Which of the following plant sources of calcium has the lowest bioavailability?
spinach
broccoli
turnip greens
kale
answer
Spinach
question
The most common sites of fracture in an individual suffering from osteoporosis are the
femur and tibia.
sternum and ribs.
clavicle and scapula.
hip and spine.
answer
Hip and Spine
question
Which of the following foods is high in phosphorus?
oranges
spinach
table salt
meat
answer
Meat
question
Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium?
promotes osteoclasts to break down bone
muscle contraction
transmission of nerve impulses
maintenance of blood pressure
answer
Promotes osteoclasts to break down bone
question
One of the side effects of using bisphosphonates is
abdominal pain.
mood swings.
leg cramps.
heart palpitations.
answer
Abdominal pain
question
What is the primary reason osteoporosis incidence in the United States is expected to increase?
decline in milk consumption
increased longevity of the population
inadequate treatment options
increased diagnostic tools
answer
Increased longevity of the population
question
Marie is 55 years old and just had her first DXA assessment. The results indicated that she has a T-score of -1.5 (minus 1.5). What does her T-score indicate?
Nothing. DXA is not able to determine bone density in women over 50.
Compared to a 30-year-old healthy adult, her bone density is normal.
Compared to a 30-year-old healthy adult, she has osteoporosis.
Compared to a 30-year-old healthy adult, she has low bone mass.
answer
Compared to a 30-year-old healthy adult, she has low bone mass.
question
Insufficient vitamin D during adulthood is associated with
hypocalcemia.
osteomalacia.
rickets.
kidney stones.
answer
Osteomalacia
question
Which of the following does NOT increase the risk of developing osteoporosis?
high caffeine consumption
smoking
low dietary intake of calcium
moderate alcohol consumption
answer
Moderate alcohol consumption
question
When dietary intake of calcium is low, the body takes calcium from bone.
True
False
answer
True
question
Guinea pigs and humans are two groups that cannot synthesize their own vitamin C and must consume it in their diet.
True
False
answer
True
question
How do antioxidant minerals stabilize free radicals?
break down oxidized fatty acids
enzymatic destruction
donate electrons or hydrogens
phagocytosis
answer
Break down oxidized fatty acids
question
Carotenosis is a serious side effect of consuming too much beta-carotene; it can be fatal if untreated.
True
False
answer
False
question
Vitamin E deficiency causes xerophthalmia, irreversible blindness due to hardening of the cornea.
True
False
answer
False
question
Consuming even moderately excessive doses of vitamin C supplements would be MOST harmful to individuals suffering from
Keshan disease.
diabetes mellitus.
hemochromatosis.
scurvy.
answer
Hemochromatosis
question
Examples of antioxidant enzyme systems include superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and which of the following?
vitamin E
vitamin C
beta carotene
catalase
answer
Catalase
question
Vitamin C is not stored in the body and must be consumed frequently.
True
False
answer
True
question
Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning vitamin C?
Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant that may help to reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
Vitamin C helps the immune system by enabling the body to make white blood cells.
Smokers should consume less vitamin C than non-smokers.
Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid.
answer
Smokers should consume less vitamin C than non-smokers
question
What kind of reaction results in an atom gaining electrons?
oxidation reaction
reduction reaction
promotion reaction
radical reaction
answer
reduction reaction
question
Which of the following is NOT a function of vitamin C?
enhances the absorption of dietary iron
prevents the common cold
ensures proper wound healing
assists in the synthesis of collagen
answer
Prevents the common cold
question
Which of the following will increase the risk of exercise-related cardiac events in older adults?
rigorous exercise only on the weekends
careful evaluation by a health care provider
familiarity with signs of cardiac impairment (e.g., shortness of breath, chest pain)
supervised warm-up and cool-down activities
answer
Rigorous exercise only on the weekends
question
Most of the members of the Caloric Restriction Society and the CRONies are males.
True
False
answer
True
question
There are no risks involved in offering vegan diets to toddlers.
True
False
answer
False
question
In the United States the federal government regulates school lunches.
