Mastering A&P Exam 4

In a spinal reflex, information flows from __________ to __________ to __________. - PNS; PNS; CNS - PNS; CNS; PNS - CNS; CNS; PNS - CNS; PNS; CNS

The __________ is part of the CNS and the __________ is part of the PNS. - cranial nerve; spinal nerve - brain; spinal cord - spinal cord; spinal nerve - spinal nerve; spinal cord

Which of these is not part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? - spinal cord - afferent nerve fibers - cranial nerves - spinal nerves

The dorsal root ganglia consist mainly of __________. - axons of unipolar neurons - cell bodies of unipolar neurons - cell bodies of multipolar neurons - axons of multipolar neurons

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates within the __________. - dura mater - subarachnoid space - pia mater - subdural space

What is the efferent motor root of a nerve? - ventral root - posterior gray horns - somatic sensory nuclei - dorsal root ganglion

Which structure is composed of cell bodies of neurons that carry somatic sensory information? - dorsal root ganglion - ventral root - somatic sensory nuclei - posterior gray horns

Which structure is a region that contains cell bodies of afferent neurons? - somatic sensory nuclei - ventral root - posterior gray horns - dorsal root ganglion

Which structure contains somatic and visceral sensory nuclei? - ventral root - somatic sensory nuclei - dorsal root ganglion - posterior gray horns

The CSF is confined between the __________ and the __________. - dura mater; arachnoid mater - pia mater; arachnoid mater - epidural space; subdural space - pia mater; dura mater

Which of these is absent in the gray matter of the spinal cord? - myelinated axons - unmyelinated axons - neuroglia - neuron cell bodies

The __________ gray horns contain sensory nuclei. - ventral - dorsal - intermediate - lateral

The gray horns of the spinal cord contain __________. - neuroglia - neuron cell bodies (somas) - unmyelinated axons - The gray horns contain all of these elements.

The connective tissue layer that covers Schwann cells is the __________. - endomysium - endoneurium - epineurium - perineurium

The region of the body surface monitored by a pair of spinal nerves is known as a(n) __________. - input domain - dermatome - dermal band - segment

Neural circuits occur in all of these patterns except __________. - reverberating - multipolar - convergent - divergent

The most abundant category of neurons is __________. - somatic motor - interneurons - visceral motor - somatic afferents

Nerve cells (neurons) that control peripheral effectors are known as __________. - axons - afferent fibers - peripheral neurons - motor neurons

A reflex that leads to secretion of saliva is a(n) __________ reflex. - acquired - visceral - somatic - motor

A reflex arc always includes a(n) __________. - efferent axon - sensory receptor - afferent axon - A reflex arc always includes all of these structures.

Which processes are always part of a reflex arc? - receptor activation - afferent action potential - efferent action potential - All of these processes are part of every reflex arc.

Which of these is not one of the essential components of a reflex arc? - output to a peripheral effector - receptor activation - integration process in the CNS - output to upper motor neuron

The reflex that limits muscle tension is the __________ reflex. - tendon - flexor - stretch - reciprocal

The __________ reflex involves activating muscles contralateral to the receptor. - stretch - flexor - crossed extensor - tendon

The input for the stretch reflex comes from the __________. - gamma motor neuron - muscle spindle - extrafusal fibers - efferent fibers

A distinction about the flexor reflex is that it __________. - prevents a muscle from overstretching - is an example of a monosynaptic reflex - moves a limb away from a painful stimulus - prevents a muscle from generating excessive tension

An example of the brain affecting spinal reflexes is the replacement of the __________ by the __________. - Babinski sign; plantar reflex - Babinski sign; flexor reflex - plantar reflex; Babinski sign - flexor reflex; plantar reflex

Clenching the fists often enhances the knee jerk reflex. This is an example of __________. - stimulus response - reinforcement - enhancement - nerve injury

An example of the brain modifying reflex patterns is _________. - holding your breath - postponing emptying a full urinary bladder - deliberately walking on hot coals - All of these are examples of the brain modifying reflex patterns

What are the effectors of the autonomic nervous system pathway? - All of the listed responses are correct. - cardiac muscle - glands - smooth muscle

Where can you find the cell bodies of the ganglionic neurons? - smooth muscle - autonomic ganglia - hypothalamus - skeletal muscle

