1) When consumed in excess, water-soluble vitamins are most often
A) stored in the liver.
B) excreted in the urine.
C) excreted in the feces.
D) stored in body fat.
answer
B
question
2) B vitamins share a role as ________ in energy production.
A) coenzymes
B) enzymes
C) oxidants
D) metabolites
answer
A
question
3) Many water-soluble vitamins can be lost or destroyed by exposure to
A) heat, light, and cold.
B) light, cold, and loud noises.
C) darkness, cold, and air.
D) heat, light, and air.
answer
D
question
4) Some research has supported the assertion that B vitamins may reduce the risk of
A) heart disease.
B) diabetes.
C) loss of cognitive function.
D) A and C
answer
D
question
5) Sandy was cooking beans for dinner and heard they cook faster if baking soda is added to the water. Is adding baking soda a good idea?
A) Yes, it protects the vitamins in the food from being destroyed by the heat.
B) No, it destroys the thiamin in the beans.
C) Yes, it adds folate to the foods.
D) No, it inactivates the vitamin C present.
answer
B
question
6) An advanced form of thiamin deficiency seen in alcoholics is
A) Wernicke-Korsokoff syndrome.
B) scurvy.
C) pellagra.
D) pernicious anemia.
answer
A
question
7) All of the following are true about thiamin except
A) a deficiency is called beriberi.
B) polyneuritis is a symptom of an excessive intake of thiamin.
C) it was the first B vitamin to be discovered.
D) lean pork is the most nutrient-dense source of naturally occurring thiamin.
answer
B
question
8) Packaging milk in cardboard containers is a way to prevent destruction of which vitamin by ultraviolet light?
A) thiamin
B) vitamin C
C) niacin
D) riboflavin
answer
D
question
9) Which B vitamin is part of NAD+, which carries the H+ to the electron transport chain?
A) thiamin
B) riboflavin
C) niacin
D) biotin
answer
C
question
10) Which of the following is converted to niacin when needed?
A) tryptophan
B) methionine
C) lysine
D) phenylalanine
answer
A
question
11) All of the following are correct concerning pellagra except
A) diarrhea may be a symptom.
B) dementia may be a symptom.
C) it is due to a deficiency of pantothenic acid.
D) it was widespread among the poor living in the southern United States in the early 1900s.
answer
C
question
12) Pantothenic acid makes up part of ________, the gateway molecule in energy metabolism.
A) acetyl CoA
B) NAD
C) pyruvate
D) oxaloacetate
answer
A
question
13) If a breakfast contains 0.18 g of tryptophan, calculate the total amount of niacin in the meal (excluding any preformed niacin).
A) 3 mg niacin
B) 5 mg niacin
C) 10 mg niacin
D) 18 mg niacin
answer
A
question
14) Folate has been shown to help reduce the risk of certain cancers, specifically ________ cancer.
A) lung
B) colon
C) skin
D) liver
answer
B
question
15) The incidence of neural tube defects has decreased now that some foods are enriched with ________.
A) niacin
B) vitamin C
C) folic acid
D) carnitine
answer
C
question
16) A deficiency of _________ can lead to macrocytic anemia.
A) pantothenic acid or riboflavin
B) biotin or niacin
C) thiamin or riboflavin
D) folate or vitamin B12
answer
D
question
17) Too much folate in the diet masks the symptoms of B12 deficiency anemia. This may lead to which of the following problems?
A) nerve damage
B) skin rash
C) diarrhea
D) neural tube defects
answer
A
question
18) Which of the following is a function of choline in the body?
A) It is part of the phospholipid that makes up cell membranes.
B) It participates in nerve transmission.
C) It assists in the transport of lipids.
D) All of the above are functions of choline.
answer
D
question
19) Which is true about carnitine supplements?
A) They help promote weight loss.
B) They improve athletic performance.
C) They reduce the risk of cataracts.
D) None of the above is true of carnitine supplements.
answer
D
question
20) Which vitamin requires a carrier called transcobalamin for transport throughout the circulation?
A) vitamin B12
B) thiamin
C) niacin
D) pantothenic acid
answer
A
question
21) Joan is thinking about becoming a vegan. Her mother warns her that her diet will be lacking which vitamin?
A) B12
B) biotin
C) B6
D) niacin
answer
A
question
22) Which food should be eaten in order to enhance the bioavailability of iron?
