Exam 1: Psych 181

Personality inventories are designed to assess several ________ at once.

To study the potential effects of social interaction on problem solving, some research participants were instructed to solve problems by working together; other participants were told to solve problems by working alone. Those who worked alone were assigned to the ________ group.

According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the

Mary was told that "research has shown a conclusive relationship between eating oysters and attracting potential mates. When Mary asked, "Really, exactly how were these data gathered?" she was demonstrating the critical thinking step of

Freud's theory of personality has been criticized because it

Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her African-American and Asian-American friends result from biological or cultural influences. In this instance, Lissette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of

To determine whether the strength of people's self-esteem is related to their income levels, researchers would most likely make use of

Projective tests are most closely associated with ________ theories.

Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

According to Erikson, trust is to infancy as identity is to

Debates as to whether alcohol abuse is biologically determined or culturally influenced are most relevant to the issue of

A therapist thinks that Jordan would be much less agitated and ineffective at work if he could recognize his own conflicting feelings of respect for and irritation toward his workplace supervisor. The therapist's belief best illustrates the ________ perspective.

Aaron cried when his mother left him in the infant nursery at church, and he was not reassured or comforted by her return a short while later. Aaron showed signs of

Repression refers to the defense mechanism by which people

Children's sense that their parents are trustworthy and dependable is most indicative of

Authoritative parents are likely to have children who

A consistent tendency to be shy is best described as a(n)

According to Freud, the component of personality that seeks to reconcile the demands of the id, superego, and reality is the

Infants accustomed to a puppet jumping three times on stage show surprise if the puppet jumps only twice. This suggests that Piaget

According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to

Piaget was convinced that the mind of a child

Object permanence is the understanding that

Cameron counted a total of eight blocks stacked in a single pile of blocks. When the pile was knocked over and the blocks scattered in front of him, he knew that there were still eight blocks. This indicates that Cameron has reached the _____ stage of development.

Professor Delano suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men will be more successful than average-looking men in getting a job. The professor's prediction regarding employment success is an example of

Early psychologists such as Wilhelm Wundt and William James focused on the study of

Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference promoted the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective.

Refusing to believe or even to perceive painful realities constitutes the defense mechanism known as

Freud suggested that the process of identification is most directly responsible for strengthening

Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?

The importance of unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences is of most central importance to

Parents who are demanding and yet sensitively responsive to their children are said to be

Vygotsky suggested that new words provide a temporary ________ from which children can step to higher levels of thinking

Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as

Studies of monkeys raised with artificial mothers suggest that mother-infant emotional bonds result primarily from mothers providing infants with

The Oedipus complex is the term used by Freud to describe

Sheryl is very outgoing and fun-loving. She prefers to be around other people most of the time. She most clearly ranks high on the Big Five trait dimension known as

Which of the following factors contributes most positively to the development of secure attachment between human infants and their mothers?

Professor Ober carefully observes and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms in order to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in

In a study of the effects of drinking alcohol, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a

Understanding why the fear of darkness may have contributed to the survival of our human ancestors is most relevant to the ________ perspective.

A testable prediction that is often implied by a theory is called a(n)

Ego is to id as ________ is to ________.

Mrs. Sunstedt believes that parents should accept and try to understand their children's feelings and should honestly disclose their own inner feelings to their children. Her approach to parent-child interaction was most explicitly recommended by

Self-actualized people, as described by Maslow, are LEAST likely to be highly

According to Freud, the part of personality that represents our sense of right and wrong and our ideal standards is the

A questioning attitude regarding psychologists' assumptions and hidden values best illustrates

Incorporating new information into existing schemas is to ________ as modifying existing schemas in light of new information is to ________.

An integrated understanding of Tara's consistent cheerfulness in terms of her supportive peer relationships, her calm temperament, and her optimistic expectations best illustrates

After about 8 months, children become increasingly likely to react to newcomers with tears and distress. This best illustrates

According to Piaget, a child can represent things with words and images but cannot reason with logic during the ________ stage.

Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the

The social-cognitive perspective emphasizes the interactive influences of traits and

Individuals with high self-esteem are more likely than those with low self-esteem to

Narcissism refers to excessive and potentially defensive

In a psychological experiment, the experimental factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called the ________ variable.

Megan was certain that she would never live far away from her family. However, when offered a better job in another state, she decided to move. Megan's experience best illustrates

Mr. Dutoit was asked by his psychotherapist to look at some ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each. Mr. Dutoit was most likely completing

According to Piaget, children come to understand that the volume of a substance remains constant despite changes in its shape during the ________ stage.

Bruce wants to be a loving husband but at the same time wants to express his disgust for some of his wife's habits. According to Freud, Bruce's ________ might enable him to partially satisfy both desires.

Mary was told that "research has shown a conclusive relationship between eating oysters and attracting potential mates. When Mary asked, "Really, exactly how many oysters?" she was demonstrating the critical thinking step of

A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment is called a

The fact that many happy and well-adjusted adults were once rebellious and unhappy as adolescents is most relevant to the issue of

Surveys indicate that people are less likely to support "welfare" than "aid to the needy." These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of

In an experimental study of the effects of anxiety on self-esteem, anxiety would be the ________ variable.