True
False
answer
True
question
The development of which system is particularly dependent on adequate consumption of fat during the toddler years?
urinary
skeletal
nervous
digestive
answer
Nervous
question
Which of the following is NOT a risk associated with vitamin A toxicity in older adults?
hip fractures
neurologic problems
heart disease
liver damage
answer
Heart disease
question
What is the maximum percentage of total Calories from fat recommended for a preschooler?
50% of total energy
10% of total energy
15% of total energy
35% of total energy
answer
35% of total energy
question
Federal guidelines in the United States specify that school lunches must contain no more than what percentage of total Calories from saturated fat?
10 percent
15 percent
20 percent
25 percent
answer
10%
question
The energy needs of older adults are higher than those of younger adults.
True
False
answer
False
question
What nutrient is added to municipal water supplies to promote healthy teeth formation?
vitamin D
zinc
sodium
fluoride
answer
Fluoride
question
The lack of which nutrient in the diet can lead to night blindness in children?
iodine
vitamin C
zinc
vitamin A
answer
Vitamin A
question
Currently, there is enough food produced in the world to feed the world's population.
True
False
answer
True
question
The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that by 2020, deaths due to diabetes will increase worldwide by more than what percentage?
50 percent
25 percent
35 percent
10 percent
answer
50%
question
Undernutrition is seen only in underdeveloped countries.
True
False
answer
False
question
Individuals who live in poverty are seldom obese.
True
False
answer
False
question
Worldwide, the majority of deaths seen in undernourished children are due to infection.
True
False
answer
True
question
The type of undernutrition that affects toddlers who have recently been weaned from breast milk and given a diet that is severely lacking in protein is known as
marasmus.
kwashiorkor.
toddler malnutrition.
protein-deficit malnutrition.
answer
kwashiorkor
question
A child who is shorter than his or her expected height for age is suffering from
wasting.
height deprivation.
linear growth delay.
stunting.
answer
Stunting
question
There is very little a single individual can do to solve the problem of undernutrition and hunger in the world today.
True
False
answer
False
question
In the United States food insecurity is caused by the lack of enough food produced to feed all the people who live in poverty.
True
False
answer
False
question
The light-sensitive pigment found in rod cells and formed by retinal and opsin is
chlorophyll.
lutein.
rhodopsin.
tocotrienal.
answer
Rhodopsin
question
Which water-soluble vitamin can regenerate vitamin E after it has been oxidized?
vitamin D
vitamin B12
vitamin C
folate
answer
Vitamin C
question
In an atom, the electrons orbiting around the nucleus have what kind of a charge?
positive
negative
equal
neutral
answer
Negative
question
The doctor has recently told Julie that she is anemic. Which of the following should Julie consume with her iron supplement to increase its absorption?
a tablespoon of castor oil
a glass of milk
a glass of orange juice
scrambled eggs
answer
A glass of orange juice
question
Which of the following would NOT be a good strategy for increasing vitamin C in the diet?
boiling vegetables to bring the vitamin to the surface of the food
making a salad with strawberries, kiwi fruit, cantaloupe, and orange slices
serving corn chips with salsa
eating raw red, green, and yellow peppers with a low-fat dip
answer
Boiling vegetables to bring the vitamin to the surface of the food
question
The MOST common form of cancer in the United States is cancer of the
lung.
skin.
colon.
stomach.
answer
Skin
question
Jane takes anticoagulant medication daily to prevent blood clots. Which vitamin must she avoid taking in excess of the RDA, as it could interact with the medication causing uncontrollable bleeding?
vitamin E
vitamin D
vitamin K
vitamin C
answer
Vitamin E
question
Which of the following nutrients requires the MOST frequent consumption to assure adequate body stores?
vitamin A
vitamin E
vitamin C
beta-carotene
answer
Vitamin C
question
Which of the following is a substance that promotes oxidation and cell damage?
an electrolyte
a carotenoid
a prooxidant
a provitamin
answer
Prooxidant
question
Which of the following is NOT a function of vitamin E?
protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in cell membranes from oxidation
enhancing the immune system and protecting white blood cells
improving the absorption of vitamin C if dietary intake is low
protecting low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) from oxidation
answer
Improving the absorption of vitamin C if dietary intake is low
question
Which of the following plant sources of calcium has the lowest bioavailability?
kale
spinach
broccoli
turnip greens
answer
Spinach
question
Which of the following provides more than three times the recommended Adequate Intake (AI) of Vitamin K?
