Chap 13

The deepest drill core into the Earth's crust is approximately ________ kilometers deep. A) 6,702 B) 12 C) 360 D) 0.5 E) 31

The geographer's concern with Earth's interior is restricted primarily to its influence on ________. A) magnet fields B) oxidation C) foliation D) Earth surface features E) magma intrusions

A considerable body of knowledge concerning Earth's interior has been amassed through all these methods EXCEPT ________. A) digging mines B) studying seismic waves C) sampling rocks from Earth's core D) studying Earth's magnetism E) drilling wells

The inferential knowledge concerning the nature of the interior of the Earth has been accumulated by ________. A) gravity studies B) lunar cycles C) seismic wave analysis D) computer modeling E) astronomy

The ________ is the thinnest layer. A) mantle B) inner core C) crust D) asthenosphere E) outer core

Density ________ depth in the Earth's crust. A) remains largely the same with B) increases with C) is insignificant with D) decreases with E) is not described by any of the above with respect to

Compared to Earth's crust as a whole, the sedimentary rocks beneath the ocean bottoms are ________. A) very thin B) much sandier C) laid down vertically instead of horizontally D) not commonly found E) found almost as deep as is the Moho

The ________ is NOT a portion of Earth's interior. A) asthenosphere B) magnetosphere C) lithosphere D) Moho E) outer core

The following is found at the base of Earth's crust: A) the Moho B) the mesosophere C) the geosphere D) the outer core E) the inner core

An inner segment of the Earth which is rigid, dense, and solid and lies directly beneath the Moho is called the ________. A) inner core B) outer core C) magma D) mantle E) crust

The Moho is the boundary between the crust and the ________. A) outer core B) inner core C) ocean basins D) mantle E) continents

The lithosphere is sometimes defined as the ________. A) crust and upper mantle B) asthenosphere and mesosphere C) outer and inner core D) upper and lower mantle E) lower mantle and outer core

Which of the following is out of order if we are considering the Earth from the atmosphere to the center? A) mantle B) inner core C) outer core D) Moho E) cust

The thickest of Earth's interior layers is the ________. A) inner core B) crust C) Moho D) mantle E) outer core

It has been deduced the mantle is composed of ________ concentric layers of various composition and density. A) 9 B) 51 C) 3 D) 153 E) 27

Earth's inner core is thought to consist of ________. A) a rigid mass B) superheated water C) sulfur D) magma E) hydrogen/helium gas

Which of the following is thought to be liquid? A) mantle B) crust C) inner core D) asthenosphere E) outer core

________ and nickel are thought to comprise significant portions of Earth's inner and outer cores. A) Titanium B) Basalt C) Quartz D) Iron E) Aluminum

The outer and inner cores together make up approximately ________ of the mass of the Earth. A) 1/3,000 B) 1/30,000 C) 1/300 D) 1/3 E) 1/30 E) 1/30

The proof for the long-doubted idea of drifting continents came in the form of ________. A) animal distributions B) glacial ice C) understanding of mountains D) observation of coastlines E) analysis of magnetic and seismic patterns

The "plates" in plate tectonics are in the ________. A) outer core B) inner core C) crust D) lithosphere E) asthenosphere

Crustal movements of various kinds in the Earth's crust is collectively called ________ activity. A) detrital B) clastic C) metamorphic D) tectonic E) 1st order

The theory of continental drift was revived, expanded, and put into its present form ________. A) last year B) in the 1700s C) in the 1800s D) in the 1960s E) in the 1910s

The concept of plate tectonics ________. A) shows the astenosphere is floating on top of plates B) is a theory with few proofs C) is related to faulting and volcanic activity D) would definitely be true if the Earth were far older E) was proven hundreds of years ago

Which of the following does NOT fit the requirement to be a mineral? A) It must be made up of inorganic substances. B) It must have economic value. C) It must have the same chemical composition wherever found. D) It must form a regular pattern of crystals. E) It must be found in nature.