Questions about whether anxious children will grow up to be either fearful or relaxed adults most directly highlight the issue o

Four-year-old Timmy had not wet his bed for over a year. However, he started bed-wetting again soon after his sister was born. Timmy's behavior best illustrates

Two-year-old Anna perceives her parents as cold and rejecting. This is most indicative of

Because Greta is an extravert, she frequently goes to parties where she is encouraged to laugh and socialize with her friends. Because Jim is an introvert, he frequently spends weekends in the library where it's easy to quietly reflect and study. Greta and Jim best illustrate what is meant by

A characteristic pattern of behavior or tendency to act and feel in a certain way is called a

The scientific attitude requires an open-minded humility because it involves a willingness to

While Professor Gomez was going through a painful divorce, he tended to create unnecessarily difficult tests and gave his students unusually low grades. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to view the professor's treatment of students as an example of

One-year-old Eunice is not overly fearful of strangers but she clearly prefers being held by her mother than by anyone else. Her behavior best illustrates

Psychodynamic theories emphasize that personality involves a dynamic interaction between

The nature-nurture issue refers to the debate over the relative contributions that ________ make to the development of psychological traits.

Carl Rogers would have suggested that many of the defense mechanisms described by Freud are used to minimize the perceived discrepancy between

Brad and Jane exercise very little control over their two young children, and they usually allow them to do whatever they want. Psychologists would characterize Brad and Jane as ________ parents.

Freud referred to the largely conscious "executive" part of the personality as the

The ability to think logically about hypothetical situations is indicative of the ________ stage of development.

When she was 8 years old, Inge was sexually abused by her uncle. At 14, Inge felt uncomfortable whenever she saw this uncle but was unable to understand why she felt this way. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to suggest that Inge is using the defense mechanism of

Regis thinks it's wrong to drive over the speed limit simply because he might get punished for doing so. He is demonstrating Kohlberg's ________ stage of morality.

Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry are

Janine is repulsed by the thought of watching a pornographic video. Freud would have attributed these feelings to Janine's

According to Piaget, during the formal operational stage people begin to

Nageeb thought all nurses were young females until a middle-aged male nurse took care of him. Nageeb's altered conception of a "nurse" illustrates the process of

Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious thought processes?

In a psychological experiment, the factor that may be influenced by the manipulated experimental treatment is called the ________ variable.

Reporting whatever thoughts come to mind even if they are trivial or embarrassing is characteristic of

Some psychoanalysts in Freud's era believed that girls experienced unconscious sexual desires for their father during the phallic stage. These feelings, they thought, reflected

Which perspective most clearly emphasizes that our personalities help create the situations to which we react?

In which type of research would an investigator manipulate one factor and observe its effect on some behavior or mental process?

In which type of research is a representative, random sample of people asked to answer questions about their behaviors or attitudes?

Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding

Branden is so apathetic about his occupational future that within two years of his high school graduation he had already been fired by four different employers. According to Erikson, Branden best illustrates

The defense mechanism by which people disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others is called

An inert substance that may be administered instead of a drug to see if it produces any of the same effects as the drug is called a

Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's

Instead of happily exploring the attractive toys located in the pediatrician's waiting room, little Sandra tenaciously clings to her mother's skirt. Sandra most clearly shows signs of

Freud suggested that defense mechanisms protect an individual from

According to Freud, boys are most likely to experience the Oedipus complex during the ________ stage.

Contemporary psychodynamic theorists are most likely to disagree with Freud's assumption that

Critical thinking is smart thinking that involves

To study the potential effects of social interaction on problem solving, some research participants were instructed to solve problems by working together; other participants were told to solve problems by working alone. Those who worked alone were assigned to the ________ group

During which of Piaget's stages does a person develop an awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived?

A child's temperament is likely to be

Six of the children in Mr. Myer's class were born on exactly the same day. This strikes him as astonishing and improbable. In this instance, he should be reminded that

Which research method assesses how well one variable predicts another without demonstrating a cause-effect relationship between the variables?

Little Karen will approach and play with unfamiliar animals only if her mother first reassures her that it is safe to do so. This best illustrates the adaptive value of

Humanistic theorists have been criticized for

According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents ________ morality.

Accepting ourselves without undue dependence on the approval of others best illustrates

Dr. Mills conducts research on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others. Which specialty area does his research best represent?

Emotional instability is most closely related to the Big Five trait dimension of

Neo-Freudian personality theorists were most likely to disagree with Freud about the importance of

According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the

Assessing whether conclusions are warranted by the existing evidence best illustrates

Innate ability is to learned skill as ________ is to ________.

Gender identity refers to

Our tendency to believe we know more than we do illustrates

The McDougals use harsh discipline on their children and demand unquestioning obedience. Psychologists are likely to characterize the McDougals as ________ parents.

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is his or her

Psychoanalysis refers to the personality theory and therapeutic practices developed by

Carl Rogers suggested that the ________ is a central feature of personality.

Social-cognitive theories are LEAST likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of

Dr. Santaniello conducts research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist.

Juanita suffers from a painful back condition. Smoking marijuana would reduce her pain, but she thinks it would be wrong because it is prohibited by the laws of her state. Juanita is demonstrating Kohlberg's ________ level of morality.

A researcher would be most likely to discover a positive correlation between

Regression is a defense mechanism that involves

A mother who is slow in responding to her infant's cries of distress is most likely to encourage

Arguments as to whether people's behavior is more strongly influenced by temporary external influences or by enduring inner influences best characterize the

A person who experiences defensive self-esteem is ________ to demonstrate narcissism and is ________ to feel angry when criticized.

Carl Jung referred to a shared reservoir of memory traces from our species history as the

According to Erikson, achieving a sense of identity is the special task of the

Being highly imaginative is most closely related to the Big Five trait dimension of