When will magma rise to Earth's surface?
when the magma is denser than adjacent rock
when the magma is less dense than adjacent rock
when the magma has more volume than adjacent rock
When the magma has more mass than adjacent rock.
answer
when the magma is less dense than adjacent rock
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In general, when will melted rock in the mantle rise?
sometimes, depending on the magma's temperature
almost always
almost never
sometimes, depending on the magma's pressure
answer
almost always
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How are felsic magmas formed?
Pressure from overlying crust forces mantle magmas through cracks to Earth's surface.
Heat from the mantle melts part of the lower crust.
Felsic magmas form when volcanoes mix mafic rock with dissolved gases.
Felsic magmas generally do not exist.
answer
Heat from the mantle melts part of the lower crust.
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In general, why does Earth's crust sit on top of the mantle?
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Earth's crust is less dense than the mantle.
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How do mafic volcanic rocks get to Earth's surface?
answer
Pressure from overlying crust forces mantle magmas through cracks to Earth's surface. These magmas erupt out of volcanoes, cool, and solidify into rock.
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What lies underneath volcanic features at Earth's surface?
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What is the difference between a dike and a sill?
A sill intrudes across sedimentary layers, and a dike intrudes between sedimentary layers.
A dike intrudes across sedimentary layers, and a sill intrudes between sedimentary layers.
A dike leads to volcanoes above sedimentary layers, and a sill leads to volcanoes below sedimentary layers.
A sill leads to volcanoes above sedimentary layers, and a dike leads to volcanoes below sedimentary layers.
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What is a volcanic conduit called after the conduit has solidified and been exposed by erosion?
answer
volcanic neck
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Why are volcanic rocks often exposed at Earth's surface as hills, ridges, and mountains surrounded by areas of lower elevation?
answer
Volcanic rocks are often more resistant to erosion than surrounding rock.
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What is a magma chamber called after the conduit has solidified and been exposed by erosion?
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batholith
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Why does water frozen in the cracks of a rock help to break down the rock?
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Water expands when frozen and physically forces the rock apart.
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What is salt weathering?
answer
the formation of minerals in rock cracks during the evaporation of salty water, forcing rock apart
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What do freeze-thaw and salt weathering have in common?
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Both freeze-thaw and salt weathering require rain and force rocks apart physically.
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Where do most metamorphic rocks form?
answer
between a few and many kilometers beneath Earth's surface
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How do metamorphic rocks reach Earth's surface?
answer
through removal of overlying rocks
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Which two rock types would you expect to see sitting next to each other after a very long period characterized by only uplift and erosion?
answer
metamorphic and sedimentary rocks
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Could metamorphic rocks reach the surface of a planet without rock-uplifting processes?
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No, metamorphic rocks must be uplifted and exposed by erosion.
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How are metamorphic rocks formed?
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Preexisting rock is altered through heat and pressure.
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Do metamorphic rocks look like the preexisting rock from which they form?
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sometimes, but not always
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What is foliation?
answer
banding in metamorphic rocks that results from the reorientation of minerals
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How will foliation in continental metamorphic rocks formed during subduction be oriented?
answer
perpendicular to the direction of plate movement
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What would you call a granite that has undergone metamorphism and now exhibits foliation?
answer
gneiss
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What is rock texture?
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the way a rock looks
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How will minerals orient when a rock is put under normal stress?
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perpendicular to the direction of the greatest stress
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How will minerals grow when a rock is put under normal stress?
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perpendicular to the direction of the greatest stress
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How will minerals orient when a rock is put under shear stress?
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parallel to the direction of the shear stress
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Why do bands of minerals form when rocks are put under normal stress?
answer
Minerals dissolve, atoms migrate to new locations, and minerals reform.
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Why are mineral bands in metamorphic rocks light and dark colored?
answer
Dark minerals rich in iron and magnesium separate from light minerals rich in silica and aluminum.
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Which processes result in mineral flattening during metamorphism?
answer
dissolution followed by crystallization
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Rank, from first to last, the episodes that brought about Earth's uneven distribution of elements:
answer
DABC
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From hardest to softest, rank the following minerals: (a) corundum, (b) feldspar, (c) fluorite, (d) gypsum.
answer
ABCD
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Rank the following properties used for mineral identification from most useful to least useful: (a) color, (b) hardness, (c) streak, (d) cleavage.
answer
BDCA
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Rank these rock-forming minerals from most abundant to least abundant: (a) silicates, (b) carbonates, (c) sulfates, (d) oxides.
answer
ABCD
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If a rock contains mineral A (30% silica) and mineral B (25% silica), which would melt last as temperature increases?
answer
mineral B
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Rank the magma types in order of increasing (low to high) silica content: (a) basaltic, (b) granitic, (c) andesitic.
answer
ACB
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The two most abundant elements in Earth's crust are
answer
silicon and oxygen.
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Based on its abundance in Earth's crust, most rocks contain a mineral composed of the elements oxygen and
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silicon.
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The three sources that brought young Earth to its melting point were
