CHP 13 PSYCH

Unconscious thought processes constitute a(n) _____ influence on personality. evolutionary biological social-cultural psychological

Will, a little boy, has reverted to the oral comfort of thumb sucking on the way to his first day of school. What defense mechanism is he using? reaction formation regression projection rationalization

When you noticed that you had spilled coffee on your new shirt, you overestimated how much other people at the meeting would notice. Your reaction best illustrates: reciprocal determinism. narcissism .the spotlight effect .your individualist culture.

Defensive self-esteem is to _____________ as secure self-esteem is to sturdiness. self-efficacy individualism fragility self-serving bias

You imagine the self you want to be—a great athlete who is well loved and well educated. You also imagine the self you fear becoming—a homeless person who is lonely and unemployed. These visions reflect the concept of: self-serving bias. reciprocal determinism .possible selves. the spotlight effect.

In contrast to Freud, psychoanalyst Karen Horney emphasized the importance of _____ in personality development. sexual conflicts during the adolescent years unconditional love and acceptance striving for superiority our desire for love and security during childhood

Even though Clara isn't currently thinking about the events surrounding the day when she graduated from high school, she can easily bring those memories to conscious awareness. In terms of Freud's theory of personality, Clara's memories are stored at the _____ level of awareness. preconscious unconscious conscious latent

Carl Rogers said, "The only question which matters is, 'Am I living in a way which is deeply satisfying to me?'" Critics of Rogers are most likely to object to this statement because: *it encourages too much individualism, which can lead to self-indulgence and selfishness. *Critics of Carl Rogers are likely to voice all of these objections. *it fails to recognize that people who focus beyond themselves are more likely to experience life satisfaction. *it encourages too much individualism, which can lead to an erosion of moral restraints.

A partner refuses to believe firm evidence of his loved one's affair. This is an example of which defense mechanism? denial rationalization projection displacement

Professor Caste perceives shy, inhibited styles of behavior to be the interactive outcome of cultural expectations, autonomic nervous system reactivity, and unconscious thought processes. The professor's views best illustrate a(n) ________ approach. Big Five biopsychosocial social-cognitive trait

According to Abraham Maslow, people are motivated by: unconscious motivations .a hierarchy of needs. their social context .instincts.

Social-cognitive theories are LEAST likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of: personality traits. environmental influences .unconscious motives .genetic influences.

Dr. Bruce sees his own therapist to help him be at his emotional best for his patients. He is open with his feelings and self-disclosing in his own therapy. Carl Rogers referred to this attitude as: empathic. genuineness. unconditional positive regard. the false consensus effect.

Medical students earn higher grades if they have a clear vision of themselves as successful doctors. This best illustrates the motivational significance of: self-serving bias .narcissism .possible selves. the spotlight effect.

Nate typically responds to stress in a calm and thoughtful manner. Chandler usually becomes agitated. The reactions of Nate and Chandler to stress indicate that each has a distinctive: fixation .reaction formation. projection style .personality.

When Marla noticed she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction best illustrates: reciprocal determinism .self-serving bias .the spotlight effect. narcissism.

Your friend is giving a speech tomorrow, and she is worried because she's not happy with her new haircut. She is convinced everyone will be staring at her bangs and discussing her unattractive hairstyle. Her overestimation of people's reactions is known as: ' reciprocal determinism. the spotlight effect. narcissism. self-serving bias.

A person with very high self-esteem is more likely to _____________ than a person with low self-esteem. give up when faced with a difficult task be shy have few sleepless nights be easily swayed by pressures to conform

A principal is looking for advice on how to improve his relationships with the teachers in his school. Carl Rogers might suggest which of the following? *Compliment them often even if the compliments are insincere. *Ask them to fill out standardized personality assessment questionnaires *.Be genuine with them and show them unconditional positive regard. *Look at the way their behavior is influenced by environmental factors.

In humanistic theories, genuineness, acceptance, and empathy are to ______________ as water, sun, and nutrients are to the growth of healthy trees. positive growth in humans self-concept self-love therapy

Nadine is a worrier. She worries about her family, her friends, and herself. She is particularly aware of potential hazards in the environment, and she sees the world as a dangerous place. Her personality is shaped by how she interprets and reacts to events. Albert Bandura called this process: the spotlight effect. the sense of self-efficacy. the social-cognitive perspective .reciprocal determinism.

People's behavior can be described in terms of the spotlight effect. This means that they: *underestimate the extent to which other people's opinions should be taken into account. *perceive that their fate is determined by forces not under their personal control *.overestimate the extent to which other people are noticing them. *tend to see themselves as being above average in ability.

Brad often acts overly confident and daring. Few people realize he is actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Brad's behavior best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as: projection. displacement. regression. reaction formation.

The collective unconscious is to Carl Jung as the inferiority complex is to _____. Alfred Adler 'Sigmund Freud Karen Horney Erik Erikson

According to Gordon Allport, personality should be described in terms of: traits. situational influences .a self-concept. the unconscious.

Kendra's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This best illustrates: the importance of inner traits. the spotlight effect. why self-efficacy is more important than self-esteem. reciprocal determinism.

Psychologists have used _____________ to assess whether a single personality trait (e.g., extraversion) is reflected in a cluster of characteristics (e.g., sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate). factor analysis empirically derived testing brain-activity scans projective testing

When people are open with their feelings, drop their facades, and are self-disclosing, they are displaying: genuineness .self-esteem .unconditional positive regard. empathy.