Where is the integrative center for autonomic activity located? - skeletal muscle - hypothalamus - smooth muscle - autonomic ganglia

What is the effector of the somatic nervous system pathway? - cardiac muscle - skeletal muscle - smooth muscle - adipocyte

Where are the cell bodies of the upper motor neurons located? - in the ventral horn of the spinal cord - in the primary motor cortex of the cerebrum - within skeletal muscles - in the brain stem

How many neurons comprise the somatic nervous system pathway? - one - two - three - four

What neuron runs from the CNS to the autonomic ganglion? - Somatic motor neuron - Postganglionic neuron - Lower motor neuron - Preganglionic neuron

Which spinal region lacks autonomic preganglionic neurons? - sacral - cervical - thoracic - lumbar

The statement "there is always a peripheral synapse between the CNS and the effector organ" is __________. - true only for the somatic nervous system - true only for the parasympathetic nervous system - true only for the sympathetic nervous system - true for both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous systems

What part of the autonomic nervous system originates in the thoracic and upper lumbar regions of the spinal cord? - Parasympathetic division - All parts of the ANS are represented - Sympathetic division - None of the ANS is shown in this image

Which of the following effectors is supplied by neurons that synapse in the collateral ganglia? - Adrenal medulla - Heart - Salivary gland - Intestine

Which of the following is NOT supplied by cervical sympathetic chain ganglia? - Salivary glands - Skin of the head - Spleen - Heart

Sympathetic ganglionic neurons are found in all these locations except __________. - chain ganglia - intramural ganglia - suprarenal medullae - collateral ganglia

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the __________ horn of the __________ cord. - ventral; sacral - lateral; sacral - ventral; thoracolumbar - lateral; thoracolumbar

Which response is not part of sympathetic activation? - decreased sensitivity to painful stimuli - increased alertness - decreased muscle tone - increased heart rate

In what part of the given pathway is norepinephrine secreted? - From the smooth muscle cells - From the varicosities of the postganglionic fiber - Within the ganglionic synapse - At the nodes along the myelinated axon

Which of these neurotransmitters is not released at sympathetic neuroeffector junctions? - epinephrine - nitric oxide - norepinephrine - acetylcholine

Which of these is not an action of the sympathetic nervous system? - to increase heart rate - to constrict the pupils - to increase sweating - to reduce skin circulation

Which of these substances is not a neurotransmitter at a sympathetic effector synapse? - acetylcholine (ACh) - norepinephrine - gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) - epinephrine

Which of the following target organs will have its parasympathetic regulation impacted by damage to the sacral region of the spinal cord? - Salivary glands - Urinary bladder - Heart - Stomach

Where are the parasympathetic ganglionic synapses for the heart located? - In the ciliary ganglion - In the otic ganglion - Within the heart itself - In the celiac ganglio

Parasympathetic outflow is absent in which of these? - cervical ganglia - pelvic nerves - cranial nerve III - cranial nerve X

Which nerves contain the most parasympathetic preganglionic fibers? - trigeminal - optic - splanchnic - vagus

The parasympathetic nervous system releases __________ at ganglionic synapses, and _________ at its neuroeffector junctions. - choline; acetylcholine - acetylcholine; acetylcholine - acetylcholine; norepinephrine - acetylcholine; choline

Nicotine, the highly addictive plant toxin, activates nicotinic receptors in the peripheral nervous system. This means it will __________. - facilitate synaptic transmission at all autonomic neuroeffector synapses - inhibit synaptic transmission at all autonomic synapses - inhibit synaptic transmission at all autonomic ganglionic synapses - facilitate synaptic transmission at all autonomic ganglionic synapses

Which of these organs does not receive parasympathetic input? - skin - stomach - lungs - heart

At which of the following synapses is epinephrine secreted? - All parasympathetic ganglia - Postganglionic neurons within sympathetic ganglia of the adrenal medulla - Terminal ganglia at parasympathetic synapses - All sympathetic ganglia

Which of these is not a similarity between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems? - Both use acetylcholine. - Both use norepinephrine. - Both affect the pupils. - Both affect heart rate

The statement "it controls heart rate" is true __________. - only for the parasympathetic nervous system - for both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous system - for the somatic nervous system - only for the sympathetic nervous system

Which of these organs does not receive dual innervation? - salivary gland - heart - sweat glands - eye