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25 July 2022
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question
What structure is indicated by the red arrow?
What structure is indicated by the red arrow?
answer
renal pyramid
question
What cells are indicated by the red arrow?
What cells are indicated by the red arrow?
answer
Podocyte of the visceral epithelium of the glomerular capsule
question
Which of the labels in the figure is NOT considered part of a nephron?
Which of the labels in the figure is NOT considered part of a nephron?
answer
the structure labeled A
question
Identify the structure at the end of the arrow.
Identify the structure at the end of the arrow.
answer
prostate gland
question
During filtration, anything that is small enough to pass through all three layers of the filtration membrane will become part of the filtrate. Sometimes, the least porous layer of this membrane becomes clogged and then glomerulonephritis may occur. What is the name of the most porous layer of the filtration membrane?
answer
fenestrated endothelium
question
Mike's injury is going to impact his urinary system significantly. Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?
answer
The kidney releases erythropoietin, a hormone that functions in the maturation of white blood cells.
question
Mike's injury caused his ureter to be torn away at the hilum of the kidney. What internal kidney structures funnel the urine into the renal pelvis of the ureter?
answer
the calyces
question
The first step in the formation of urine is the generation of filtrate from the blood plasma by filtration. In what part of the nephron does the formation of filtrate occur?
answer
glomerular capsule
question
There are multiple pressures involved in controlling glomerular filtration and the formation of filtrate. Which is the pressure that opposes the formation of filtrate by drawing water out of the filtrate and back into the plasma?
answer
blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
question
Besides being very painful, a blockage in a ureter due to kidney stones or external pressure is serious because it leads to an increase in capsular hydrostatic pressure. What is the consequence of this increase in pressure?
answer
The glomerular filtration rate decreases because the net filtration pressure is a negative value.
question
Chronic and acute renal failure impairs all of the functions carried out by the kidneys and, as a consequence, the functions of most other body systems. Which of the following renal functions is matched incorrectly?
answer
erythropoietin, digestion
question
Some patients with kidney failure regularly undergo a procedure called hemodialysis to cleanse their blood. This procedure thus effectively simulates which of the following kidney components.
answer
nephrons
question
Which of the following functions occurs in the part of the digestive system indicated by the arrow?
Which of the following functions occurs in the part of the digestive system indicated by the arrow?
answer
dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials
question
What region of the stomach is indicated by the arrow?
What region of the stomach is indicated by the arrow?
answer
pylorus
question
Which of the following is the direction in which most bile would flow between the indicated points?
Which of the following is the direction in which most bile would flow between the indicated points?
answer
Most bile would flow from C to A for storage and from A to B for secretion
question
Cells that are rapidly undergoing mitosis constantly repair and renew the lining of the pharynx and the esophagus, which is particularly vulnerable to abrasion associated with swallowing. Which of the following terms best describes this lining?
answer
mucosa
question
Damage due to puncturing or piercing of what structure would cause peritonitis?
answer
All of the listed responses are correct.
question
A physician palpates the painfully swollen salivary glands just anterior to a young boy's ears and confirms that the mumps vaccine must not have been effective. What is the name of the infected salivary glands?
answer
parotid salivary glands
question
An ulcerated stomach lining often repairs itself once the source of inflammation has been eliminated. How is this possible?
answer
The tissue lining the stomach is an epithelium and thus is capable of repair and renewal.
question
In severe pancreatitis, why does the destruction of the islet cells result in diabetes mellitus?
answer
Insulin is released from the islet cells. The destruction of the islet cells culminates in lowered insulin level and ultimately diabetes mellitus.
question
A colonoscopy is a common diagnostic tool to check for colorectal cancer. Sometimes an investigation of the distal segment of the colon is all that is needed. What is the name of this distal segment of the colon?
answer
sigmoid
question
Which of the labels on the image sits closest to the boundary between the upper and lower respiratory system?
Which of the labels on the image sits closest to the boundary between the upper and lower respiratory system?
answer
A
question
Through which of the labeled structures does air flow on its way into the lungs?
