A normal fault crosses the entire sequence, cutting off part of the dike near the surface. Which scenario best describes your observations? (All scenarios list events from oldest to youngest.)

Which of the following statements about relative and absolute age dating is most accurate?

What is the principle of original horizontality?

What is the principle of superposition?

What is the principle of cross-cutting relationships?

Five layers of rock are cut by two faults. Both faults cut through all five layers of rock. Fault A breaks through to the surface, whereas fault B does not. Which of the following statements about faults A and B is most accurate?

Which principle of relative age dating is important for determining the relative age of igneous rock that has intruded into overlying rock?

A fault (F) breaks three layers of sedimentary rock (S). An igneous intrusion (I1) has broken through the bottommost layer of rock. A second igneous intrusion (I2) has moved up the fault and pooled on top of the uppermost layer of rock. Which event would be considered the youngest?

Following the deposition of a sequence of sedimentary rocks, which event is the first to occur to produce an angular unconformity?

A(n) __________ exhibits sedimentary layers that are parallel to each other above and below an erosive surface.

Which of the following is an accurate description of a nonconformity?

The sedimentary layers above an erosive surface are __________ relative to all rocks present below the surface.

Which of the following is a common feature that all unconformities exhibit?

Which represents the correct sequence from oldest to most recent or current eras on the Geologic Time Scale?

Which eon translates to "visible life" from the Greek?

Which is the shortest interval of geologic time?

The subdivisions of the Geologic Time Scale were based on which criteria or characteristics?

Which event is generally used to indicate the beginning of the Phanerozoic eon?

While working in the field, you find some sedimentary rocks that include hundreds of fossils of crinoids, numerous brachiopods, and a few trilobites. Realizing that these ancient organisms are some of the first with hard parts, and (when taken as a group) are not very similar to animal communities living today, in which unit of geologic time would you place these rocks?

What happens during radioactive decay?

What is the scientific definition of half-life?

Two containers hold the same radioactive isotope. Container A contains 1000 atoms, and container B contains 500 atoms. Which of the following statements about containers A and B is true?

A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many total atoms will be in the container after 3 months?

A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many atoms of the radioactive isotope will be in the container after 3 months?

A rock sample contains 75 atoms of a parent isotope and 25 atoms of a daughter isotope. The half-life of the parent isotope is 100 years. How old is this rock?

A sandstone contains inclusions of metamorphic rock. An igneous dike cuts both the sandstone and inclusions. List the rocks from youngest to oldest.

If a sequence of sedimentary units is cut by a fault, what does the principle of cross-cutting relationships tell a geologist?

Which of the following describes the principle of original horizontality?

An undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks is exposed in a large river canyon. Which two principles would be demonstrated by the rocks?

An igneous dike cuts through limestone, but not through the overlying sandstone. Which of the following statements is most accurate?

Which type of stress on rock is uniform in all directions?

Which type of stress produces most crustal deformation?

Which feature is not considered a rock structure?

Which type of stress would you expect to find at a transform boundary?

Which type of stress would you expect to find at a divergent boundary?

Which fault will see the hanging wall move down relative to the footwall?

__________ faults combine elements of strike-slip and dip-slip motions.

Which of the following statements is true about erosion?

Where do valleys tend to form in a landscape?

Which type of force causes folding?

What is an anticline?

What is a syncline?

Imagine an anticline has been eroded to a flat surface. How would the rock age change as you walked across that flat surface?

Imagine a syncline has been eroded to a flat surface. How would the rock age change as you walked across that flat surface?

What produces plunging folds?

What does the term plunging fold mean?

Imagine a fold has been eroded to a flat surface. In general, how would you know whether this fold is plunging?

What is the hinge line of a fold?

What is the orientation of a fold's hinge line with respect to the orientation of plunge?

How will the orientation of a plunging anticline's limbs change in the direction the fold is plunging?

Which of the following statements best describes the orientation of rock layers for a structural dome or structural basin?

If strike and dips symbols were placed on a map of a basin, which way would the dips point?

The point within Earth from which earthquake wave energy radiates is known by which of the following terms?

On average, how many damaging earthquakes occur each year?

Most earthquakes are the result of movement along which of the following features?

During the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the Pacific Plate moved 4.7 meters (15 feet) north relative to the North American Plate. Which of the following types of stress was exerted on the rocks during this earthquake?

Which of the following events allows rocks on either side of a fault to rebound elastically, causing an earthquake?

Which of the following describes the type of deformation experienced by rocks before an earthquake?

How are elastic rebound and elastic deformation different?

Elastic deformation before an earthquake is like _______, whereas rupture is like__________.

What will happen to a straight fence that undergoes elastic strain during an earthquake?

Which of the following is a characteristic of an S wave?

What best describes the movement of P waves?

Amongst all seismic waves, surface waves __________.

The names primary and secondary refer to ___________.

Which of the following correctly compares the seismograph readings from Station 1 to Station 2, as shown in the video?

Which of the following responses best describes the epicenter of an earthquake?

In calculating the location of the epicenter of an earthquake, which of the following factors is most useful?

In addition to a travel-time graph, at least how many seismograph stations are needed to determine the location of the epicenter of an earthquake?

As the distance between the epicenter of an earthquake and a seismograph station increases, so does the difference in the arrival times of the P and S waves. What causes this?

Which statement provides the best explanation of why most earthquakes occur at plate boundaries?

Define earthquake intensity.

A smaller earthquake in Virginia was felt over a larger distance, as compared to a larger earthquake in California. What is a reason this occurred?

Richter magnitude (ML) is derived from measuring __________ and __________, and then plotting them on a Richter diagram.

Why is moment magnitude (MW) preferred over Richter magnitude (ML)?

How are tsunamis generated?

What is a tsunami?

Why do ships at sea tend not to notice tsunamis?

Why does the wave height of a tsunami increase as the tsunami enters shallow water?

What type of plate boundary are most tsunamis associated with?

Which ocean is associated with most tsunamis?

Will Sumatra experience another tsunami like the destructive one of December 2004?

Which of the following best describes why the 2010 earthquake in Chile caused a large tsunami while the 2010 earthquake in Haiti only caused a small and local tsunami?

The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale rates earthquake intensity by determining __________.

To locate the epicenter of an earthquake, you need information from at least _____ seismic station(s).

What is metamorphism?

Mineral grains change size and shape (not necessarily mineralogical change)