_____ is our characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. The collective unconscious Conscientiousness Personality Sense of self

According to Freud, this part of the personality is largely conscious and is the mediator that operates on the reality principle. the id the ego the superego the preconscious

Makaila tends to avoid talking with others because she fears that she will be judged harshly by them. Makaila can best be described as being: neurotic. shy. introverted .extraverted.

he humanistic perspective fails to appreciate: individual needs. self-acceptance. the human capacity for good. the human capacity for evil.

Eric's friends know him as someone who values people, regardless of their failings. When people spend time with Eric, they know he will have an attitude of total acceptance toward them. Carl Rogers refers to this attitude as: positive psychology. self-actualization .unconditional positive regard. a focus on peak experiences.

Clint is homeless, hungry, and desperate for food and shelter. He will do almost anything to satisfy these needs. According to Maslow's hierarchy, Clint will ignore his other needs, which are: * Cliff will ignore all of these other needs until he satisfies his most basic needs for food and shelter.' *his self-actualization needs. *his self-esteem needs. *his need to be loved and to love himself.

According to Freud, the ego is guided by _____. the pleasure principle' the reality principle the veracity principle erogenous zones

______________ is a statistical procedure that can be used to identify clusters of behaviors that are related to a trait. Correlational analysis Behavioral analysis Factor analysis The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) has been translated into more than 100 languages and is in its __________ edition. third first second Fourth

When you noticed that you had spilled coffee on your new shirt, you overestimated how much other people at the meeting would notice. Your reaction best illustrates: your individualist culture. narcissism .the spotlight effect .reciprocal determinism.

The United States is largely __________, but it includes many cultural subgroups that remain collectivist. narcissistic modest collectivist individualist

Which part of the mind contains the superego? conscious mind unconscious mind the repressed part of mind both the conscious and unconscious mind

Psychology's concern with people's sense of self dates back to: William James .Carl Rogers. Sigmund Freud. Gordon Allport.

Freud's psychoanalytic theory includes ideas about: *self-actualization and fulfilling one's potential. *trait dimensions of personality *.a characteristic pattern of behavior or disposition. *an unconscious region of the mind, stages of development, and defense mechanisms.

According to Carl Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person is known as: empathy. self-actualization .genuineness. unconditional positive regard.

Children who have witnessed a parent's murder report memories that most clearly challenge Freud's concept of: the Oedipus complex .reaction formation .displacement. repression.

The stability of personality during adulthood is best evaluated by: the social-cognitive perspective. the trait perspective. an understanding of reciprocal determinism. the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).

People with high self-esteem are LESS likely than those with low self-esteem to: overestimate the accuracy of their beliefs. be narcissistic. be persistent at difficult tasks .give in to conformity pressures.

Who were the neo-Freudians? * a group of psychoanalysts who called Freud "a dirty-minded pansexualist and Viennese libertine" *a group of personality theorists who rejected almost all of the basic principles of Freudian psychoanalytic theory and went on to develop their own personality theories *a group of psychoanalysts who rejected Freud's theory of personality development but nevertheless used his therapeutic techniques for treating their patients *a group of personality theorists who recognized the importance of many of the basic principles of Freudian psychoanalytic theory but went on to develop their own personality theories

Which theories examine characteristic patterns of behaviors? trait theories psychodynamic theories humanistic theories social-cognitive theories

Behavior emerges from the interplay of external and internal influences, and it is _____ that determine(s) which personality traits are culturally desirable. families religion society elders

People with high self-esteem have feelings of high self-worth and tend to: persist when faced with a difficult task. give up when faced with a difficult task .succumb more often to pressure to conform. have more sleepless nights.

When you noticed that you had spilled coffee on your new shirt, you overestimated how much other people at the meeting would notice. Your reaction best illustrates: reciprocal determinism. the spotlight effect. your individualist culture .narcissism.

Jennifer has always had trouble with her weight. She was not breast-fed when she was an infant and her psychoanalyst thinks she is overcompensating. In which psychosexual stage would he say Jennifer is fixated? oral phallic anal genital

What is the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors? reaction formation implicit memory false consensus effect projection

Which of the following individuals attributes differences in children's shyness and inhibition to their autonomic nervous system reactivity? Paul Costa Jerome Kagan Hans Eysenck Albert Bandura

The _____________ perspective emphasizes that personality is the result of interactions between people and the situations in which they find themselves. The way one thinks about a situation affects one's behavior. psychodynamic humanistic social-cognitive trait

The concept of personality most clearly embodies the notion of: schemas. behavioral consistency. self-transcendence .implicit memories.

Dr. Harris believes that the study of personality should focus on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences. Dr. Harris probably would identify with the _____ perspective on personality. social-cognitive trait humanistic psychodynamic

Trait theorists have been criticized for: * overestimating the importance of reciprocal determinism on adult personality traits. *overestimating the consistency of behavior from one situation to another. *underestimating the potential influence of biological factors on personality development. *underestimating the extent to which people differ from one another.

In contrast to Freud, psychoanalyst Karen Horney emphasized the importance of _____ in personality development. striving for superiority our desire for love and security during childhood unconditional love and acceptance sexual conflicts during the adolescent years

According to Freud, _____ "is the royal road to the unconscious." the interpretation of dreams the defense mechanism information revealed through hypnosis remembering childhood events