A) oranges
B) milk
C) whole-grain bread
D) salmon
answer
A
question
23) Vitamin C is involved in all of the following except
A) collagen synthesis.
B) tyrosine synthesis.
C) neurotransmitter synthesis.
D) DNA synthesis.
answer
D
question
24) Where is vitamin B6 activated to form its active form, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)?
A) mouth
B) stomach
C) liver
D) pancreas
answer
C
question
25) Recent research indicates that vitamin B6, along with folate and vitamin B12, may help reduce the risk of
A) colon cancer.
B) heart disease.
C) diabetes.
D) obesity.
answer
B
question
26) All of the following are classified as B vitamins except
A) choline.
B) niacin.
C) pantothenic acid.
D) pyridoxine.
answer
A
question
27) Which of the following individuals is most likely to benefit from a vitamin C supplement?
A) a vegan
B) a person under acute stress
C) a person with a cold
D) all of the above
answer
B
question
28) The best way to prevent colds is to
A) wash your hands regularly.
B) take vitamin C supplements.
C) take echinacea supplements.
D) take cobalamin supplements.
answer
A
question
29) In which organ is intrinsic factor made?
A) pancreas
B) colon
C) stomach
D) salivary glands
answer
C
question
30) To increase your intake of vitamin B12, eat all the following foods except
A) cheese.
B) pasta.
C) eggs.
D) tuna.
answer
B
question
31) Why does vitamin B12 absorption decrease with age?
A) a reduction in hydrochloric acid in the stomach
B) a reduction in intrinsic factor production
C) a lack of necessary pancreatic enzymes
D) all of the above
answer
D
question
32) Which vitamin acts as an antioxidant and helps neutralize free radicals?
A) vitamin C
B) biotin
C) pantothenic acid
D) pyridoxine
answer
A
question
33) Which vitamin is needed during transamination to create nonessential amino acids?
A) biotin
B) vitamin B6
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin B12
answer
B
question
34) A sign of a B6 deficiency is
A) pellagra.
B) beriberi.
C) microcytic hypochromic anemia.
D) pernicious anemia
answer
C
question
35) Which of the following is correct about riboflavin?
A) Its active form is coenzyme A.
B) It is only found in animal foods.
C) It is important in the synthesis of collagen.
D) Ariboflavinosis is the name for its deficiency.
answer
D
question
36) Which of the following is a function of biotin?
A) It helps prevent scurvy.
B) It helps to reduce cholesterol.
C) It has an antioxidant effect on free radicals.
D) It acts as a coenzyme in fatty-acid synthesis.
answer
D
question
37) A food source rich in biotin is
A) spinach.
B) peanuts.
C) egg whites.
D) white flour.
answer
B
question
38) Which vitamin is found in so many foods that its name is derived from a word meaning "everywhere"?
A) thiamin
B) niacine
C) riboflavin
D) pantothenic acid
answer
D
question
39) Milk, yogurt, and grains are rich sources of which vitamin?
A) thiamin
B) riboflavin
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin B12
answer
B
question
40) Which of the following is not a symptom of riboflavin deficiency?
A) reduced conversion of vitamin B6 to its active form
B) inflamed tissues in the mouth and throat
C) soreness in the soles of the feet
D) altered iron metabolism
answer
C
question
41) Diarrhea is the first side effect to be observed when too much niacin is consumed.
T/F
answer
FALSE
question
42) Niacin supplements have been shown to raise the level of the HDL cholesterol carrier.
T/F
answer
TRUE
question
43) Niacin found in plant foods, such as wheat or corn, is much less bioavailable than niacin from meat and dairy products.
T/F
answer
TRUE
question
44) Consuming large amounts of vitamin C through supplements will turn urine yellow.
T/F
answer
FALSE
question
45) Thiamin is one vitamin that is sensitive to changes in pH.
T/F
answer
TRUE
question
46) Eggs are the most nutrient-dense source of naturally occurring thiamin.
T/F
answer
FALSE
question
47) Numerous studies have suggested that low blood levels of some B vitamins are associated with an increased level of homocysteine in the body.
T/F
answer
TRUE
question
48) Chronic alcohol abuse can lead to an advanced form of thiamin deficiency called pellagra.