1 tablespoon of canola oil
1/2 cup of boiled turnip greens
1 cup of raw cabbage
1 cup of boiled broccoli
answer
1/2 cup of boiled turnip greens
question
Which of the following techniques can assess the risk of fracture?
blood calcium assessment
dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
underwater weighing
bioelectrical impedance testing
answer
Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
question
When does bone growth and modeling start?
during fetal development
at birth
during infancy
during childhood
answer
During fetal development
question
Bone cells that are responsible for bone resorption are called
osteoclasts.
cortical.
osteoblasts.
trabecular.
answer
Osteoclasts
question
A vitamin D deficiency in childhood may result in which disease characterized by inadequate mineralization of the skeleton?
rickets
osteomalacia
osteoporosis
kyphosis
answer
Rickets
question
Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to low bone density in the adult years?
inadequate calcium intake in childhood and adolescence
low body weight
early onset of menarche in females
physical inactivity in adolescence
answer
Early onset of menarche in females
question
Newborn infants receive a single injection of vitamin K at birth because
newborns do not have enough bacteria in their small intestine to make vitamin K.
breast milk is a poor source of vitamin K.
the trauma of labor and delivery depletes the newborn's vitamin K stores.
newborns cannot absorb any of the vitamin K from breast milk or formula.
answer
newborns do not have enough bacteria in their small intestine to make vitamin K.
question
The point in life at which our bones are the densest is called what?
pubertal bone density
menopausal bone density
late adulthood bone density
peak bone density
answer
Peak bone density
question
Fluorosis is associated with
insufficient intake of fluoride.
consuming too much fluoride.
Alzheimer's disease.
osteoporosis.
answer
Consuming too much fluoride
question
The total amount of energy needed per day for any given age is called what?
estimated energy requirement
required energy requirement
recommended energy requirement
allowable energy requirement
answer
Estimated energy requirement
question
The development of which system is particularly dependent on adequate consumption of fat during the toddler years?
digestive
nervous
skeletal
urinary
answer
Nervous
question
The RDA for which nutrient decreases with age, for women?
calcium
vitamin D
iron
vitamin C
answer
Iron
question
What are dental caries?
juvenile teeth
cavities
spotting on tooth enamel
spaces left following the loss of teeth
answer
Cavities
question
The key to a successful Calorie-restricted diet is to
consume 1,000 or fewer calories per day.
consume a low-Calorie, high nutrient-dense diet.
exercise at least one hour each day while eating fewer calories than usual.
join a support group.
answer
Consume a low-calorie, high nutrient-dense diet
question
A reduced production of gastric secretions often seen in older adults can result in
a reduced absorption of calcium.
an increased absorption of vitamin C.
a reduced absorption of potassium.
a reduced absorption of vitamin B12.
answer
A reduced absorption of calcium
question
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends the intake of fruit juice be limited to a maximum of how many fluid ounces per day for children 1 to 6 years of age?
5
6
7
8
answer
6
question
Which of the following is NOT a reason that vitamin D and calcium supplements are recommended for elderly individuals?
Absorption of calcium is reduced as we age.
Older adults frequently use sunscreen, which inhibits the synthesis of vitamin D.
Elderly individuals have adequate exposure to sunlight.
Less vitamin D is produced in the skin as we age.
answer
Elderly individuals have adequate exposure to sunlight
question
The RDA for carbohydrate for toddlers, preschoolers, school-age children, teens, and adults is how many grams per day?
10
95
130
250
answer
130
question
Which of the following is NOT related to the increased iron needs in adolescence?
Muscle mass increases.
Food choices are often inadequate in iron.
Iron is lost because of menstruation (in girls).
Iron utilization slows down.
answer
Iron utilization slows down
question
In developed countries, the major cause of malnutrition is
natural disasters.
crime.
overpopulation.
the unequal distribution of available food.
answer
the unequal distribution of available food
question
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is responsible for what process regarding foods and surplus commodity foods during an emergency?
acquisition
sale
distribution
re-sale
answer
Distribution
question
Which of the following individuals would NOT be eligible to receive the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) benefits?