Which of the following is NOT a property of minerals? A) They can be human-made. B) They all are composed of crystals. C) Each has a regular pattern of atoms. D) They are totally inorganic. E) Each always has the same chemical composition.

The most widespread oxides are those that combine oxygen and ________. A) iron B) calcite C) silver D) water E) native elements

The largest and most important mineral family consists of the ________. A) bromides B) sulfides C) halides D) oxides E) silicates

With respect to minerals, which of the following is TRUE? A) "Mineral" is a synonym for "rock" B) All minerals have probably been discovered C) Fewer than 20 minerals make up 95% of the crust D) Over 500,000 minerals exist E) All minerals crystals are too small to be seen

minerals and rocks of the crust? A) a quarter of them B) all of them C) none of them D) three quarters of them E) half of them

Approximately ________ different minerals are known. A) 440,000 B) 440 C) 4,400,000 D) 44 E) 4,400

________ is an example of a native element. A) Lead B) Gold C) Calcite D) Halite E) Iron

Which of the following is NOT one of the principal categories of rock-forming minerals? A) halides B) sulfides C) oxides D) native elements E) peptides

Which of the following represents the largest and most important group of rock-forming minerals? The bulk of the crust of the Earth is composed of these minerals. A) oxides B) silicates C) native elements D) sulfates E) carbonates

Under most of the Earth's land surface, solid rock exists as a buried layer known as ________. A) bedrock B) soil C) an outcrop D) regolith E) sediments

The basic classification of rock types is based on their ________. A) color B) crystal structure C) origin D) petrology E) pH

________ is the detailed knowledge of characteristics of different kinds of rock. A) Tectonics B) Geology C) Seismology D) Petrology E) Metamorphism

Which of the following is the specific name given to the study of the characteristics of rocks? A) Limnology B) Radiology C) Opthamology D) Epistomology E) Petrology

Within the Earth is molten mineral matter called ________. A) extrusive material B) magma C) bedrock D) rock E) soil

Igneous rocks deposited on the surface and then cooled are known as ________. A) intrusive B) extrusive C) detrital D) clastic E) core

The initial formation of Earth involved the solidification and cooling of ________. A) strata B) sediments C) metamorphic rocks D) ice E) magma

When magma cools rapidly, it results in ________. A) large crystals B) small crystals C) detritus D) foliation E) earthquakes

Rapid cooling in molten, extrusive materials makes the resulting materials ________. A) dense B) hard C) fine-grained D) large-grained E) soft

In the formation of igneous rocks, large crystal size is closely related to ________. A) absence of light B) percentage of silica C) slow cooling D) fast cooling E) percentage of oxygen

________ is a dark, fine-grained extrusive rock. A) Granite B) Basalt C) Tufa D) Shale E) Conglomerate

Granite, diorite, gabbro, and peridotite are ________ rocks. A) metamorphic foliated B) igneous extrusive C) igneous intrusive D) sedimentary clastic E) sedimentary chemical and organic

Rhyolite, andesite, basalt, and obsidian are all rocks that are classified as ________. A) igneous and extrusive B) metamorphic and unfoliated C) metamorphic and foliated D) igneous and intrusive E) sedimentary and clastic

Erosion, compaction, and sedimentation are most closely associated with ________ rocks. A) sedimentary B) basaltic C) intrusive D) metamorphic E) igneous

Sedimentary deposits built into relatively regular layers are known as ________. A) intrusive exfoliation B) strata C) granite D) detrital striations E) clastic inclusions

Which material, accumulated from the remains of plants and animals, can produce limestone? A) calcium carbonate B) slate C) carbon dioxide D) clay E) carbon

________ is a sedimentary rock formed mechanically from fine silt and clay particles. A) Sandstone B) Shale C) Basalt D) Limestone E) Granite

Limestone is composed primarily of ________. A) cations B) igneous material C) calcite D) tufa E) silt

The chemical binder for many sedimentary rocks, such as limestone, is ________. A) phosphorous B) boron C) calcium carbonate D) basalt E) nitrogen

Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks are those formed from ________. A) granite B) oxygen C) pieces of other rocks D) silt E) magma