Through which of the labeled structures does air flow on its way into the lungs?
answer
the narrow grooves labeled B
question
What tissue type composes the structure at the end of the arrow?
What tissue type composes the structure at the end of the arrow?
answer
elastic cartilage
question
What are the narrow bands indicated by the red arrow?
What are the narrow bands indicated by the red arrow?
answer
elastic fibers
question
No air is moving in or out of the lungs in this image. Which of the following describes the pressures of the atmosphere (
No air is moving in or out of the lungs in this image. Which of the following describes the pressures of the atmosphere ("P outside") and the lungs ("P inside")?
answer
P inside = P outside
question
Very aggressive pathogens such as the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis can easily overwhelm the protective features of the respiratory system. Less aggressive pathogens may be stopped by all of the following EXCEPT __________.
answer
the olfactory epithelium
question
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited respiratory disorder in which the mucociliary escalator no longer functions because of the presence of excessively dense and viscous mucus. Which of the following components of the respiratory system are affected by cystic fibrosis?
answer
All of the listed responses are correct.
question
In a condition known as pneumothorax, the integrity of the pleural cavity is lost, which leads to a collapsed lung. What is one explanation for why this occurs?
answer
The pleural fluid that bonds (surface tension) the visceral and parietal pleurae together is broken by air.
question
Blood gas analyses provide diagnostic information regarding the efficiency of gas exchange at the lungs and in peripheral tissues. Which of the following values are NOT within normal limits?
answer
PO2 in systemic capillaries leaving tissue cells: 100 mm Hg
question
The physiological effects of nitrogen in the human body are not fully understood as of yet except during decompression sickness. Decompression sickness occurs when the partial pressure of nitrogen drops and nitrogen no longer stays in solution but forms bubbles, causing tremendous pain in joints. This relationship between partial pressure and solubility is explained in
answer
Henry's law
question
Carbon monoxide poisoning is possible because carbon monoxide binds readily with heme at very low partial pressures compared to those of oxygen. Besides partial pressure, what else determines the affinity of oxygen molecules for heme?
answer
All of the listed responses are correct
question
In patients with emphysema, the alveolar surface area decreases, thereby decreasing the area available for gas exchange. In addition, vascularity declines, making it harder still to transport adequate amounts of oxygen. Which of the following would help an emphysema patient bind as much oxygen as possible with the limited heme units available?
answer
inhaling oxygen at higher partial pressures
question
Lung cancer claims more lives than other cancers, according to the CDC. Because of their high mitotic rate, epithelial cells are particularly prone to tumor formation. Choose the best answer as to where within the respiratory tract you would NOT find such epithelial cells.
answer
You would find epithelial cells in all of the listed answer choices.
question
Which of the labels indicates a structure through which lymph flows?
Which of the labels indicates a structure through which lymph flows?
answer
the small, dark structure labeled A
question
Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs?
answer
bone marrow and thymus
question
Which of the following areas in a secondary lymphoid organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes?
answer
white pulp of the spleen
question
Where in the lymph node do the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells?
answer
deep in the cortex
question
Collections of lymphoid tissues, called MALT, are strategically placed throughout the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Which one of these is located at the end of the small intestine?
answer
Peyer's patches
question
There is a decrease in our ability to fight infection as we age. Which lymphoid organ may have a role in this decline?
answer
thymus
question
What defense mechanism is shown in the images above?
What defense mechanism is shown in the images above?
answer
complement
question
Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system?
answer
innate external defenses
question
Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system?
answer
innate internal defenses
question
What cells make antibodies?
answer
plasma B cells
question
What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to?
answer
an antigenic determinant
question
What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient?
answer
humoral immunity
question
If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated?
answer
cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)
question
Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells?
answer
cytotoxic T cells
question
What is the type of immunity one acquires through contracting a disease such as chicken pox from another infected person?
answer
naturally acquired active immunity
question
Which label or labels indicate(s) the antigen binding site?
Which label or labels indicate(s) the antigen binding site?
answer
the two sites labeled with the letter A
question
Which class of antibody forms a five-antibody starburst?