Bonita, a three-month-old infant
Juan, a two-year-old child
Mary, a 32-year-old pregnant woman
James, a seven-year-old child
answer
James, a 7 year old child
question
What is the term for a situation in which people are unable to obtain enough food to meet their daily physical needs?
food poverty
food anxiety
food shortage
food insecurity
answer
Food insecurity
question
Infants and children who suffer from malnutrition have a higher mortality rate as a result of
starving to death because of the lack of food.
decreased resistance to infectious diseases.
diarrhea due to drinking unsanitary water.
the limited access to health care.
answer
Decreased resistance to infectious diseases
question
The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that by 2020, deaths due to diabetes will increase worldwide by more than what percentage?
10 percent
25 percent
35 percent
50 percent
answer
50%
question
A child who is shorter than his or her expected height for age is suffering from
stunting.
height deprivation.
wasting.
linear growth delay.
answer
Stunting
question
The lack of which nutrient in the diet can lead to night blindness in children?
vitamin C
iodine
zinc
vitamin A
answer
Vitamin A
question
Which of the following is NOT an effective long-term solution to malnutrition?
programs that encourage women to breastfeed their infants
immunization programs
transitioning of agricultural lands from sorghum and corn to cash crops
small-business loans to support community and family farms and gardens
answer
Transitioning of agricultural lands from sorghum and corn to cash crops
question
The type of undernutrition that affects toddlers who have recently been weaned from breast milk and given a diet that is severely lacking in protein is known as
kwashiorkor.
toddler malnutrition.
marasmus.
protein-deficit malnutrition.
answer
Kwashiorkor
question
Which of the following terms is synonymous with the word malignant?
tumor
benign
undifferentiated
cancerous
answer
Cancerous
question
Carbon and hydrogen are two examples of
atoms.
antioxidants.
electrons.
nuclei.
answer
Atoms
question
Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of cancer?
unexplained weight gain
fever
unexplained weight loss
nagging cough or hoarseness
answer
Unexplained weight gain
question
Which of the following diseases has NOT been linked to free radical damage?
cancer
heart disease
arthritis
type 1 diabetes
answer
Type 1 diabetes
question
Carotenosis, a skin condition associated with consuming high levels of beta-carotene, is also known as what?
scleroderma
retinosis
carotenoids
carotenoderma
answer
Carotenoderma
question
Symptoms of a vitamin C deficiency include
bleeding gums and loose teeth.
dementia and dermatitis.
night blindness.
nosebleeds.
answer
Bleeding gums and loose teeth
question
At what stage in the development of cancer do the cancerous cells grow out of control and invade surrounding tissues?
initiation
promotion
progression
termination
answer
Progression
question
Which of the following vitamins is the MOST powerful fat-soluble antioxidant?
A
D
E
K
answer
E
question
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the milk-displacement factor?
nursing bottle syndrome
greater risk of osteoporosis later in life
low magnesium intake
low vitamin A intake
answer
Nursing bottle syndrome
question
Which of the following is NOT a recommendation to avoid allergies in children?
If a child has a negative reaction to a food, never offer it to that child again.
Introduce new foods one at a time.
Rotate foods in the diet rather than serving them every day.
When introducing a new food, watch for any allergic reaction for a week before offering another new food.
answer
If a child has a negative reaction to a food, never offer it to that child again
question
Obesity in children is defined as having a BMI at or above what percentile?
75th
85th
95th
100th
answer
95th
question
Which of the following correctly describes "milk displacement"?
the self-weaning of an infant from breast milk
the recent surge in formula use
the avoidance of dairy products due to the fear of agricultural contaminants
the selection of low-nutrient beverages (e.g., soda) in place of milk
answer
The selection of low-nutrient beverages (e.g., soda) in place of milk
question
Overweight in children is defined as having a BMI at or above what percentile?
