The same formation changes laterally from layered evaporites to mudcracked sandstone to conglomerate. Using the facies concept, which of the following is an accurate interpretation?
-river, floodplain, glacial setting
lagoon, tidal flat, shallow marine setting
-shallow lake, mountain front setting, lake shoreline
-shallow lake, shoreline, mountain front setting
-shallow marine, high-energy beach, mountain front setting
answer
shallow lake, shoreline, mountain front setting
question
What is the sequence of sediments you would pass over if you were to walk from the shoreline and then swim in the offshore direction?
-gravel, carbonate, sand
-sand, clay, gravel
-clay, sand, carbonate
-sand, clay, carbonate
-carbonate, clay, sand
answer
sand, clay, carbonate
question
Which of the following is a reason that limestone is formed in a relatively offshore position?
-The water is turbid.
Seawater composition is higher in calcium ions.
-The lack of sediment derived from land.
-There is less energy from the Sun.
-The water is warmer
answer
The lack of sediment derived from land.
question
By what process do ooids form?
-Microbial activity creates coatings on grains.
-Dissolution in seawater creates coated grains.
-Layers of CaCO3 are precipitated out of seawater and coat grains.
-Energy from the Sun creates coatings on grains.
-Layers of silica precipitated out of seawater coats grains.
answer
Layers of CaCO3 are precipitated out of seawater and coat grains.
question
Neighboring sedimentary facies generally show __________.
-deposition in similar environments
-a gradational relationship
-an abrupt relationship
-no change in sediment or rock type
-differences in timing of deposition
answer
a gradational relationship
question
Rock salt is an example of a(n) __________, deposited by saturation and precipitation in evaporating water.
-chert
-limestone
-evaporite
-detrital sedimentary rock
-biochemical sedimentary rock
answer
evaporite
question
What mineral is the major component of rock salt?
calcite
quartz
sylvite
halite
gypsum
answer
halite
question
From what you learned in the video, compare the Pleistocene climate to present-day climate of the western United States.
-The present-day climate is too hot to produce salt.
-The Pleistocene was wetter and cooler relative to present-day climate.
-The Pleistocene was arid relative to present-day climate.
-The present-day climate is relatively wetter and cooler than the Pleistocene.
-The Pleistocene was characterized by warm, tropical conditions and an inland sea.
answer
The Pleistocene was wetter and cooler relative to present-day climate.
question
If all the particles in a detrital sedimentary rock are nearly the same size, it is __________.
poorly sorted
a conglomerate
well-rounded
sandstone
very well-sorted
answer
very well-sorted
question
A smooth grain shaped like a cigar is __________ and shows __________.
well-sorted; low sphericity
well-rounded; angularity
angular; high sphericity
poorly sorted; low sphericity
well-rounded; low sphericity
answer
well-rounded; low sphericity
question
Wind-blown sand deposits would most likely be __________ and __________.
very well-sorted; well-rounded
feldspar; poorly sorted
very well-sorted; angular
spherical; angular
poorly sorted; well-rounded
answer
very well-sorted; well-rounded
question
Which of the following correlate to transport distance?
current strength
sorting
deposition
grain sphericity
grain size and rounding
answer
grain size and rounding
question
A conglomerate is poorly sorted with well-rounded grains. This rock was likely formed in what depositional environment?
mountain stream
delta
ocean
lake
beach
answer
mountain stream
question
Why are the sedimentary layers at Capitol Reef tilted?
Weathering and erosion loosened the underlying sediments, causing the overlying strata to collapse.
As the North American plate moved northward, the climate shifted, and mud and sand were deposited along a sloping shoreline.
As magma intruded, it buckled the flat-lying sedimentary rocks.
Volcanic eruptions to the east and west of Capitol Reef National Park during the end of the Jurassic period disturbed the horizontal strata.
The Laramide Orogeny is responsible for tipping the strata on their sides.
answer
The Laramide Orogeny is responsible for tipping the strata on their sides.
question
Which of the following is a characteristic of a conglomerate?
A conglomerate is fine-grained and well sorted.
A conglomerate is formed through a chemical process.
A conglomerate is made up of angular grains.
A conglomerate is made up of course grains that are poorly sorted.
Sediments that form a conglomerate were deposited by wind
answer
A conglomerate is made up of course grains that are poorly sorted.
question
How does gypsum form?
Gypsum is made up of fine-grained silt deposited in a near-shore environment.
Gypsum forms from evaporation of shallow seas by a chemical process.
The light color of gypsum reflects its volcanic origin.
Immense pressure from the Laramide Orogeny caused the sandstone to metamorphose into gypsum.