Which class of antibody forms a five-antibody starburst?
answer
IgM
question
Lymphatic vessels provide a conduit for metastasizing cancer cells. Ideally, such cells are removed and destroyed by what structure, which thus prevents the spread of cancer?
answer
lymph nodes
question
To reduce the chances of graft rejection, multiple compatibility tests are performed. However, the recipient is still at a risk of rejecting the graft. What other measures must be taken to ensure the proper functioning of the graft?
answer
The patient needs an immunosuppressive medication such as cortisol to ensure the graft is not rejected.
question
Theoretically, what would constitute an ideal transplant?
answer
Receive an organ generated by using stem cells from the individual in need of the organ.
question
HIV-infected individuals experience many more opportunistic infections of otherwise nonthreatening microbes because of a severe lack of functioning helper T cells and an associated immunosuppression. Which of the following statements about helper T cells is INCORRECT?
answer
Helper T cells secrete perforin and lymphotoxins to actively combat infected cells.
question
We study three types of immune disorders: immunodeficiency disorders, autoimmune disorders, and allergies. AIDS is an example of an immunodeficiency disorder. How is it different from a severe allergy or an autoimmune disorder, such as Type 1 diabetes?
answer
The immune system of AIDS patients lacks the necessary coordination between cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity and is thus virtually nonfunctional.
question
What tissue types and features are found in the layer indicated by the red arrow?
What tissue types and features are found in the layer indicated by the red arrow?
answer
smooth muscle and scattered elastic fibers
question
What feature distinguishes this type of capillary from a continuous capillary?
What feature distinguishes this type of capillary from a continuous capillary?
answer
fenestrations
question
What structure is indicated by the red arrow?
What structure is indicated by the red arrow?
answer
a precapillary sphincter
question
Excess plasma lipids in the form of cholesterol contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques within blood vessel walls. Which of the following is NOT a likely consequence of such plaques?
answer
All of the listed responses are likely consequences of plaques.
question
Atherosclerotic plaques in their early stages can be reduced through lifestyle changes. Which of the following lifestyle changes would NOT be effective?
answer
All of the listed responses are correct.
question
What is the relationship between high blood pressure and edema?
answer
High blood pressure leads to increased CHP, and thus filtration exceeds reabsorption.
question
Which of the following congenital heart problems is a result of normal fetal circulation structures remaining open past birth?
answer
Patent foramen ovale
question
Which of the following congenital heart problems does not usually involve an open shunt from the aorta to the pulmonary trunk?
answer
Ventricular septal defect
question
What binds to this structure on the hemoglobin molecule?
What binds to this structure on the hemoglobin molecule?
answer
oxygen
question
Which of the labels in the figure indicates a cell normally found in the circulating blood?
Which of the labels in the figure indicates a cell normally found in the circulating blood?
answer
the cell labeled D
question
What evidence in this figure indicates that this is not a first pregnancy?
What evidence in this figure indicates that this is not a first pregnancy?
answer
presence of maternal anti-Rh antibodies
question
Which of these is characteristic of the cell indicated by the arrow?
Which of these is characteristic of the cell indicated by the arrow?
answer
engulfs pathogens
question
Out of the formed elements in the blood, which one plays the most important role in the clotting process?
answer
platelets
question
The two most important factors affecting almost every aspect of the clotting process are __________.
answer
vitamin K and calcium
question
A blood smear prepared after a venipuncture shows a preponderance of very grainy white blood cells. Which of the following formed elements is not part of this "grainy" group?
answer
monocytes
question
Plasma expanders are used to temporarily increase the volume of blood in a patient. Oftentimes these expanders are components that are naturally found within plasma. Which of the following substances would NOT likely be used as a plasma expander?
answer
erythrocytes
question
Any complete blockage within the coronary circulation will lead into a myocardial infarction (MI) or a heart attack. Which of the following will cause an MI?
answer
coronary thrombosis
question
Sam has been diagnosed with having pulmonary edema. Which heart valve is most likely malfunctioning and not closing properly?
answer
mitral valve
question
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the divisions and receptors of the nervous system.