Some sedimentary rocks are formed chemically and known as ________. A) magma B) igneous intrusive rocks C) chemical sedimentary rocks D) granites E) basalts

________ are formed from skeletal remains of coral and other lime-secreting sea animals. A) Limestones B) Schists C) Marbles D) Sandstones E) Shales

The vast majority of all sedimentary rocks are sandstones, limestones and ________. A) shales B) diamonds C) magmas D) detritus E) schists

Which of the following is NOT associated with sedimentary rocks? A) fragmented parts of preexisting rocks B) cementation C) extrusion of magma D) skeletal remains of coral E) stratification

________ have the most extensive occurrence at the surface of the continental United States? 59) A) Sedimentary rocks B) Metamorphic rocks C) Basaltic rocks D) Intrusive rocks E) Igneous rocks

________ is NOT a direct cause of sedimentary deposits forming into rock. A) Chemical cementation B) Pressure C) Erosion D) Weight of the overburden E) Precipitation of materials from water

As they are created, sedimentary rock strata align ________. A) vertically B) along folds C) along faults D) horizontally E) with Earth's magnetic field

Which of the following describes the vast majority of rock exposed on Earth's land surface? A) sedimentary B) granite C) metamorphic D) foliated E) igneous

During sedimentation, materials are often sorted by ________. A) shape B) color C) porosity D) size E) atomic weight

Sedimentary rocks are the most common bedrock on the continents and comprise about ________ percent of the surface. A) 75 B) 55 C) 25 D) 5 E) 95

The map of rock distribution in the United States clearly shows ________ rocks are the most extensive type. A) sedimentary B) big C) igneous extrusive D) igneous intrusive E) metamorphic

Shale, sandstone, breccia, and limestone are all rocks that are classified as ________. A) sedimentary and clastic B) metamorphic and foliated C) metamorphic and unfoliated D) igneous and extrusive E) igneous and intrusive

The most common sedimentary rock is ________. A) marble B) limestone C) shale D) basalt E) sandstone

These rock-forming minerals are light-colored or colorless. They are common components of sedimentary rock and frequently combine with oxygen. A) carbonates B) native elements C) sulfates D) oxides E) halides

The banding characteristic of metamorphic rocks is ________. A) relief B) foliation C) stratification D) uniformitarianism E) magma

When subjected to metamorphism, limestone usually becomes ________. A) basalt B) sandstone C) schist D) gneiss E) marble

The rock type which results from metamorphosed shale is ________. A) quartz B) marble C) slate D) gneiss E) limestone

Foliation refers to this characteristic of rocks: A) small crystals B) wavy, banded lines C) large crystals D) hollow cores E) numerous joints

The most widely distributed type of metamorphic rock is ________. A) quartz B) granite C) schist D) opal E) sandstone

A strongly metamorphosed rock with narrow foliation is ________. A) basalt B) schist C) gneiss D) limestone E) tufa

Marble is metamorphosed ________. A) shale B) gneiss C) limestone D) slate E) schist

Shale is usually metamorphosed into ________. A) gneiss B) slate C) tufa D) marble E) basalt

The most commonly occurring type of metamorphic rocks are gneiss and ________. A) shale B) coal C) limestone D) magma E) schist

Sandstone is usually metamorphosed into ________. A) quartzite B) magma C) slate D) limestone E) chalcedony

"Fracking" is most closely associated with ________. A) conventional extraction B) an environmentally safe extraction method C) fossil fuels in sandstones D) oil E) natural gas

"Fracking" is associated with all but the ________. A) making of small earthquakes B) pollution of groundwater C) roc k formations known as plays D) fracturing of rocks E) most oil production from Saudi Arabia

Isostasy refers to the recognition that the ________ floats on the denser mantle. A) atmosphere B) inner core C) aluminum D) crust E) outer core

The altitudinal difference between the highest and lowest points in an area is known as ________. A) relief B) regolith C) the strata D) landscape E) topography

Which of the following illustrates the concept of "relief"? A) uplift of sediments after erosion of overlying sediments B) the substitution of one subaerial process for another C) the vertical distance between lowest and highest points in an area D) altitude E) the cessation of volcanic activity

Which is a fundamental question at the heart of any geographic inquiry? A) How often? B) What? C) If so? D) Why? E) So what?

