Human Physiology

Which blood vessel layer secretes paracrine factors, which participate in the regulation of blood pressure and blood vessel growth?

White blood cells are generally too large to pass through capillaries. What route must they follow to move from the arterial to the venous circulation?

What type of tissue, present in the walls of blood vessels, allows for regulation of vessel diameter?

Perfusion is

The only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids are the

Angiogenesis is

Cerebral capillaries are surrounded by ________ and glial cells and have tight junctions that create the ________.

Venules are similar to capillaries: they have ________ epithelium and only small amounts of ________.

What maintains the driving pressure on blood while the heart is not contracting (ventricular diastole)?

Which is the correct relationship between pressure, flow, and resistance?

Mean arterial pressure is equal to diastolic pressure plus one-third of the pulse pressure. An equivalent equation is MAP = 2/3 DBP + 1/3 SBP. Why is diastolic blood pressure a larger component of MAP than systolic blood pressure?

Using a sphygmomanometer, a nurse measures a patient's blood pressure as 134/86. What is the patient's pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure?

What compensatory mechanisms are available to help maintain blood pressure when a large volume of blood is lost, such as during a hemorrhage?

What effect would an increase in blood volume have on the resistance to blood flow?

What effect would an increase in venous tone have on mean arterial pressure?

Blood pressure can be measured with a sphygmomanometer. When the display indicates diastolic pressure, what is heard through the stethoscope. Why?

What is the role of the kidney in blood pressure regulation?

The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is important because

Which of the following is occurring during systole?

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the

All of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure

What is the mechanism behind myogenic autoregulation in vascular smooth muscle?

Which paracrine acts as a vasoconstrictor?

What causes active hyperemia?

Which type of vessel changes most to regulate resistance to blood flow. Why?

Which changes in paracrines cause vasodilation? What is the result?

Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the

The vessels that are the main site of variable resistance in the circulatory system, and that contribute more than 60% of the total resistance, are the

At rest, the majority of blood flows through the

The matching of blood flow to the changing metabolic needs of a tissue is due to

The bone marrow, the liver, and the spleen do NOT have traditional capillaries. Instead, they have modified vessels called ________ that are ________ than a capillary

Which of the following cardiovascular control factors contribute to changes in blood pressure?

MAP ~

Which of the following neurotransmitters will play a role in the regulation of blood pressure by creating a change in cardiovascular function?

Which of the following are the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system when blood pressure is too high?

Why is the velocity of blood lowest in the capillaries as compared to all other types of vessels?

What is the mechanism by which bulk flow occurs at the capillaries?

If a person's lymph vessels suddenly vanished (an impossible scenario), what impact would this have on the circulatory system?

Which set of changes correctly describes the baroreceptor reflex in response to increased blood pressure?

The lipid material of an atherosclerotic plaque accumulates _______

In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________.

The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________.

Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary?

The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________.

Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary?

Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary?

Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located?

If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?

Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles?

Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following?

A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following?

Which of these blood values are in the normal range?

What is the primary mechanism by which gases move from the alveoli into the blood and cells and back?

Low alveolar PO2 can be caused by one of two mechanisms. One of them is that the inspired air has a low oxygen content. What is the other reason?

If alveolar PO2 is normal but arterial PO2 is low, what is the most likely cause?

Emphysema causes a loss of septa between individual alveoli, resulting in fewer, but larger, alveoli. What component of gas diffusion would be most affected by emphysema?

At the same pressure, about 25 times more CO2 will dissolve in plasma as O2. Why does this occur?

Because this factor normally varies, the most important variable that influences the diffusion of respiratory gases is the ________.

High carbon dioxide concentration in body fluids is called

The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately ________ mm Hg.

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the cells of peripheral tissues is approximately ________ mm Hg.

Of the factors that influence diffusion of respiratory gases, the most variable and, therefore, important factor to consider is the

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is

The lung pathology most likely to result from certain kinds of heart disease is

CO2 bound to hemoglobin

CO2 dissolved in the plasma

CO2 transported by conversion to HCO3 + H+

Increase oxygen/Hb affinity

If a red blood cell is 100% saturated, how many molecules of O2 are bound to it?

Predict which way exercise would shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve. Would this shift in the curve increase or decrease hemoglobin saturation?

How is the majority of CO2 transported in blood?

In the lungs, O2 loading facilitates CO2 unloading from hemoglobin. This is known as __________.

