Ch. 8 Vitamins

5. Which of the following statements is true? A. Biotin is a vitamin-like substance for humans. B. The first vitamin was discovered in 1960. C. Vitamins are classified as being soluble in either alcohol or fat. D. Scientists think all vitamins have been discovered.

6. Which of the following statements is true about vitamins? A. Compared to protein, the body requires vitamins in larger quantities. B. They are usually in foods that Americans commonly eat. C. Chemically, they are the same as minerals. D. Excesses can be converted to glucose for energy.

7. Which of the following statements is true? A. The body stores vitamins in the liver, spleen, and bones. B. The body excretes fat-soluble vitamins more easily than water-soluble vitamins C. Vitamins supply about 2 kcal per gram. D. Most vitamins cannot be synthesized by the human body.

9. An _____ is a substance that protects vulnerable molecules from free radicals. A. ion B. antioxidant C. oncogene D. enzyme

10. ______ prevent or limit the ability of free radicals to damage polyunsaturated fatty acids and DNA in cells. A. Antioxidants B. Oxidizing agents C. Phosphates D. Antidotes

11. Which of the following vitamins have antioxidant activity? A. K B. E C. D D. B-6

14. _____ are fat-soluble vitamins. A. Vitamins K, E, and D B. Pantothenic acid, vitamin A, and choline C. Vitamins B-12, B-6, and E D. Niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin

17. _____ are water-soluble vitamins. A. Vitamins K, D, and E B. Vitamins B-12, B-6, and E C. Pantothenic acid, vitamin A, and choline D. Niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin

18. _____ are water-soluble vitamins. A. Vitamin D, A, and E B. Thiamin, vitamin K, and niacin C. Vitamin A, riboflavin, and vitamin C D. Pantothenic acid, vitamin C, and thiamin

20. Why is taking excess amounts of fat-soluble vitamins more likely to cause toxicity than taking excesses of water-soluble vitamins? A. In general, excesses of fat-soluble vitamins cannot be excreted as easily as water-soluble vitamins. B. In general, water-soluble vitamins are more likely to be stored in the body than fat-soluble vitamins. C. The body has higher requirements for water-soluble vitamins. D. The body has higher requirements for fat-soluble vitamins.

21. The human body can absorb some _____ that is synthesized by intestinal bacteria. A. biotin B. vitamin C C. riboflavin D. beta-carotene

27. _____ is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process. A. Vitamin D B. Thiamin C. Vitamin B-6 D. Choline

28. _____ is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process. A. Pantothenic acid B. Riboflavin C. Vitamin D D. Vitamin B-6

29. _____ is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process. A. Vitamin D B. Niacin C. Vitamin B-6 D. Pantothenic acid

31. Which of the following cooking methods can result in major losses of water-soluble vitamins? A. Stir-frying in a small amount of oil B. Boiling in a saucepan of water C. Steaming in a vegetable steamer D. Microwaving in little or no water

32. To conserve the vitamin content of foods, A. peel vegetables and cut into small pieces before cooking in water. B. stir-fry instead of boil. C. store in warm conditions, and expose to sunlight and air. D. cook slowly in large amounts of water.

34. Adding a small amount of _____ to cooked vegetables can enhance the intestinal tract's ability to absorb the fat-soluble vitamins they contain. A. wine B. butter C. sugar D. water

35. _____ is the most biologically active form of vitamin A in the body. A. Lutein B. Alpha-tocopherol C. Retinol D. Beta-carotene

37. Deep yellow, dark green and orange fruits and vegetables are rich sources of A. vitamin D. B. essential amino acids. C. beta-carotene. D. gelatin

40. Which of the following foods is the best source of preformed vitamin A? A. Liver B. Soybeans C. Apples D. Carrots

41. In the body, vitamin A helps A. the small intestine absorb calcium and phosphorus. B. insulin enter cells. C. maintain epithelial cells. D. reduce collagen synthesis.

43. An early symptom of vitamin A deficiency is A. headaches. B. swollen tongue. C. night blindness. D. hair loss.

44. In underdeveloped countries, severe vitamin A deficiency is a major cause of A. blindness. B. megaloblastic anemia. C. diabetes mellitus. D. beriberi.

48. Which of the following vitamins can be made by the human body? A. Thiamin B. B-12 C. D D. C

49. Which of the following vitamins acts as a hormone in the human body? A. Riboflavin B. D C. Niacin D. C

52. Which of the following statements is true? A. Skin can form prohormone vitamin D after being exposed to sunlight. B. Excessive intakes of vitamin D cause rickets in children. C. Vitamin D is necessary for proper collagen formation. D. Pellagra is the vitamin D deficiency disorder in adults.

