Which empire experienced serious territorial losses after 1878?
answer
Ottoman Empire
question
What tools did countries use in the First World War to ensure their citizens' support of total war?
answer
All countries used propaganda to encourage patriotism and to portray their enemies as evil.
question
Who led the actual Bolshevik seizure of power in November 1917?
answer
Trotsky
question
What led to mutinies and protests in Germany between October and November of 1918?
answer
Armistice negotiations were taking too long. As negotiations dragged on, food shortages and continued losses at the front led to mutinies at the front and protests in Germany.
question
Why did France insist on receiving postwar reparation payments from Germany?
answer
To fund the cost of reconstruction and pay war debts. They also wanted Germany to suffer.
question
Which factor strained German-British relations before the First World War?
answer
The British saw Germany's naval buildup as a deliberate attempt to challenge their dominance of the world's oceans.
question
Which group rose up against Great Britain in the Easter Rebellion of 1916?
answer
nationalists rebelled in Dublin, unsuccessfully demanding independence.
question
What was Germany hoping to achieve by sending Lenin back to Russia in 1917?
answer
Lenin would take over the revolution and weaken Russia's war effort.
question
How did the American entry into the war affect the fighting on the French-German border in 1917?
answer
It tipped the scales in favor of Allied victory.
question
What principle did the Bauhaus school of design promote?
answer
Functionalism
question
What was the intent of the system of alliances formed by Otto von Bismarck?
answer
Bismarck's alliance system was designed to protect Germany from France and Russia; Austria-Hungary was an ally of Germany, but weak and likely to collapse.
question
What did Germany's Auxiliary Service Law, enacted during World War I, mandate?
answer
All males between seventeen and sixty were required to work only at jobs considered critical to the war effort.
question
What factor led the Russian Marxists to split into Bolshevik and Menshevik factions?
answer
Lenin wanted a small party, but many members of the Social Democratic Labor Party wanted a larger party. As a result, the two groups divided into factions.
question
What did U.S. president Woodrow Wilson hope to achieve by creating the League of Nations?
answer
Sure and lasting peace
question
Which of the following characterizes the "spirit of Locarno" after 1925?
answer
Commitment to settle disputes peacefully through negotiations rather than resort to war
question
What did atheistic existentialists and post-1917 Christian theologians have in common?
answer
Both tried to answer the terror and anxiety produced by the war.
question
What was the Schlieffen plan?
answer
It prepared Germany to fight both France and Russia simultaneously.
question
What land reform did Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin bring to Russia in the early twentieth century?
answer
Individual land ownership
question
What was the League of Nations "mandate" system?
answer
Through the mandate system, territory stripped from Germany and the Ottoman Empire was split among the Allies, leaving colonial peoples in the Middle East, Asia, and Africa bitterly disappointed.
question
What characterizes the twentieth-century philosophy of existentialism?
answer
Existentialists believed that human beings simply exist and need to find their own reasons for morality.
question
What caused the United States to no longer remain neutral in World War I?
answer
Germany wanted to stop American ships from supplying the British, and began submarine attacks against them in 1917
question
Which of the following was a consequence of World War I?
answer
Expansion of women's suffrage
question
In the Russian civil war of the summer of 1918, what united the forces of the Whites?
answer
Hatred of Bolsheviks.
question
Of the Great Powers that had participated in negotiating the Versailles treaty, which stood as France's ally in late 1919?
answer
No one. France lost all of their allies after the Versailles treaty was not ratified.
question
Which of the following statements describes the character and status of Hitler's National Socialist Party in the 1920s?
answer
It was small and supported by only a few fanatics and extremists.
question
What artistic approach of the early twentieth century concentrated on a complex geometry of zigzagging lines and sharply angled overlapping planes?
answer
Cubism, which focused on geometry, angles, and basic shapes.
question
Which event weakened Russia prior to World War I?
answer
Defeat by Japan in war
question
Which of the following countries experienced a mutiny of soldiers after suffering serious losses in World War I?
answer
France
question
What was the March Revolution in Russia in 1917?
answer
The Duma declared a provisional democratic government that was to rule under a new constitution drafted by a future Constituent Assembly.