Most processes which shape topography are ________. A) very slow B) very rapid C) unknown D) quite abrupt E) no longer active

The term "landforms" is synonymous with ________. A) relief B) physical geography C) local relief D) topography E) geology

________ refers to the analytical element of landscape study concerned with the nature, arrangement, and orientation of the materials comprising the observed feature(s). A) Isostasy B) Drainage C) Structure D) Slope E) Process

The relief we see today is best thought of as ________. 88) A) not very diverse B) everlasting in terms of Earth history C) temporary D) unexplainable E) a product of internal, rather than external, processes

The geographer's concern with the Earth's interior ________. A) makes up most of the content of physical geography B) is restricted to its influence on Earth surface features C) is not important D) is mainly concerned with the drilling for natural gas and oil E) created the science of geology

The Rocky Mountains started to be uplifted ________ years ago. A) 6.5 billion B) 0.65 million C) 65 million D) 650 million E) 6.5 million

The basic elements for an analytical approach to landform development do NOT include which of the following? A) structure B) slope C) normality D) drainage E) process

The approximate LAND surface of the Earth totals more than ________ square kilometers. A) 15 thousand B) 150 million C) 1.5 billion D) 15 trillion E) 1.5 thousand

The main types of erosion processes do NOT include ________. A) solution B) glacial C) aeolian D) diastrophism E) fluvial

________ is an "internal" process. A) Weathering B) Diastrophism C) Aeolian D) Fluvial E) Mass wasting

Which of the following associations is generally TRUE? A) Internal processes: wearing-down and destructive B) External processes: decrease local relief C) External processes: creative and uplifting D) Internal processes: well understood E) External processes: poorly understood

Which of the following is NOT an external geomorphic process? A) deposition B) weathering C) diastrophism D) mass wasting E) erosion D) mass wasting E) erosion

Slate, schist, and gneiss are all rocks which are classified as ________. A) metamorphic and unfoliated B) igneous and intrusive C) metamorphic and foliated D) sedimentary and clastic E) igneous and extrusive

"The present is the key to the past" is the summarization of the doctrine of ________. A) Fundamentalism B) Earth history C) Uniformitarianism D) Precambrian time E) Analogy

The viewpoint that past processes are the same as the present ones which created our present land surface is known as ________. A) foliation B) diastrophism C) uniformitarianism D) plate tectonics E) volcanism

The earliest era in the geologic time scale is ________. A) Archaeozoic B) Mesozoic C) Precambrian D) Cenozoic E) Paleozoic

The present estimate of the Earth's age is about ________ years. A) 2.8 trillion B) 500 million C) 50 million D) 2.8 billion E) 4.6 billion

By Earth history standards, the Grand Canyon is ________. A) young B) as old as the Earth C) not important D) very old E) becoming a first-order landform

The Age of Dinosaurs persisted for some ________ years. A) 1.60 billion B) 160 thousand C) 160 D) 160 billion E) 160 million

Earth's age is ________ billion years old. A) .046 B) .46 C) 46 D) 460 E) 4.6

The Pleistocene is a part of the ________ period. A) Cambrian B) Silurian C) Tertiary D) Quaternary E) Permian

The most recent Era on the Earth is ________. A) Miocene B) Eocene C) Permian D) Precambrian E) Cenozoic

Which of the following is the SHORTEST amount of time? A) period B) Earth history C) epoch D) the Precambrian E) era

In terms of Earth history, life appeared ________. A) before the first true "landscapes" B) after 99% of the time had elapsed C) after the continents started to drift D) almost directly after the beginning E) before the Grand Canyon began

Life appeared on Earth ________. A) the day before yesterday B) as one-celled organisms and remained so over most of Earth's history C) after most of Earth's history was already over D) within the last one million years E) very early in Earth's history