Gypsum has an aeolian origin, as represented by the cross-bedding.
answer
Gypsum forms from evaporation of shallow seas by a chemical process.
question
Which environment of deposition is NOT represented by the rocks in Capitol Reef National Park?
glacial
volcanic
near shore
desert
tidal zone
answer
glacial
question
What does the term aeolian mean?
water-borne
gravity-borne origin
ice-borne origin
wind-borne origin
answer
wind-borne origin
question
Name the progression of coal types with increased heat and pressure from burial.
ignite, peat, bituminous, anthracite
peat, bituminous, sub-bituminous, anthracite
peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite
peat, lignite, anthracite, bituminous
lignite, sub-bituminous, anthracite, bituminous
answer
peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite
question
Abundant plant material accumulating in a swampy environment with __________ is required for peat to form.
sand deposition
low oxygen levels
organisms
metamorphism
high oxygen levels
answer
low oxygen levels
question
What coal is soft, black in color, and produces soot upon handling?
anthracite
low-grade
bituminous
lignite
peat
answer
anthracite
question
How is anthracite produced from bituminous coal?
energy from sunlight
the presence of water
increased plant material
high biologic activity
metamorphism
answer
metamorphism
question
In the United States, the most common type of coal is __________ and the largest producing state is __________.
anthracite; Pennsylvania
bituminous; Kentucky
sub-bituminous; Montana
bituminous; West Virginia
sub-bituminous; Wyoming
answer
sub-bituminous; Wyoming
question
Which of the following defines depositional environment?
a large stream of channelized water that flows to the sea, a lake, or another stream
the origin of the grains making up a sedimentary rock
an area where sediment was deposited under certain conditions in Earth's past
the movement of material by water, wind, ice, or gravity
a geological process by which sediment accumulates
answer
an area where sediment was deposited under certain conditions in Earth's past
question
What is a delta?
A delta is a large body of water surrounded by land.
A delta is a region characterized by an arid climate, little vegetation, and a lack of water bodies.
A delta is a strip of land along a shoreline that is dominantly made up of sand.
An accumulation of debris carried by an advancing glacier and left at the front and edges as it retreats.
A delta is a triangular landform created where a stream enters a body of water and deposits sediment
answer
A delta is a triangular landform created where a stream enters a body of water and deposits sediment
question
Other than sand dunes in a desert environment, where else would you expect to find well-rounded and sorted sand deposits?
delta
reef
lake
glacier
beach
answer
beach
question
Which of the following metamorphic rocks would form as a result of shale undergoing low-grade regional metamorphism?
slate
schist
gneiss
hornfels
answer
slate
question
Which of the following describes the orientation of slaty cleavage and mineral grains in relationship to the stress applied?
Mineral grains are oriented parallel to the direction of the weakest stress applied.
Slaty cleavage is parallel to the direction of the weakest stress applied.
Mineral grains are oriented parallel to the direction of the strongest stress applied.
Slaty cleavage runs parallel to the direction of the strongest stress applied.
answer
Mineral grains are oriented parallel to the direction of the weakest stress applied.
Slaty cleavage is parallel to the direction of the weakest stress applied.
question
At a convergent boundary, which of the following would show the orientation of slaty cleavage?
answer
Lines up and down
question
What is rock texture?
the way a rock smells
the way a rock tastes
the way a rock sounds
the way a rock looks
the way a rock feels
answer
the way a rock looks
question
How will minerals orient when a rock is put under normal stress?
random to the direction of the greatest stress
parallel to the direction of the greatest stress
perpendicular to the direction of the greatest stress
oblique to the direction of the greatest stress
answer
perpendicular to the direction of the greatest stress
question
How will minerals grow when a rock is put under normal stress?
perpendicular to the direction of the greatest stress
random to the direction of the greatest stress
oblique to the direction of the greatest stress
parallel to the direction of the greatest stress
answer
perpendicular to the direction of the greatest stress
question
How will minerals orient when a rock is put under shear stress?
random to the direction of the shear stress
parallel to the direction of the shear stress
perpendicular to the direction of the shear stress
oblique to the direction of the shear stress
answer
parallel to the direction of the shear stress
question
Why do bands of minerals form when rocks are put under normal stress?
Minerals migrate to new locations, and atoms reform.
Minerals dissolve, atoms migrate to new locations, and minerals reform.
Atoms dissolve, minerals migrate to new locations, and atoms reform.
Atoms migrate to new locations, and minerals reform.
answer
Minerals dissolve, atoms migrate to new locations, and minerals reform.
question
Why are mineral bands in metamorphic rocks light and dark colored?
Dark minerals rich in iron and magnesium separate from light minerals rich in silica and aluminum.
Dark minerals rich in silica and magnesium separate from light minerals rich in iron and aluminum.
Light minerals rich in iron and silica separate from dark minerals rich in magnesium and aluminum.