question
In addition to the Treaty of Versailles with Germany, the peace treaties signed at the end of the First World War included treaties with which defeated state?
answer
Austria-Hungary
question
What was renounced by the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928?
answer
War
question
How did the experience of the First World War affect Christianity?
answer
The suffering brought about by the First World War led many theologians to emphasize humanity's sinful nature.
question
What was the decisive tipping point in World War I?
answer
Massive American intervention late in the war, which brought 2 million fresh troops and supplies to the British and French, giving them an advantage the Germans could not match.
question
Which synthetic material was invented by Germany's War Raw Materials Board in order to produce war supplies during World War I?
answer
Rubber
question
What does new evidence from the Soviet archives reveal about the nature of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917?
answer
The revolution had more widespread popular support than previously believed.
question
Which of the following was included in the Treaty of Versailles?
answer
Placement of blame for the war on Germany and Austria. The Allies declared that Germany (with Austria) was responsible for the war and therefore had to pay reparations equal to all civilian damages caused by the war.
question
What defined modernism in art and architecture in the early twentieth century?
answer
A constant search for new expression
→ Modernism rejected the conventions of the past and encouraged a constant experimentation and search for new ways of expression.
question
What force was destroying both the Ottoman and the Austro-Hungarian Empires in the early twentieth century?
answer
Nationalism. Both the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires were multiethnic, multireligious, and multilinguistic empires, and each was seriously threatened by nationalist movements.
question
What was the chief feature of the Bolsheviks' "War Communism" during the Russian civil war?
answer
Application of the total-war concept to a civil conflict, which seized grain from peasants, rationed resources, nationalized all banks and industry, and required everyone to work.
question
What did Britain promise in the Balfour Declaration, issued during World War I?
answer
Jewish homeland in Palestine
question
What happened after Hitler tried to seize power from a Munich beer hall in 1923?
answer
Hitler was sentenced to prison.
→ The Munich putsch, or coup, was poorly organized and easily crushed. Hitler was sentenced to prison, where he wrote his book Mein Kampf.
question
How did Adolf Hitler use the new media of radio and film?
answer
Hitler used radio broadcasts and films of Nazi rallies and speeches as propaganda pieces to manipulate Germans to support his policies.
question
How did the Western Allies strengthen the Bolshevik cause during the Russian civil war?
answer
By sending troops, which generated support for the Communists
question
Why did the U.S. Senate refuse to ratify the Versailles treaty?
answer
The Senate did not want to participate in the League of Nations or ratify a treaty that involved the United States in European politics.
question
What argument did right-wing Germans make in stating that the Versailles treaty should be repudiated?
answer
Germany had not been defeated. Right-wing leaders like Adolf Hitler believed that liberals, Marxists, and Jews had betrayed Germany and surrendered in order to seize power.
question
Which of the following contributed to the successes of the Red Bolshevik army over the Whites during the Russian civil war?
answer
It controlled Petrograd, while the Whites were scattered at the edges of the Russian state.
question
How did Austria-Hungary respond to the loss of Ottoman control of the Balkans in the 1910s?
answer
It feared a similar breakup within its own Balkan lands.
question
How did World War I change the status of labor unions in belligerent nations?
answer
Unions were allowed to participate in political decisions.
question
Why did labor unions gain more power during World War I?
answer
Labor shortages gave workers more leverage.
question
The major impact of World War I on economic thought was the
answer
promotion of government planning and involvement in the economy. Because governments had to pay for the war, they instituted rationing and price and wage controls.
question
Why was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand important to the Austro-Hungarian Empire?
answer
He was the heir to the Austrian-Hungarian crown.
question
What problem did Russian soldiers face in World War I?
answer
Shortage of munitions and weapons. Russian soldiers were underarmed and told to find weapons on the battlefield if possible.
question
What event began the actual revolution in Russia in March 1917?
answer
Women's bread march
question
According to the map of 1914, which two ethnic groups were most likely to have nationalist aspirations?
answer
Serbs and Romanians
question
What does the map of European alliances in 1914 tell us about the political divisions in Europe?