75th
85th
95th
100th
answer
85th
question
An elevated level of blood sodium is called
hyponatremia.
hypernatremia.
hypocalcemia.
hypercalcemia.
answer
Hypernatremia
question
Which of the following metabolic effects of CR has NOT been reported in any of the human studies?
increased energy expenditure
a decreased fat mass and lean body mass
decreased insulin levels and improved insulin sensitivity
decreased core body temperature and blood pressure
answer
Increased energy expenditure
question
Which nutrient deficiency in older adults can lead to a decreased sense of taste and smell?
zinc
iron
vitamin D
protein
answer
Zinc
question
The leading cause of death among high-school youths is
automobile accidents.
alcohol intoxication occurrences.
eating disorders.
drug overdoses.
answer
Automobile accidents
question
What is an exchange reaction?
a reaction that produces free radicals
a two-part metabolic reaction that involves a loss and gain of electrons
the first stage of cancer development, in which a cell's DNA mutates
a reaction that converts a provitamin into the metabolically active form
answer
a two-part metabolic reaction that involves a loss and gain of electrons
question
In the body, vitamin D is essential for
blood clotting.
calcification of bone.
muscle contraction.
stimulation of nerve impulses
answer
Calcification of bone
question
Taking vitamin E supplements along with which of the following substances can cause uncontrollable bleeding?
antidepressants
anticoagulants
cholesterol-lowering medications
oral contraceptives
answer
Anticoagulants
question
Which nutrient deficiency in older adults can lead to a decreased sense of taste and smell?
zinc
iron
vitamin D
protein
answer
Zinc
question
Which of the following is a compound that is needed to activate an enzyme?
a cofactor
a free radical
an electrolyte
an antioxidant
answer
a cofactor
question
Which of the following is TRUE about school lunch programs in the United States?
All are required to meet updated guidelines on fat and sodium intake.
Half meet the federal guidelines on sodium intake
One-third meet federal guidelines on total fat intake.
More than half meet federal guidelines on saturated fat intake.
answer
All are required to meet updated guidelines on fat and sodium intake.
question
Which of the following vitamins is the MOST powerful fat-soluble antioxidant?
A
D
E
K
answer
E
question
Which of the following does the Nutrition Services Incentive Program (former Elderly Nutrition Program) NOT provide?
meals designed to provide one-third of the RDA for key nutrients served at senior centers
cash and USDA commodity foods to state agencies
coupons to use to purchase foods in the grocery store
home-delivered meals for qualified elders through the Meals on Wheels program
answer
coupons to use to purchase foods in the grocery store
question
Which of the following is associated with the premature closure of the epiphyseal plate?
malnutrition
excessive calcium intake
obesity
reduced activity level
answer
malnutrition
question
Carbon and hydrogen are two examples of
atoms.
antioxidants.
electrons.
nuclei.
answer
atoms
question
Most of the body's phosphorus is stored in
the liver.
adipose tissue.
the skeleton.
the kidneys.
answer
the skeleton
question
Which of the following nutrients requires the MOST frequent consumption to assure adequate body stores?
vitamin A
vitamin E
vitamin C
beta-carotene
answer
Vitamin C
question
Jane takes anticoagulant medication daily to prevent blood clots. Which vitamin must she avoid taking in excess of the RDA, as it could interact with the medication causing uncontrollable bleeding?
vitamin E
vitamin D
vitamin K
vitamin C
answer
Vitamin E
question
Which of the following does NOT describe a role that calcitonin plays when blood calcium levels are elevated?
Calcitonin limits calcium absorption in the intestine.
Calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts from breaking down bone.
Calcitonin prevents the reabsorption of calcium in the kidney.
Calcitonin stimulates the action of vitamin D.
answer
Calcitonin stimulates the action of vitamin D
question
A T-score between +1 (plus 1) and -1 (minus 1) on a DXA signifies
lower than normal bone density.
osteoporosis.
normal bone density.
growing bone.
answer
normal bone density
question
Which of the following are rich sources of vitamin C?
milk and cheese
seafood
wheat and oats
green and red peppers
answer
green and red peppers
question
People with diseases that result in the malabsorption of which nutrient are at risk for a vitamin D deficiency?
carbohydrate
fat
minerals
protein
answer
fat
question
Which of the following does NOT increase the risk of developing osteoporosis?
smoking
moderate alcohol consumption
low dietary intake of calcium
high caffeine consumption
answer
moderate alcohol consumption
question
For proper growth and development, toddlers should consume a minimum of what percentage of their total daily energy intake as fat?