Light minerals rich in iron and magnesium separate from dark minerals rich in silica and aluminum.
answer
Dark minerals rich in iron and magnesium separate from light minerals rich in silica and aluminum.
question
Which processes result in mineral flattening during metamorphism?
deposition followed by crystallization
crystallization followed by dissolution
crystallization followed by deposition
dissolution followed by crystallization
answer
dissolution followed by crystallization
question
How are metamorphic rocks formed?
Preexisting rock is altered through heat and pressure.
Preexisting rock is altered through melting and pressure.
Preexisting sediment is altered through melting and pressure.
Preexisting sediment is altered through heat and pressure.
answer
Preexisting rock is altered through heat and pressure.
question
. Do metamorphic rocks look like the preexisting rock from which they form?
never
almost always
often
rarely
sometimes, but not always
answer
sometimes, but not always
question
What is foliation?
banding in metamorphic rocks that results from the reorientation of minerals
fracturing in sedimentary rocks that results from the reorientation of minerals
fracturing in metamorphic rocks that results from the reorientation of minerals
banding in sedimentary rocks that results from the reorientation of minerals
answer
banding in metamorphic rocks that results from the reorientation of minerals
question
How will foliation in continental metamorphic rocks formed during subduction be oriented?
parallel to the direction of plate movement
oblique to the direction of plate movement
perpendicular to the direction of plate movement
answer
perpendicular to the direction of plate movement
question
Which of the following factors describe the metamorphic conditions at a mid-ocean ridge?
low pressure
low temperature
high pressure
high mantle temperatures
hot, watery fluids
answer
low pressure
low temperature
question
Which of the following factors describe the metamorphic conditions in a subduction zone?
low temperature
high temperature
hot, watery fluids
low pressure
high pressure
answer
low temperature
high pressure
question
Which of the following is a metamorphic rock?
sandstone
shale
chlorite
gneiss
granite
answer
gnesis
question
Which of the following is a temperature associated with metamorphism?
1500 degrees Celsius
400 degrees Celsius
900 degrees Celsius
150 degrees Celsius
50 degrees Celsius
answer
400 degrees Celsius
question
Which of the following factors describes the conditions at a zone where contact metamorphism is occurring?
high temperature
high pressure
hot, watery fluids
low pressure
low temperature
answer
high temperature
question
What is a metamorphic aureole?
metamorphic rocks occurring on the inside of an igneous intrusion
an igneous intrusion causing metamorphism in nearby rocks
mineralized rocks associated with hydrothermal metamorphism
a ring of metamorphic rocks adjacent to an igneous intrusion
answer
a ring of metamorphic rocks adjacent to an igneous intrusion
question
How is quartz sandstone metamorphosed into quartzite during contact metamorphism?
Sand grains are melted and recrystallize to form quartzite.
Alignment of sand grains occurs due to high pressure.
Sand grains are fused together because of high temperatures.
Cementation of sand grains with mineral deposits from hot, watery fluids.
answer
Sand grains are fused together because of high temperatures.
question
Which of the following best describes confining pressure and the location in which it occurs?
low pressure at the Earth's surface
high pressures at shallow depths
high pressures at the Earth's surface
moderate pressures at shallow depths
high pressure associated with convergent boundaries
answer
moderate pressures at shallow depths
question
Which of the following best describes the difference between differential stress and confining pressure?
Under confining pressures, the stresses on the sides are greater than the force of gravity. Stresses are the same on all sides for differential stress.
In differential stress, the force of gravity is higher than in confining stress.
In confining stress, the force of gravity is higher than in differential stress.
Both confining pressure and differential stress have stresses applied to a rock in one direction, which is greater than the force of gravity as a whole.
In differential stress, the stresses on the sides are greater than the force of gravity. Stresses are the same on all sides for confining pressure.
answer
In differential stress, the stresses on the sides are greater than the force of gravity. Stresses are the same on all sides for confining pressure.
question
which of the following is associated with the metamorphic rock phyllite?
sillimanite
intermediate-grade metamorphism
high-grade metamorphism
migmatite
answer
intermediate-grade metamorphism
question
Which of the following factors describe the conditions at a zone where low-grade regional metamorphism is occurring?
hot, watery-fluids
high temperature
low pressure
high pressure
low temperature
answer
low pressure
high temperature
question
Which of the following describes the orientation of the long axes of rocks and mineral grains in relationship to the stress applied?
The long axis of a rock is oriented parallel to the direction of the strongest stress applied.
Mineral grains are oriented parallel to the direction of the strongest stress applied.
Mineral grains are oriented parallel to the direction of the weakest stress applied.
The long axis of a rock is parallel to the direction of the weakest stress applied.
answer
Mineral grains are oriented parallel to the direction of the weakest stress applied.
The long axis of a rock is parallel to the direction of the weakest stress applied.
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