answer
The uncommitted states in the Balkans lay vulnerable to attack if great powers sought to expand their control of territory.
question
What resulted from the Petrograd Soviet's Army Order No. 1, issued during World War I?
answer
Complete breakdown of army discipline
question
In the immediate aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War, what was Bismarck's concern about France and Russia?
answer
Germany would be caught in a two-front war between France and Russia.
question
What led to the collapse of Bismarck's alliance system in the 1890s?
answer
William II refused to renew Bismarck's nonaggression pact with Russia
question
What was the chief feature of the western front in World War I?
answer
Inconclusive battles fought through ceaseless trench warfare
question
Read the following excerpt from the Petrograd Garrison, outlining its resolutions and demands in 1917: "The country is on the verge of ruin. The army demands peace, the peasants land, and the workers bread and work. The Coalition Government is against the people. It became the tool of the enemies of the people. The time for words is past. The All-Russian Congress of Soviets must take the power into its own hands in order to give to the people peace, land, bread." How does the Petrograd Garrison justify the seizure of power by the Petrograd Soviet?
answer
It argues that the provisional coalition government no longer represents the people
question
How did the colonial subjects of France and Britain react to World War I?
answer
They provided supplies and soldiers to the French and British
question
What do scholars now believe about the impact of World War I on traditional views of gender?
answer
Gender roles remained remarkably resilient
question
What was established by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
answer
Bolshevik surrender to Germany
question
Why did Lenin sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
answer
He wanted nothing to do with the war but hoped to carry out his revolution.
question
What step did Britain take to strengthen its global position after 1900?
answer
It sought improved relations with the United States to counterbalance the alliances in Europe.
question
Which two factions contended for power when Tsar Nicholas abdicated in 1917?
answer
The bourgeoisie and the proletariat
question
Why was Russia's provisional government about to collapse by the summer of 1917?
answer
The bourgeoisie and the proletariat were growing further apart.
question
What characterized combat on the eastern front in the first two years of World War I?
answer
Quick Russian advances followed by several Russian defeats
question
Which of the following statements describes the role of women in World War I?
answer
Large numbers of women worked in industry and offices and as doctors and nurses at the front
question
hy did the British government create the Ministry of Munitions in 1915?
answer
To organize private industry for war production
question
Which of the following statements identifies a reason why society became more egalitarian during World War I?
answer
Labor shortages resulted in relatively high wages for workers.
question
What role did Britain play in ending the Ottoman Empire's control of the Arabs?
answer
Supporting T. E. Lawrence, who led the Arabs in a revolt against the Ottomans. Lawrence helped the Arabs organize and fight a guerilla war against the Ottomans.
question
Why did men fear that the war was having a negative impact on the role of women in society?
answer
Women were losing their femininity.
question
Why did Alexander Kerensky refuse to confiscate large landholdings and redistribute the land to the peasants?
answer
The army was largely made up of peasants led by officers who were large landowners; if the latter had lost their land, they would have left the war.
question
The Triple Alliance of 1882 began when Germany made an alliance with what country?
answer
Austria
question
Which of the following was a result of the first and second Balkan wars?
answer
The Ottoman Empire suffered major territorial losses.
question
Why did Italy enter the war on the Allied side?
answer
To gain territory from the Austrians
question
Japan's imperialist ambitions were realized when it entered World War I in order gain territory where?
answer
Manchuria
question
Which of the following characterized the 1916 Easter Rebellion in Ireland?
answer
It centered on Irish nationalists agitating for self-rule.
question
Who declared a provisional government in Russia in March 1917?
answer
The Duma
question
What did Russia give up in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
answer
One-third of its population
question
Which of the following allowed Lenin and the Reds to win the Russian civil war?
answer
The Whites failed to create a unified agenda.
question
What did President Woodrow Wilson believe would help to avert future wars?
answer
Creating a League of Nations
question
When Germany refused to make its second reparations payment in 1922, what was the immediate result?
answer
France and Belgium occupied the Ruhr district.
question
Which of the following generally characterizes the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact?
answer
It renounced war as a part of national policy.
question
Which of Albert Einstein's accomplishments further undermined Newtonian physics?
answer
His theory of special relativity
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