30 percent
45 percent
50 percent
55 percent
answer
30 percent
question
Crops grown to be exported to other countries and not for local consumption are called what?
surplus crops
imported crops
cash crops
sustainable crops
answer
cash crops
question
The key to a successful Calorie-restricted diet is to
consume 1,000 or fewer calories per day.
consume a low-Calorie, high nutrient-dense diet.
exercise at least one hour each day while eating fewer calories than usual.
join a support group
answer
consume a low-Calorie, high nutrient-dense diet.
question
What nutrient is added to municipal water supplies to promote healthy teeth formation?
fluoride
sodium
vitamin D
zinc
answer
fluoride
question
Keshan disease is a heart disorder associated with which of the following deficiencies?
vitamin A
vitamin C
selenium
iron
answer
selenium
question
Which of the following is NOT associated with the female athlete triad?
hypertension
eating disorder
osteoporosis
amenorrhea
answer
Hypertension
question
Beta-carotene is a precursor of
retinol.
alpha-tocopherol.
zeaxanthin.
ascorbic acid.
answer
retinol
question
The majority of our body's fluoride is stored in
the liver.
adipose tissue.
the skeleton.
interstitial fluid.
answer
the skeleton
question
The animal form of vitamin K produced by bacteria in the large intestine is
phylloquinone.
menaquinone.
prothrombin.
osteocalcin.
answer
menaquinone
question
Which of the following is FALSE concerning calcium?
Calcium's alkalinity assists in regulating acid-base balance.
Ninety-nine percent of calcium is found in the blood and soft tissue.
When blood calcium falls, osteoclasts will liberate calcium from the skeleton.
Calcium is a major mineral.
answer
99% of calcium is found in the blood and soft tissue.
question
What medication is effective in treating osteoporosis because of its estrogen-like properties?
selective estrogen receptor modulators
calcitonin
thyroid hormone
bisphosphonates
answer
selective estrogen receptor modulators
question
Which of the following is NOT a function of vitamin C?
prevents the common cold
assists in the synthesis of collagen
ensures proper wound healing
enhances the absorption of dietary iron
answer
prevents the common cold
question
Which kind of cells are responsible for enabling us see in different colors?
rod
cone
sphere
pyramid
answer
cone
question
In developed countries, the major cause of malnutrition is
natural disasters.
crime.
overpopulation.
the unequal distribution of available food.
answer
the unequal distribution of available food
question
When does bone growth and modeling start?
during fetal development
at birth
during infancy
during childhood
answer
during fetal development
question
How can we increase our absorption of dietary magnesium?
eat a high-fiber diet
eat a high-carbohydrate diet
eat a high-protein diet
eat a high-fat diet
answer
eat a high-protein diet
question
Which of the following foods are the richest sources of vitamin E?
milk and dairy products
fruits and vegetables
meat, fish, and poultry
mayonnaise, vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds
answer
mayonnaise, vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds
question
Federal guidelines in the United States specify that school lunches must provide how much of the 1989 RDAs for protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, iron, calcium, and energy?
1/4
1/3
1/2
2/3
answer
1/3
question
Which of the following will NOT help establish healthful eating habits in toddlers?
Provide small meals alternated with nutritious snacks.
Model healthful eating.
Use food as a reward for healthful behaviors.
Use positive reinforcement to encourage healthful behaviors.
answer
Use food as a reward for healthful behaviors
question
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of a Calorie-restricted (CR) diet?
The reduced metabolic rate results in a significantly lower production of free radicals.
The reduced caloric intake results in reduced oxidative damage to DNA and other cells.
Caloric restriction causes marked improvement in insulin sensitivity.
Calorie restriction results in decreased fat mass and increased lean body mass.
answer
Calorie restriction results in decreased fat mass and increased lean body mass.
question
Calcitonin is a hormone secreted by which gland?
adrenal
parathyroid
pituitary
thyroid
answer
thyroid
question
Which of the following is the MOST abundant mineral in our body?
calcium
iron
phosphorus
fluoride
answer
calcium
question
The deficiency disease associated with vitamin C is
scurvy.
erythrocyte hemolysis.
night blindness.