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the divisions and receptors of the nervous system.
answer
look at pic
question
Drag the labels to identify the structural components of a typical neuron.
Drag the labels to identify the structural components of a typical neuron.
answer
look at pic
question
Drag the labels to identify the structural classifications of neurons.
Drag the labels to identify the structural classifications of neurons.
answer
look at pic
question
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the parts of a myelinated PNS neuron.
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the parts of a myelinated PNS neuron.
answer
look at pic
question
Drag the labels to identify the structural components of a typical synapse.
Drag the labels to identify the structural components of a typical synapse.
answer
look at pic
question
Rabies illustrates a negative consequence to otherwise healthy retrograde flow within axons. Which of the following components will NOT be involved in retrograde flow?
answer
kinesin
question
Tumors that originate within the central nervous system (CNS) are due to __________.
answer
uncontrolled divisions of neuroglia
question
Demyelination results from issues associated with myelin producing cells. Which of the following is an example of a myelin producing cell in the CNS?
answer
oligodendrocytes
question
Demyelination disorders such as multiple sclerosis are particularly dangerous because they __________.
answer
decrease the speed of action potential transmission
question
The small space between the sending neuron and the receiving neuron is the
answer
synaptic cleft
question
A molecule that carries information across a synaptic cleft is a
answer
neurotransmitter
question
When calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal,
answer
they cause vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron
question
When neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron,
answer
ion channels in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron open.
question
If a signal from a sending neuron makes the receiving neuron more negative inside,
answer
the receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential.
question
Drag the labels to identify the structural components of brain.
Drag the labels to identify the structural components of brain.
answer
look at pic
question
What is the function of the brain structure indicated by the arrow?
What is the function of the brain structure indicated by the arrow?
answer
coordination of complex motor patterns
question
What is the function of the brain structure indicated by the arrow?
What is the function of the brain structure indicated by the arrow?
answer
relays sensory information to the thalamus and connects the cerebellum to the cerebrum
question
What is the function of the brain structure indicated by the arrow?
What is the function of the brain structure indicated by the arrow?
answer
conscious thought
question
What is the function of the brain structure indicated by the arrow?
What is the function of the brain structure indicated by the arrow?
answer
processes visual data
question
Drag the labels to identify the ventricles of the brain.
Drag the labels to identify the ventricles of the brain.
answer
look at pic
question
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the cranial meninges and associated structures.
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the cranial meninges and associated structures.
answer
look at pic
question
Drag the labels to identify the landmarks and features on one of the cerebral hemispheres.
Drag the labels to identify the landmarks and features on one of the cerebral hemispheres.
answer
look at pic
question
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the origins of the cranial nerves (I - VI).
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the origins of the cranial nerves (I - VI).
answer
look at pic
question
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the origins of the cranial nerves (VII - XII).
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the origins of the cranial nerves (VII - XII).
answer
look at pic
question
The accumulation of blood during an epidural or subdural hemorrhage creates debilitating pressure on the brain and, without help, death is imminent. Where exactly is blood accumulating in a subdural hemorrhage?
answer
in the space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater
question
The collection of blood vessels supplying the protective connective tissue layers surrounding the brain may hemorrhage during severe head trauma. This is the case in epidural and subdural hemorrhages. Which of the following names sounds most appropriate for this collection of blood vessels?
answer
meningeal blood vessels
question
In aphasia, the ability to speak or read is affected. A deficit in which of the following cortical areas would NOT lead to aphasia?
answer
prefrontal cortex
question
Writing nueron instead of neuron may indicate a condition known as dyslexia, in which letters are often switched within a word. Which of the following cortical functional areas is most likely affected?
answer
general interpretive area
question
There seems to be no biomarkers to identify for chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Following autopsy, what brain anatomical aberrations will one look for to conclude that the individual has suffered CTE?
answer
cerebral atrophy and enlarged ventricles
question
What is the difference between concussion and contusion? How are they diagnosed?
answer
Contusion is when the injury causes localized bruising of the brain tissue. Concussion is the type of injury that affects brain function. CT scan and MRI are the methods of choice to determine the difference(s) between the two.
question
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the gross anatomical structures of the spinal cord.