In a healthy respiratory system, if the alveolar PO2 is 85 mmHg, what will arterial PO2 be?

What is the main difference between fetal and adult hemoglobin?

What would a rightward shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin binding curve indicate?

Which change would cause a leftward shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin binding curve?

In what form is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

Which of the following statements most accurately describes hypoxia?

Why is hyperventilation a usual response when someone is exposed to a high altitude hypoxic situation?

Which change would cause the greatest stimulus for an increase in ventilation?

Approximately what percentage of the total blood oxygen is bound to hemoglobin instead of dissolved in plasma?

A hemoglobin molecule binds to a maximum of how many oxygen molecules?

About 23% of the carbon dioxide in blood is carried ________.

Conditioning of air by the respiratory tract has three purposes: warming, filtering, and which other component?

Which of the following is NOT a muscle that assists in the pressure changes associated with breathing?

Gas exchange between the lungs and the atmosphere occurs at the ________.

Which is NOT considered to be a primary function of the respiratory system?

The upper respiratory tract includes all of the following

The lower respiratory tract includes

Alveolar ventilation refers to the

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are

Place the following structures of the respiratory tree in the order in which air passes through them. 1. secondary bronchi 2. bronchioles 3. primary bronchi 4. alveoli 5. terminal bronchioles

Which factor(s) from the ideal gas equation can be ignored in the human body?

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between pressure and volume?

When the respiratory diaphragm contracts, it flattens. At the same time, the intercostal muscles pull the ribs up and out. The active forces of the muscle groups cause a(n) _______________ (increase/decrease) in thoracic volume. Given the relationship between pressure and volume, this would cause pressure within the lungs to __________________ (increase/decrease).

If you have an alveolus with an initial volume of 3 ml of air with a total pressure of 810 mmHg and you decrease the volume of this alveolus to 1.7 ml, what would the new pressure be and how would this affect air flow? Assume you are at sea level.

Which of the following statements best describes the definition of Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures?

Which of the following parameters do you need to know in order to calculate the partial pressure of a gas?

As one moves up in altitude, the atmospheric pressure decreases. In Vail, CO (altitude 8022 ft or 2445 m), the atmospheric pressure is approximately 570 mmHg. What would the partial pressure of oxygen be in Vail?

If you were visiting Vail, CO, what would the partial pressure of oxygen be in your inspired air once it had been fully conditioned (warmed and humidified)? You may need to use the information calculated from Question 8.

In its simplest form, what relationship between pressure and volume does the ideal gas law demonstrate?

Which of the following correctly states the relationship known as Boyle's Law?

Is it true that respiratory air flow obeys the same laws as blood flow?

Dalton's law states that

Air moves into the lungs because

Air moves out of the lungs because

What are the two conditions that most people with COPD have?

What happens to the resistance in the bronchioles of patients with chronic bronchitis and how does this affect air movement into and out of their lungs?

The ability for the lung to passively recoil and push air out is attributed to what type of tissue? What is this property called?

Which capacity is the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and tidal volume?

What is the main driving force that directly causes air to flow in and out of the respiratory system? Hint: It is the same force that creates blood flow.

What causes the greatest change in thoracic volume during quiet inspiration?

What happens to intrapleural pressure during a pneumothorax?

Just like the cardiovascular system, what is the primary determinant of resistance to flow in the respiratory system?

Which is the best definition of anatomical dead space?

Why is the regulation of extracellular fluid osmolarity so important?

Where is the location for one of the primary structures responsible for monitoring blood volume?

Why is maintaining osmolarity so important to the body?

The primary route for water loss from the body is the ________ system.

The primary route for ion loss from the body is the ________ system.

Cell volume (and therefore cell function) in most cells is dependent upon careful regulation of

The two organ systems that work together to regulate most aspects of the body's water balance are

Kidneys respond relatively ________ to changes in blood volume.

Most body water is located

What process causes insensible water loss?

What is the primary mechanism through which the kidneys can preserve water volume?

Why is a high medullary interstitial osmolarity important to renal function?

What is the mechanism of action of vasopressin?

What would cause osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus to shrink and what effect would that have?

Where does the reabsorption of ions occur in the nephron to produce a hyposmotic solution in the tubules?

Which is NOT an important route of water loss from the body?

Osmoreceptors are located in the _____.

Dehydration triggers a/an _____ in osmolarity and secretion of _____.