In a section of the chapter "Introduction to Landform Study," the authors write about Horseshoe Park in the Colorado Rockies and about looking back at North America from a spacecraft. The point of this is to understand more about ________ and the landscape. A) local relief B) folding C) scale D) volcanoes E) rocks

In the section "An Example of Scale," it is apparent that ________. A) the smallest scale is related to the view from farthest away B) ordinary human experience transcends all the scales C) landform scale has precise definitions in kilometers D) scale is meaningless in landform study E) the largest scale would consider the North American continent

The maximum world relief is CLOSEST to ________. A) 1 meter B) 50 kilometers C) 40,000 kilometers D) 1 kilometer E) 20 kilometers

Humans have drilled less than one-thousandth of the distance from the surface to the center of the Earth. True/False

The asthenosphere is the portion of Earth's interior between the lithosphere and lower mantle. True/False

Our understanding of the crust and upper mantle has fundamentally improved in the last few decades. True/False

Oceanic crust is denser than continental crust. True/False

The Earth's crust is a layer of the lithosphere about 1,000 kilometers thick. True/False

Sedimentary rocks are the most common rock type found within the Earth's entire crust. True/False

The mantle is located beneath the Moho. True/False

Plate tectonics is another term for lithospheric rearrangement. True/False

Our understanding of the Earth's crust and upper mantle has remained virtually the same for a very long time (a couple of centuries) .True/False

Many of the most important ore minerals are sulfides. True/False

Several organic minerals are found in nature. True/False

Whenever soil is present, it makes up the upper portion of the regolith. True/False

A rock is defined as a mixture of elements True/False

The most widely distributed intrusive rock is granite True/False

In general, the slow cooling of molten rock leads to formation of large crystals. True/False

Granite is a type of rock which has cooled from magma. True/False

Igneous rocks apparently make up the bulk of Earth's entire crust. True/False

Plutonic rocks are the same thing as intrusive rocks. True/False

Basalt is an example of a rock type with very large crystals. True/False

Sedimentary strata are always formed horizontally. True/False

Parallel structure, also known as stratification, is a characteristic of most sedimentary rocks. True/False

Fragmented mineral material is called sediment. True/False

Strata are the layers in sedimentary rock. True/False

Metamorphic rocks are probably the most common rock type found in the Earth's crust. True/False

Sandstone is the most common metamorphic rock. True/False

Metamorphic rocks must be exposed to sunlight for cementation. True/False

Foliation occurs when rock composed of a single material is subjected to heat and pressure. True/False

Igneous rocks can be directly derived from the deformation of metamorphic rocks. True/False

The crust under the ocean bottom is thinner than the crust under the continental surface. True/False

Isostasy can cause land lifting when groundwater dissolves limestone. True/False

Earth's topography is more varied than that of any known planet. True/False

Like climate and vegetation, landforms have "predictable" worldwide distributions. True/False

Topography is a synonym for geomorphology. True/False

Process refers to the analytical element of landscape study which considers the actions that have combined to produce the landform. True/False

In the Earth system, internal and external geomorphic processes act more or less in direct opposition to each other. True/False

Internal forces of the Earth tend to be better understood and more predictable than the external forces of the Earth. True/False

Aeolian processes are a subdivision of the internal geomorphic processes. True/False

External geomorphic processes are mainly subaerial. True/False

Diastrophism is considered a set of internal geomorphic processes. True/False

The internal processes working on Earth's landscapes are energized by heat inside the Earth; they work without any regard to atmospheric influences. True/False

Uniformitarianism is the study of the interior of the Earth True/False

Hutton was the scientist who discovered catastrophism. True/False

Uniformitarianism is another term for the theory of massive crustal deformation. True/False

According to our best estimates, humans (Homo sapiens) have been on Earth for about half of Earth's history. True/False

Earth is probably 14.6 billion years old. True/False

Scale differences in landform studies are complex and of significance True/False

Consideration of the scale of landform observation means that the aspects of the landscape one observes in a close-up view are different from those observed from a more distant view. True/False