Baroreceptors transmit mean arterial pressure (MAP) information to the central nervous system in response to__________.
answer
mechanical stretch changes in large arteries
question
Which of the following statements regarding capillary function is NOT correct?
answer
Blood velocity through capillaries is very fast.
question
In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________.
answer
blood pressure
(blood pressure is the driving force for filtration.)
question
The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________.
answer
capillary; interstitial fluid
(the capillary hydrostatic pressure (HPC; caused by blood pressure) is much higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure (HPI). The interstitial fluid is forced out of the capillaries.)
question
Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary?
answer
34 mm Hg
(HPc (35 mm Hg) - HPI (1 mm Hg) = 34 mm Hg, which is the net hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end. The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is much higher at the arterial end of the capillary, thus favoring filtration.)
question
The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________.
answer
proteins in the blood
(the non-diffusible proteins in the plasma exert the colloid osmotic pressure, which pulls fluid into the capillary.)
question
Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary?
answer
net osmotic pressure
(the proteins exert colloid osmotic pressure, which draws fluid into the capillary)
question
Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary?
answer
venous end of the capillary.
(because the hydrostatic pressure of blood (which favors filtration out of the capillary) is lowest in the venous end of the capillary.)
question
The pressure gradient ( ΞP) driving blood flow through the systemic circuit is equated to the ____________.
answer
pressure in the aorta (mean arterial pressure [MAP] = 90 mm Hg)
question
Which of the following blood vessel types provides the greatest resistance to blood flow?
answer
arterioles
question
Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located?
answer
carotid sinus and aortic arch
(the sensors are the arterial baroreceptors themselves, located at the carotid sinus and aortic arch. They detect changes in blood pressure by the degree of stretch on the blood vessel.)
question
If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?
answer
increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity
(the PNS activity would increase and the SNS activity would decrease in an attempt to lower blood pressure.)
question
Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles?
answer
decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system
(a decrease in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system would result in decreased activity of vasomotor fibers, resulting in vasodilation.)
question
Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following?
answer
an increase in heart rate and contractility
(epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from the adrenal medulla and act as part of the sympathetic nervous system, increasing heart rate and contractility. Epinephrine and norepinephrine have other effects that would also increase blood pressure.)
question
A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following?
answer
an increase in heart contractility
(sympathetic nervous system activity would be increased because of the low blood pressure. Sympathetic fibers go to the ventricles of the heart and increase their contractility. An increase in contractility would increase stroke volume which would lead to an increase in cardiac output and blood pressure.)
question
Which of the following is NOT one of the structural components of blood vessels?
answer
hemoglobin
question
Blood pooling occurs when blood accumulates in lower veins of the body due to the very high compliance of veins. Which of the following is NOT a result of blood pooling?
answer
increase in cardiac output
question
Which of the following statements best defines blood vessel compliance?
answer
The relative ease of which a blood vessel expands or distends.
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