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the gross anatomical structures of the spinal cord.
answer
look at pic
question
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the spinal nerve roots and meninges.
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the spinal nerve roots and meninges.
answer
look at pic
question
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the parts of the spinal cord (transverse section, showing white matter).
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the parts of the spinal cord (transverse section, showing white matter).
answer
look at pic
question
Which structure is indicated by the arrow?
Which structure is indicated by the arrow?
answer
somatic sensory nuclei
question
Which structure is indicated by the arrow?
Which structure is indicated by the arrow?
answer
ventral root
question
Which structure is indicated by the arrow?
Which structure is indicated by the arrow?
answer
dorsal root ganglion
question
Which structure is indicated by the arrow?
Which structure is indicated by the arrow?
answer
posterior gray horns
question
Drag the labels to identify the structural components of a peripheral nerve.
Drag the labels to identify the structural components of a peripheral nerve.
answer
look at pic
question
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the peripheral nerves and nerve plexuses: cervical and brachial plexuses.
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the peripheral nerves and nerve plexuses: cervical and brachial plexuses.
answer
look at pic
question
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the peripheral nerves and nerve plexuses: lumbar and sacral plexuses.
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the peripheral nerves and nerve plexuses: lumbar and sacral plexuses.
answer
look at pic
question
What type of neural circuit is indicated by the arrow?
What type of neural circuit is indicated by the arrow?
answer
serial
question
What type of neural circuit is indicated by the arrow?
What type of neural circuit is indicated by the arrow?
answer
reverberation
question
Drag the labels to identify neuronal pools.
Drag the labels to identify neuronal pools.
answer
look at pic
question
Anesthetics administered into the epidural space are advantageous because __________.
answer
the effect is localized and only sensory
question
Shingles that manifest themselves in close proximity to the umbilical region stem from an infection within spinal nerves emerging from which spinal segments?
answer
thoracic
question
Which of the following tactile receptors is found in the dermal papillae?
Which of the following tactile receptors is found in the dermal papillae?
answer
tactile corpuscle
question
Drag the labels to identify the types of tactile receptors in the skin
Drag the labels to identify the types of tactile receptors in the skin
answer
look at pic
question
Assessing spinal nerve damage may involve the use of a vibration fork that is tapped along segments of the spinal nerve pathway. Which type of sensory receptor detects vibrations
answer
tactile receptor
question
During anesthesia, a complete disruption in sensory perceptions is desired. Which of the following events is NOT associated with the sensory pathway?
answer
action potential generation in a motor neuron
question
Michael suffers from a congenital neurological condition called cerebral palsy. The areas of his brain that were injured during his birth has affected his control over voluntary movements. Which part of the nervous system distributes motor commands to skeletal muscles?
answer
somatic nervous system
question
_______________ is the most common congenital neurological condition, affecting as many as 1 million Americans.
answer
cerebral palsy
question
Tactile receptors located in the reticular dermis that are tonic and show little if any adaptation are called
answer
Bulbous corpuscles
question
A tactile receptor composed of highly coiled dendrites that are surrounded by modified Schwann cells and a fibrous capsule is a
answer
tactile (Meissner) corpuscle.
question
A very large, fast-adapting tactile receptor that is composed of a single dendrite enclosed by concentric layers of collagen is a
answer
lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscle.
question
Bladder fullness is to ________ as blood pH is to ________.
answer
baroreceptors;chemoreceptors
question
Pain is to ________ as cold is to ________.
answer
nociceptors; thermoreceptors
question
What type of a receptor would provide information on lung expansion to respiratory centers in the brainstem?
answer
baroreceptor
question
What neuron runs from the CNS to the autonomic ganglion?
What neuron runs from the CNS to the autonomic ganglion?
answer
preganglionic neuron
question
What part of the autonomic nervous system is represented in the image?
What part of the autonomic nervous system is represented in the image?
answer
sympathetic division
question
Which of the following effectors is innervated by neurons that synapse in the collateral ganglia?