T/F
answer
FALSE
question
49) Peripheral neuropathy is a classic symptom of beriberi
T/F
answer
TRUE
question
50) Milk is packaged in opaque cartons to prevent the degradation of biotin.
T/F
answer
FALSE
question
51) Niacin is stable in foods and is not destroyed by heat or ultraviolet light.
T/F
answer
TRUE
question
52) Pantothenic acid makes up part of the metabolic compound acetyl CoA.
T/F
answer
TRUE
question
53) The B vitamins contain 4 kilocalories per gram
T/F
answer
FALSE
question
54) Vitamin C plays an important role as a coenzyme.
T/F
answer
FALSE
question
55) Folate found naturally in foods is less bioavailable than folate found in supplements or fortified foods.
T/F
answer
TRUE
question
56) Like beta-carotene and vitamin E, vitamin C acts as an antioxidant that may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer.
T/F
answer
TRUE
question
57) Vitamin C is helpful in reducing the number of colds a person will contract.
T/F
answer
FALSE
question
58) Vitamin B12 is abundant in citrus fruits and cruciferous vegetables.
T/F
answer
FALSE
question
59) Individuals with pernicious anemia are given injections of pantothenic acid.
T/F
answer
FALSE
question
60) Individuals over the age of 50 should meet their vitamin B12 needs primarily from fortified foods or a supplement.
T/F
answer
TRUE
question
61) Vitamin B12 stimulates osteoblast activity for healthy bone.
T/F
answer
TRUE
question
62) Vitamin B6 is useful in treating premenstrual syndrome.
T/F
answer
FALSE
question
63) If adequate amounts of vitamin B6 are not consumed, microcytic hypochromic anemia may develop.
T/F
answer
TRUE
question
64) Adding raw eggs to a healthy diet is a good way to obtain adequate biotin.
T/F
answer
FALSE
question
65) If necessary, the amino acid tryptophan can be converted to niacin.
T/F
answer
TRUE
question
66) Most water-soluble vitamins are highly toxic when consumed in excess.
T/F
answer
FALSE
question
67) In foods, water-soluble vitamins are usually attached to proteins and must be released in order to be absorbed.
T/F
answer
FALSE
question
68) The enrichment of foods with biotin has reduced the incidence of neural tube defects by over 25 percent.
T/F
answer
FALSE
question
69) Choline is widely available in foods, so a deficiency is unlikely.
T/F
answer
TRUE
question
70) Flushing is the first side effect to be observed when too much riboflavin is consumed
T/F
answer
FALSE
question
71) Vitamin C is involved in the production of collagen, which is the most abundant protein in the body.
T/F
answer
TRUE
question
72) Supplements of niacin have been used to lower the total amount of cholesterol in the blood.
T/F
answer
TRUE
question
73) Keeping milk in glass bottles runs the risk of destroying much of its riboflavin.
T/F
answer
TRUE
question
74) Of the nine water-soluble vitamins, seven of them are B-complex vitamins.
T/F
answer
FALSE
question
75) Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through food or supplements.
T/F
answer
TRUE
question
76) Which three vitamins act as antioxidants?
answer
Vitamin C, beta-carotene, and vitamin E are the antioxidant vitamins.
question
77) In what way does vitamin C help maintain a healthy immune system?
answer
Vitamin C helps maintain a healthy immune system by enabling the body to make white blood cells
question
78) What environmental factors can degrade or destroy vitamins?
answer
Many water-soluble vitamins are easily destroyed by heat, light, pH, or oxidation.
question
79) How are excess water-soluble vitamins excreted?
answer
Excess water-soluble vitamins are usually excreted in the urine.
question
80) What are coenzymes?
answer
Substances, often vitamins, that bind to an enzyme to facilitate enzyme activity; the coenzyme is not permanently altered by the chemical reaction
question
82) Why are beriberi and pellagra rare in the United States today?
answer
In the United States, refined grains are enriched with thiamin and niacin, so instances of beriberi and pellagra are rare.
question
83) What is a characteristic symptom of excessive niacin intake?
answer
Overconsuming niacin (more than one gram per day) by taking supplements or eating too many overly fortified foods can cause flushing, a reddish coloring of the face, arms, and chest.
question
84) How does absorption of some vitamins, such as pantothenic acid, differ when intake is low or intake is high?
answer
When intakes are low, some vitamins are absorbed by active transport and when intakes are high, by passive transport across the intestinal wall.