Hyponatremia _____ the secretion of ADH/vasopressin and _____ the secretion of aldosterone.

What two mechanisms cause an increase in extracellular fluid volume with salt ingestion?

What is the site and mechanism of the early response phase of aldosterone action?

When aldosterone causes sodium reabsorption, why doesn't water automatically follow?

How does angiotensin II (ANGII) directly affect the kidneys?

Which hormone increases sodium excretion?

What is the primary stimulus for natriuretic peptide release?

Aldosterone secretion increases in response to ________ and causes ________.

Juxtaglomerular cells in the nephron secrete

ACE converts

Stimuli for the activation of the RAAS pathway include

Angiotensin II

Drugs that treat hypertension by preventing Angiotensin I from becoming Angiotensin II are called

The ion imbalance known as ________ initially leads to ________ in excitable cells.

An increase in plasma potassium levels is properly called

A decrease in fluid osmolarity may result from ingesting too much water. What mechanism exists to counteract the drinking of too much water?

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion concentration of the blood is

During severe dehydration, the adrenal cortex receives two competing stimuli: high plasma osmolarity and decreased volume. In response to this, aldosterone is not released. Why is this beneficial?

Starvation would cause which of the following acid-base conditions? Also, determine what type of compensation (metabolic or respiratory) there would be.

A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 55 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?

A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.5, pCO2 = 45 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid-base imbalance?

A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 25 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 18 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?

Diarrhea can lead to which acid/base disturbance? Assuming compensation, would it be a metabolic or respiratory compensation?

Emphysema can lead to which acid/base disturbance? What would be the compensation?

Of the three buffering mechanisms in the body, which is the strongest?

The bicarbonate buffer system is one of the chemical buffer systems of the body. How would the bicarbonate buffer system work if sodium hydroxide were added to a solution?

The respiratory system is one of the three systems that regulate acid-base balance in the body. How does it work to decrease an acidosis?

In a respiratory acidosis the kidney would do which of the following?

Ingesting too much antacid would cause which of the following acid-base disturbances?

Vomiting will cause which type of acid-base disturbance?

Severe anxiety would cause which type of acid-base disturbance? What would be the compensation?

What is the most important function of the kidneys (in the sense that loss of this function results in serious medical problems before loss of other functions become problems)?

The kidneys function to produce hormones, excrete wastes, regulate blood pressure, and maintain ion balance. Which of the following is another function of the kidneys?

Functions of the kidneys include all of the following

Ions directly regulated by the kidney include all EXCEPT which of the following?

The characteristic yellow color of urine is attributed to the presence of

Put the following in order from where urine is produced to where it exits the body: Urethra Urinary bladder Nephron Ureter

Blood leaves the glomerulus via which vessel?

Blood flow through the kidney includes a feature seen in only a few organs. What is it?

The three filtration barriers that substances must pass through when leaving the blood and entering the tubule lumen are the glomerular capillary endothelium, the epithelium of Bowman's capsule, and which other structure?

What unique epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule allow for the final stage of filtration?

Which of the following kidney processes is always active and always requires energy to occur?

A glomerulus is

Glomerular filtration rate is determined by the net filtration pressure and the filtration coefficient. What two factors determine the filtration coefficient?

Which of these would cause the greatest increase in glomerular filtration rate?

Which change would cause an increase in afferent arteriolar resistance due to paracrine signaling from the macula densa?

Of the following, which is the most likely reason that GFR would fall below normal?

What is the primary driving force for glucose transport into proximal tubule cells?

Once glucose has entered the epithelial cells lining the proximal tubule, how does it cross the basolateral membrane?

If all glucose is normally reabsorbed in the proximal tubule of the nephron, why do people with diabetes have glucose in their urine?

Why is inulin administration an effective way of measuring renal clearance rates?

Secretion into the nephron is a/an ________ process because the direction is ________ the concentration gradient.

Which of the following would help a clinician understand how the kidney was able to handle a substance?

Which of the following statements best describes clearance?

Which of the following parameters must be known in order to calculate the clearance of a substance?

Which equation correctly describes the relationship between excretion, filtration, reabsorption, and secretion?

During the micturition reflex, what does activation of parasympathetic efferent neurons cause the bladder to do?

Leptin release is triggered from

Where is neuropeptide Y released and what is its effect on appetite?

Which peptide, secreted by the stomach, increases hunger in humans?