54. Which of the following hormones acts to increase calcium absorption and decrease urinary calcium excretion? A. Glucagon B. Insulin C. Parathyroid hormone D. Antidiuretic hormone

55. Vitamin D helps the body absorb A. Iron and copper B. Sodium and potassium C. Phosphorus and calcium D. Magnesium and iodine

56. Jameela is an Iranian woman living in poverty. She is not seen in public places without being covered almost completely in heavy veils. Her usual diet is comprised of legumes, small amounts of yogurt, whole-grain breads and rice, fruits, and a few vegetables. Based on this information, Jameela is most at risk of A. pellagra. B. osteomalacia. C. beriberi. D. scurvy.

57. Issac is an 8-year-old child who has African ancestry. He lives in Chicago and does not spend much time outdoors. He does not like to consume dairy foods because he has lactose intolerance. His diet consists primarily of enriched white bread, peanut butter, chicken, pork, apples, bananas, and green vegetables. Based on this information, Issac has a high risk of A. pellagra. B. scurvy. C. rickets. D. beriberi.

62. The human body needs vitamin K to A. release the energy stored in glucose. B. synthesize DNA. C. absorb phosphorus from foods. D. form active blood clotting factors.

63. In the United States, newborns receive an injection of _____ to prevent _____. A. niacin pellagra B. vitamin C collagen breakdown C. vitamin K bleeding D. thiamin beriberi

64. The liver needs vitamin K to A. process calcium. B. metabolize alcohol. C. store glycogen. D. synthesize prothrombin.

65. Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin K? A. Green leafy vegetables B. Processed poultry products C. Enriched breads D. Citrus fruit

69. B vitamins function as A. parts of coenzymes. B. neurotransmitters. C. structural components of body cells. D. hormones.

72. Which of the following vitamins does not play a direct role in energy metabolism? A. Thiamin B. Folate C. Niacin D. Pantothenic acid

73. Which of the following vitamins plays a direct role in energy metabolism? A. Vitamin A B. Vitamin K C. Vitamin C D. Riboflavin

81. Ron's diet lacks niacin. He hasn't developed pellagra, because he consumes a high-protein diet that contains plenty of _____, the precursor for niacin. A. alpha-tocopherol B. tryptophan C. alanine D. beta-carotene

82. The classic signs and symptoms of pellagra include A. night blindness. B. dry cough. C. diarrhea. D. edema.

83. The classic signs and symptoms of pellagra include A. dermatitis. B. heartburn. C. night blindness. D. weak bones.

85. Humans need vitamin B-6 for A. vitamin C synthesis. B. magnesium absorption. C. carbohydrate excretion. D. amino acid metabolism.

86. Erika takes megadoses of vitamin B-6 because she thinks it benefits her health. After learning about this vitamin in your nutrition class, which of the following statements about vitamin B-6 would be the most accurate information to tell her? A. Vitamin B-6 is the least toxic of the B vitamins. B. Megadoses of vitamin B-6 can result in calcification of soft tissues. C. Ingesting large doses of vitamin B-6 can cause nerve damage. D. Women who take megadoses of vitamin B-6 are healthier than those who do not take such high doses the vitamin.

93. Pregnant women who have a history of inadequate _____ intakes are at risk of having babies with neural tube defects. A. folate B. iron C. selenium D. vitamin A

95. Dorothy is a 65-year-old woman with pernicious anemia. What treatment would her doctor recommend? A. Vitamin C supplements B. Vitamin B-12 injections C. A vegan diet D. Iron supplements

97. Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin B-12? A. Walnuts B. Lean meats C. Whole-wheat bread D. Raw carrots

102. When consumed with certain plant foods, vitamin C enhances the absorption of A. niacin. B. iron. C. calcium. D. riboflavin.

103. Vitamin C A. is needed to form strong collagen. B. acts as a coenzyme in certain reactions that release energy from glucose. C. can cure night blindness. D. dissolves in the fatty portions of foods.

106. Which of the following foods is a rich source of vitamin C? A. Chicken B. Papaya C. Eggs D. Whole-wheat bread

112. Routine vitamin C supplementation A. prevents common colds among the general population. B. reduces the risk of kidney stones. C. may reduce the duration of cold symptoms by a day or so. D. prevents Alzheimer's disease.

114. Charcoal-broiled meats may be a source of A. heterocyclic amines. B. statins. C. dietary fiber. D. vitamin C.