question
85) In addition to foodborne illnesses, why is it not a good idea to consume raw eggs?
answer
Avidin can bind up to four molecules of biotin, which renders the vitamin unavailable for absorption.
question
81) How might homocysteine damage arteries and contribute to heart disease?
answer
: It may be that excessive amounts of homocysteine injure the arteries, decrease the flexibility of the blood vessels, or increase the likelihood of clots forming in the blood
question
86) What is the best way to decrease the risks of neural tube defects, and what steps have been taken by the FDA to help reduce risk?
answer
Increasing consumption of folate before conception and during pregnancy has been shown to help decrease incidence of spina bifida and other neural tube defects. The FDA has mandated that synthetic folate be added to enriched grains and cereal products.
question
87) Describe the possible outcomes of a folate deficiency.
answer
A folate deficiency results in:
• abnormally large and immature cells known as megaloblasts
• megaloblasts develop into abnormally larger red blood cells, or macrocytes
• eventually, macrocytic anemia causes a person to feel tired, weak, and irritable and to experience shortness of breath.
question
88) Name some ways water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins differ.
answer
Water-soluble vitamins (versus fat-soluble vitamins):
• are excreted in excess (stored in excess)
• are less likely to be toxic (more likely)
• are soluble in water (soluble in fat)
• are easily destroyed by light, heat, and air (generally more stable)
question
89) Describe how a coenzyme affects how an enzyme functions.
answer
• Two compounds approach the enzyme, but a coenzyme is needed for the reaction to occur.
• Once the coenzyme is present, the compounds can interact with the enzyme.
• The enzyme changes shape.
• The reaction occurs, and the product is released.
question
90) When, how, and by whom was thiamin discovered?
answer
• In the 1890s in east Asia, a Dutch doctor, Christiann Eijkman, paved the way for the discovery of thiamin.
• He noticed that chickens and pigeons that ate polished rice developed polyneuritis.
• Eijkman noted that polyneuritis was also a symptom of beriberi in humans.
• Eijkman changed the birds' diet and the birds recovered.
• In 1911, Casimir Funk identified thiamin as the curative factor in the unpolished rice.
question
91) What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and who is most susceptible?
answer
• an advanced form of thiamin deficiency
• progressively damaging brain disorder that can cause mental confusion and memory loss, difficulty seeing clearly, low blood pressure, uncontrolled movement of the arms and legs, and even coma
• Alcohol consumption interferes with the absorption of the small amounts of thiamin that may be in the diet.
• Those who chronically abuse alcohol tend to have a poor diet that is probably deficient in thiamin.
question
92) What is hemopoiesis, and which vitamins play a role in it?
answer
It is the formation of red blood cells, a process aided by folate and vitamin B12.
question
93) Describe the cause and symptoms of scurvy.
answer
Scurvy is caused by vitamin C deficiency. Symptoms include swollen and bleeding gums, a rough rash, coiled or curly arm hairs, and wounds that don't heal.
question
94) What is the molecular structure of folate?
answer
It has three parts: pteridine, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), and at least one glutamate.
question
95) Describe the function and typical sources of carnitine.
answer
Carnitine is needed to properly utilize fat in the diet. It is found in animal products, such as meat and dairy.
question
96) Explain the cause and effects of ariboflavinosis.
answer
It is caused by riboflavin deficiency and can result in inflamed tissues in the throat, mouth, tongue, and lips.
question
97) What causes pellagra, and why is it known as the "disease of the three Ds"?
answer
It is caused by niacin deficiency. Its three main symptoms-dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea-led to three-Ds label
question
98) Describe the symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency.
answer
Symptoms may include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, numbness, muscle cramps, and difficulty walking. During World War II, prisoners reported "burning feet" syndrome due to lack of pantothenic acid in their diet.
question
99) What are the symptoms of biotin deficiency?
answer
dermatitis (especially around the eyes, nose, and mouth), conjunctivitis, hair loss, and alterations in the nervous system resulting in lethargy, hallucinations, and depression
question
List the best food sources for the following vitamins: riboflavin, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin C.
answer
• Riboflavin: milk, yogurt, enriched cereals and grains
• Folate: enriched cereals, grains, pastas, and flours; dark green vegetables
• B12: animal products, such as meat, fish, poultry, and dairy
• C: vegetables and fruit
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