Adipocytes secrete the hormone

Most obese humans are deficient in leptin.

The first law of thermodynamics states that

Several things, including food ingestion, amount of lean muscle mass and gender can affect metabolic rate. What other factor can affect metabolic rate?

Energy input equals energy output. This statement is known as the

One kilocalorie (kcal) is the amount of energy needed to raise one ________ of water by 1 degree Celsius.

The most practical way to estimate a person's basal metabolic rate is to measure it when the person is

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are

Diet-induced thermogenesis is highest after ingestion of

Which of the following factors increases basal metabolic rate?

Where is the primary site of nutrient pools that are available for immediate use in the body?

Metabolism is a term that describes

anabolism describes

gluconeogenesis

Which path is the opposite of lipogenesis?

Insulin is produced by pancreatic

During the absorptive state,

In the fasted state, which hormone combination would occur?

The alpha cells of the pancreas produce

The beta cells of the pancreas produce

WHen blood glucose levels fall

When blood glucose levels rise, as in the "fed" state,

Homeothermic refers to

Haploid cell includes

From which embryonic structure does ovarian tissue develop?

Whether an embryo will develop into a male or female is determined by the presence or absence of what?

Which embryonic structure gives rise to the seminal vesicles and vas deferens during fetal differentiation into a male?

Which statement most accurately describes how the gender of a human embryo is determined?

The fertilized egg is properly referred to as a(n) ________.

The male gamete is called a

The female gonad is called a(n)

While still undifferentiated, gametes are called ________ cells

identify the false statement

What is the main regulatory hormone responsible for regulation of gonad function?

Choose the TRUE statement.

During meiosis, the chromosome number is halved

Mitotic divisions in germ cells

Meiosis of one cell results in production of

The structure(s) in testes that produces testosterone is/are the ________.

The mucus present in semen comes primarily from the ________.

Sperm production occurs in the

What is the third phase of the ovarian cycle called and what occurs during this time?

Which hormone is important for male development in utero and for regulation of the ovarian cycle?

Which hormone is the most important regulator of endometrium proliferation during the follicular phase?

What causes the LH surge that occurs during the late follicular phase

The first phase of the ovarian cycle is the ________ phase.

The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is

What efferent signaling occurs to cause the erection reflex?

Birth control pills containing hormones estrogen and progesterone work by directly preventing ________.

Besides sterilization, the only sure way to avoid pregnancy is

Fertilization of the human egg normally occurs in the ________.

The corpus luteum in a nonpregnant woman usually lasts about

Sperm cannot fertilize an egg until they

The hormone that is the basis for a pregnancy test is

Which disease is fought by the immune system as part of its function to recognize and remove abnormal "self" cells?

Autoimmune diseases are an example of a(n) ________ response by the immune system.

Which of the following acts as the earliest form of defense against exogenous pathogens in the list?

Antibiotics are drugs that destroy or inhibit the growth of

Viruses

A decrease in which population of lymphocytes would impair all aspects of an immune response?

Milly has just received a kidney transplant and is taking cyclosporin A, a drug that suppresses cytotoxic T cells. What does this medication do?

What are the two primary lymphoid tissues?

What is the function of secondary lymphoid tissues?

What makes up the white pulp of the spleen and most of the interior of lymph nodes?

Which cell type functions to both ingest invaders and present antigens?

The majority of leukocytes in the blood are the ________ .

How do glands in the airway contribute to the defense of the body?

By which mechanism do natural killer cells destroy virally infected cells?

Which class of molecules attracts phagocytes to the site of an infection?

Which compound causes pain and acts as a vasodilator?

What is the ultimate outcome when the complement cascade is activated?

Phagocytic leukocytes ingest pathogens and foreign particles into ________.

When the immune system creates a response that is overblown in relation to the threat it has been exposed to, the response is called an

Swelling and soreness of the lymph nodes indicate that

All of the following are characteristics of acquired immunity EXCEPT

Opsonins function by

Which type of antibody makes up the majority of immunoglobulins secreted during a secondary immune response?

Antigens expressed by plasma cells are secreted from the cell. What is the function of these free antibodies?

Example of passive immunity

Stem cells that will form B lymphocytes are found in the

Lymphocytes that attack foreign cells or body cells infected with viruses are

Stem cells that will form T lymphocytes are modified in the

When an antigen complex is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a

Class II MHCs are found