Which of the following effectors is innervated by neurons that synapse in the collateral ganglia?
answer
intestine
question
Which of the following is NOT supplied by cervical sympathetic chain ganglia?
Which of the following is NOT supplied by cervical sympathetic chain ganglia?
answer
spleen
question
What is the effect of neurotransmitters released at the area marked by the arrow?
What is the effect of neurotransmitters released at the area marked by the arrow?
answer
They are released into the blood and produce long-lasting and widespread effects in the body.
question
Which of the following target organs will have its parasympathetic regulation impacted by damage to the sacral region of the spinal cord?
Which of the following target organs will have its parasympathetic regulation impacted by damage to the sacral region of the spinal cord?
answer
urinary bladder
question
Insomnia is considered a sleep disorder. Sleep technicians use a variety of techniques to determine the underlying cause(s) of this condition in an insomniac. Which of the following is NOT one of the causes of insomnia?
answer
amnesia
question
One possible way to categorize nervous system disorders is to check levels of neurotransmitters. What degenerative disorder is partly identified by the progressive loss of dopamine?
answer
Parkinson's Disease
question
Increased vagal tone slows down the heart rate and subsequent reduction of blood flow to the brain. Which neurotransmitter is responsible for lowering the heart rate?
answer
Acetylcholine
question
What is the medical term for fainting?
answer
syncope
question
Identify the structure of the eye at the end of the red arrow.
Identify the structure of the eye at the end of the red arrow.
answer
conjunctiva
question
In this picture, the label is on the vascular layer of the eye. Which structure would NOT be found in the vascular layer?
In this picture, the label is on the vascular layer of the eye. Which structure would NOT be found in the vascular layer?
answer
cornea
question
In a condition called detached retina, the neural layer of the retina separates from the pigmented part. Blindness may result if blood supply to the photoreceptors cannot be restored. What are these photoreceptors called?
answer
rods and cones
question
Diabetic retinopathy develops because abnormal blood vessels grow into the space adjacent to the neural layer of the retina, causing cellular damage and ultimately blindness. Which of the following cells form the deepest layer of the neural layer of the retina?
answer
ganglionic cells
question
In glaucoma, increasing pressure due to fluid build-up in the chambers of the eye can lead to nerve damage and ultimately blindness. What is the name of the fluid in the anterior chamber?
answer
aqueous humor
question
Which of the following hormones does the gland indicated by the arrow secrete?
Which of the following hormones does the gland indicated by the arrow secrete?
answer
calcitonin
question
Which of the following is regulated by the gland indicated by the red arrow?
Which of the following is regulated by the gland indicated by the red arrow?
answer
blood calcium concentration
question
Which of the following could occur with a hypersecreting tumor of this gland?
Which of the following could occur with a hypersecreting tumor of this gland?
answer
elevation of blood pressure and blood glucose concentration
question
Which of the following would activate secretion of a hormone from this gland?
Which of the following would activate secretion of a hormone from this gland?
answer
a fall in the blood glucose concentration
question
Diabetes insipidus occurs when the __________ lobe of the pituitary gland no longer releases __________.
answer
posterior; ADH
question
Primary endocrine disorders may be due to damage to the hormone-producing organ. Karen's thyroid gland suffered damage from repeated exposure to radiation because of a neck injury. Which of the following is least likely to be part of a primary endocrine disorder for Karen?
answer
decreased osteoblast sensitivity to calcitonin
question
In secondary hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone release from the thyroid is impaired because of a lack in TRH or TSH. Considering the information above, secondary hypogonadism could result from a lack in which of the following hormones?
answer
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
question
Your friend has been taking a cocktail of hormone supplements in an effort to gain a competitive edge during an upcoming marathon. You tell him that this is unhealthy and illegal. But it also gets you wondering what might be in this cocktail. Which of the following is NOT a likely ingredient?
answer
melatonin
question
Some athletes use GHB to enhance their lean body muscle mass. GHB, however, does not have a direct effect on muscle growth. Which hormone would most likely be stimulated by GHB to exert its anabolic effect?
answer
growth hormone