Keshan disease.
answer
scurvy
question
Free radicals
are very stable atoms.
are rarely formed by the body's fundamental physiological processes.
damage the cell's mitochondria.
are formed by exposure to air pollution and tobacco smoke
answer
are formed by exposure to air pollution and tobacco smoke
question
One of the side effects of using bisphosphonates is
leg cramps.
mood swings.
abdominal pain.
heart palpitations.
answer
abdominal pain
question
The most common nutritional deficiency worldwide is
iron.
vitamin A
iodine.
protein.
answer
iron
question
Which of the following foods are good sources of magnesium?
green leafy vegetables
citrus fruits
french fries and onion rings
soft drinks and fruit juices
answer
green leafy vegetables
question
Vitamin K's primary role in the body is
muscle contraction.
enzyme action.
nerve transmission.
blood clotting.
answer
blood clotting
question
If a healthy individual were to consume too much calcium from the diet, which of the following is MOST likely to occur?
hypercalcemia
toxicity symptoms, including nausea and dizziness
excess calcium excreted in the feces
accumulation of calcium in the soft tissues of the body
answer
excess calcium excreted in the feces
question
Where do humans obtain vitamin D?
moonlight
sunlight
intestinal bacteria
stomach bacteria
answer
sunlight
question
Assuming equal serving sizes, which of the following foods would be the poorest source of calcium?
skim milk
whole milk
cheddar cheese
cottage cheese
answer
cottage cheese
question
Which process determines the shape of bones?
bone modeling
bone turnover
bone growth
bone remodeling
answer
bone modeling
question
A group of fat-soluble plant pigments that are the basis for the orange, red, and deep yellow colors of many fruits and vegetables are called
carotenoids.
provitamins.
prooxidants.
chlorophylls.
answer
carotenoids
question
A shift in dietary patterns from a lack of food to a high energy intake, which then results in the development of chronic disease, is called the nutrition
adaptation.
transition.
modification.
reallocation.
answer
Transition
question
The hormone that assists in maintaining blood calcium levels by stimulating the activation of vitamin D is
insulin.
cortisol.
parathyroid hormone (PTH).
calcitonin.
answer
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
question
The fastest-growing age subgroup in the United States today is
children under age 2.
young adults.
people in their 40s.
people 85 years of age and older.
answer
people 85 years of age and older
question
The individual with the highest risk of developing a vitamin D deficiency is a(n)
exclusively breastfed infant.
elderly institutionalized adult who consumes no milk and receives little or no sun exposure.
adult living in the northern United States.
adolescent female who consumes no milk or dairy products.
answer
elderly institutionalized adult who consumes no milk and receives little or no sun exposure
question
Examples of antioxidant enzyme systems include superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and which of the following?
vitamin E
catalase
beta carotene
vitamin C
answer
catalase
question
Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning vitamin C?
Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid.
Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant that may help to reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
Vitamin C helps the immune system by enabling the body to make white blood cells.
Smokers should consume less vitamin C than non-smokers.
answer
Smokers should consume less vitamin C that non-smokers
question
Vitamin C assists in the synthesis of a protein that is a critical component of all connective tissues in the body, known as what?
Coumadin
collagen
tocopherol
cofactor
answer
collagen
question
What kind of reaction results in an atom gaining electrons?
oxidation reaction
reduction reaction
promotion reaction
radical reaction
answer
reduction reaction
question
Which of the following are NOT good sources of vitamin C?
citrus fruits
milk and cheese
strawberries
broccoli
answer
milk and cheese
question
Previously known as the Food Stamp program, the new name for the USDA program that is the primary food assistance program for low-income households is the
Commodity Supplemental Food Program.
Nutrition Services Incentive Program.
Child and Adult Care Program.
Supplemental Nutrition Assessment Program.
answer
SNAP
question
Which of the following are two fat-soluble vitamins that humans obtain from non-dietary sources?
Answer
A and D
D and E
D and K
C and D
answer
D and K
question
Which of the following hormones requires selenium for its synthesis?
estrogen
insulin
cortisol
thyroxine
answer
Thyroxine
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